BY

Ven .Dangaswewa Vajira Thero

lC /2013/2014/143

BUPH- 32033

Under the guidance of

Ven. Dapane Chandarathana.(lecturer in Buddhist philosophy)

Bhiksu University of SriLanka

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDIAN &

WESTERN LOGIC

OUT LINES• Introduction

• Western logic

• Indian Logic

• Comparison and

contrast

• References

INTRODUCTION • Logic (from the Greek "logos", which has a

variety of meanings including word,

thought, idea, argument, account, reason

or principle) is the study of reasoning, or

the study of the principles and criteria of

valid inference and demonstration. It

attempts to distinguish good reasoning

from bad reasoning.

• A branch of Philosophy

• Definitions

Reasoning conducted or assessed according

to strict principles of validity.(Oxford

Dictionary of English)

• Logic is the science and art of correct

thinking

Logic is the study of the methods and principles used in

distinguishing correct from incorrect reasoning. Logic differs

from psychology in being a normative or a prescriptive

discipline rather than a descriptive discipline.

1. I.e., it prescribes how one ought to reason; it's not

concerned with how one actually does reason.

2. Logic is concerned with laying down the rules for correct

reasoning.

3. Consequently, logic seeks to distinguish good arguments

from poor ones.

CONCEPTS AND TERMS IN LOGIC

Mental Operation Products External signs

Simple Apprehension Concept Oral and written terms

Judgment Mental proposition Oral and written propositions

Reasoning Mental agreement or

disagreement

Oral and written arguments

The three essential operations of the

intellect

WESTERN LOGIC

Aristotle defined logic as

"new and necessary reasoning","new"

because it allows us to learn whatwe do not know, and "necessary"because its conclusions areinescapable. It asks questions like"What is correct reasoning?", "Whatdistinguishes a good argument froma bad one?", "How can we detect afallacy in reasoning?"

TYPES OF LOGIC

1. Formal Logic

2. Informal Logic

3. Symbolic Logic

4. Mathematical Logic

• Syllogistic logic

• Propositional logic

• Predicate logic

• Modal logic

• Philosophical logic

• Computational logic

• Non-classical logic

FORMAL LOGIC

• Formal Logic is what we think of as traditional

logic or philosophical logic, namely the study

of inference with purely formal and explicit

content (i.e. it can be expressed as a particular

application of a wholly abstract rule), such as

the rules of formal logic that have come down to

us from Aristotle.

INFORMAL LOGIC

• Informal Logic is a recent discipline which studies

natural language arguments, and attempts to develop a

logic to assess, analyse and improve ordinary language

( "everyday") reasoning.

SYMBOLIC LOGIC

• Symbolic Logic is the study of symbolic

abstractions that capture the formal features of

logical inference. It deals with the relations of

symbols to each other, often using

complex mathematical calculus, in an attempt

to solve intractable problems traditional formal

logic is not able to address.

MATHEMATICAL LOGIC

• Both the application of the techniques of formal

logic to mathematics and mathematical reasoning,

and, conversely, the application of mathematical

techniques to the representation and an

• The earliest use of mathematics and geometry in

relation to logic and philosophy goes back to the

Ancient Greeks such as Euclid, Plato and

Aristotle.alysis of formal logic.

DILEMMA OR THE MAIN PROPOSITIONS

• A is B

• A is not B

INDIAN LOGIC

• Directly related with the concepts of ATMAN and BRHMAN

• VEDAS are the main scriptures where can find logic in the history

of India

• Four main acceptance in Indian logic

1. Perception(prtyaksha),

2. inference (Anumana),

3. comparison (upamana)

4. testimony (shabda)

FOUR FOLD DILEMMA IN INDIAN LOGIC

1. A is B

2. A is not B

3. A is B & A is not B

4. Neither A is B nor is A not B

COMBINE PANTHEISM AND MONOTHEISM:

PANENTHEISM

“In Me are all existences contained,

Not I in them!” (Bhagavad Gita)

• Pantheism: God is everything; everything is God

• Monotheism: there is one God, separate from the

world He/She creates.

• Combine: Panentheism: 1) the world is the

expression of God in time/space, 2) yet God also

remains the conscious Unity in all expressions

EMANATIONISM

“They comprehend not, the Unheavenly,

How Souls go forth from Me; nor how they come

Back to Me.”

•Soul (Aspect, Part of Brahman) goes forth into

forgetfulness (matter)

• Karmic existence in samsara (illusion of

time and space)

• Return to consciousness of inner divinity

(moksha, Nirvana): Sat-Chit-Ananda or bliss

consciousness of being)

COMPARISONS AND CONTRASTS

• The history of Western science and technology is mostly a story of progress. There was a backwards movement at the close of antiquity, but even so, further progress often involved recovering the wisdom of the Greeks.

• Concept of Dilemma only for perception as the western logic depends on materialism

• Philosophers were the teachers who found it and it lasts as story in western world adding some new theories to improve followed practices

• In Indian logic ,it dates back just thousands of years and concept of dilemma didn`t stopped with first

two proposition but fourfold dilemmas..

• Similarly, both logical aspects western and Indian provide an opportunity to find a way of truth in the

world .

• Indian logics has a part as meditation which is unseen in western logic and it gives priority to

development of mind.

• Western logicians make their investigation with the materialism while Indians make it with

involvement of religions.

• Consequently, logical theories in both ways find a correct thought of any subject. But they have

burficateded they use different ways of Nibbana

REFERENCES

• Ganeri Jonardon, Philosophy Classical India, routledge

publications, London ,2001

• Terski Alfred, Introduction to logic ,newyork 2007

• http://www.philosophybasics.com