Post on 05-Dec-2020
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Introduction to LatinLesson Two
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Recap on Lesson 1• Inflection
• Some noun cases – Nominative, Accusative, Ablative
• Latin’s daughter languages
• Latin’s place in the Indo-European language family
• What has John Cleese got to do with all this?
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Today’s Lesson
• The influence of Latin on English• Nouns – singular and plural• Nouns – sneak peek at the other cases• Verbs – how they work• Verbs – spot the subject• 2 Latin readings
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Latin’s effect on the English Language
• English is a Teutonic (Germanic) language
• Most words used in daily life and for familial relationships are still of Germanic origin:
father, man, mother, wife, home, house, bread, moon, sun, stormeat, drink, talk, laugh, sing, buy, sell
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Latin’s effect on the English Language
Roman occupation of what is now England took place 43 – 410 AD.
They left behind about 800 words (housing, clothing, food, education, religion, military) and place names (e.g. Castra).
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Latin’s effect on the English Language
•Germanic Angles, Saxons, Jutes filled power vacuum left by Romans.
•They supplanted original Celtic, Romano/Celtic tongues with their own Teutonic language.
•This already contained some words borrowed from Latin during pre-invasion contact with Romans on the continent.
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Latin’s effect on the English Language
• 597 AD Pope Gregory sends Saint Augustine to introduce Christianity to the Angles and Saxons
• Latin becomes the language of the churchand learning as schools develop within the ecclesiastical structure
• Some Latin derived words begin to co-exist with English ones - storm/tempest moonstruck/lunatic - but Latin ones used in higher social circles
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Latin’s effect on the English Language
• 1066 AD – Norman conquestNorman French (a daughter language of Latin) becomes the language of court and many new Latin derived words are introduced into the English language
• Middle English now being influencedby Norman French from the court and Latin from the church and schools
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Latin’s effect on the English Language
• ‘Rediscovery’ of Latin literature during Renaissance (approx 14th – 17th
Centuries AD) added more words into the English language as Latin words formed the basis of the new international science
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Latin’s effect on the English Language
• The process continues today as French in Canada and Spanish in the southern USA interact with, and enrich, the vocabulary of North American English
• In modern scientific circles, Latin is used directly - chemistry, physics, biology, botany, astronomy - NASA (spacecraft names, Apollo, Gemini, etc.)
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Latin’s effect on the English Language
• Everyday structure of English remains Germanic
• Latin’s direct and indirect (via daughter languages) on English vocabulary is huge and important
• Cultural, literary, artistic, religious, and academic English all enriched by Latin
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Nouns – Singular and Plural• Nouns have 3 major properties
Case – Nominative, Accusative, Ablative
Gender – Masculine, Feminine, Neuter
Number – Singular, Plural
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Plural nouns – 2nd Declension Masculine
Singular PluralNom. Mulus Muli
Acc. Mulum Mulos
Abl. Mulo Mulis
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Examples of plural nouns – 2nd Declension Masculine - Nominative
• The mule is walking in the woodMulus in silva ambulat
• The mules are walking in the woodMuli in silva ambulant
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Examples of plural nouns – 2nd Declension Masculine - Accusative
• Paul watches the mulePaulus mulum spectat
• Paul watches the mulesPaulus mulos spectat
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Examples of plural nouns – 2nd Declension Masculine - Ablative
• The monks are on the muleMonachi in mulo sunt
• The monks are on the mulesMonachi in mulis sunt
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Latin reading – Mulus equos non amat
Benedictus et Stephanus monachi sunt.Monachi in monasterio habitant.Paulus discipulus in schola est.Discipuli cum monachis in monasteriohabitant.Mulus cum equis in agro habitat.Mulus saepe in agris laborat.Equi cum mulo non laborant.Equos mulus non amat.
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Plural nouns – 1st Declension Feminine
Singular PluralNom. Fabula Fabulae
Acc. Fabulam Fabulas
Abl. Fabula Fabulis
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Examples of plural nouns – 1st Declension Feminine - Nominative
• The woman is walking in the woodFemina in silva ambulat
• The women are walking in the woodFeminae in silva ambulant
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Examples of plural nouns – 1st Declension Feminine - Accusative
• Paul watches the womanPaulus feminam spectat
• Paul watches the womenPaulus feminas spectat
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Examples of plural nouns – 1st Declension Feminine - Ablative
• Paul carries the food in the bagPaulus cibum in sarcina portat
• Paul carries the food in the bagsPaulus cibum in sarcinis portat
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Nota bene
• When the subject (nominative) of the sentence is plural, the verb changes to agree with it (i.e. it becomes plural too)
• E.g.• Monachi in mulo sunt• Feminae in silva ambulant
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Latin reading – Umbrae in silvis
Benedictus vinum desiderat.Paulus igitur vinum in oppido emit et admonasterium cum mulo ambulat.Mulus vinum portat. Nunc sunt in silva.Mulus saepe in silvis ambulat, sed nonsilvas amat quod in silvis sunt umbrae.Mulus neque umbras neque sarcinas amat.Mulus amicos in agro desiderat.
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Nouns – sneak peek at the other cases1st Declension Feminine
Singular PluralNominative Fabula FabulaeVocative Fabula FabulaeAccusative Fabulam FabulasGenitive Fabulae FabularumDative Fabulae FabulisAblative Fabula Fabulis
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Nouns – sneak peek at the other cases2nd Declension Masculine
Singular PluralNominative Mulus MuliVocative Mule MuliAccusative Mulum MulosGenitive Muli MulorumDative Mulo MulisAblative Mulo Mulis
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Verbs – how they work
• Declension – the way that nouns inflect when they change case/gender/number
• Conjugation – the way that verbs inflect when they change number/person/tense etc.
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Verbs – how they work• I love amo• You (s) love amas• He/she/it loves amat• We love amamus• You (pl.) love amatis• They love amant
Note: In Latin, the pronoun is not required
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Verbs – Spot the subject
Because a Latin verb ‘contains’ a pronoun
Amo – I love amat – he/she/it loves
you must often supply the subject whentranslating
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
Verbs – Spot the subject
Mostly it is obvious from the context
Mulus in silva ambulat. Paulum amat.
But you have to really read the Latin first
Paulus monachos spectat. In silva sunt.
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
On the spot test – Translate into Latin
1. Paul and Stephen are students in the monastery
2. Benedict buys neither food nor wine.
3. The mule often walks slowly in the woods because it carries wine in bags to the monastry.
Intro to Latin - Lesson Two
What we have looked at:
• Latin’s influence on the English language
• Plurals of nouns
• How verbs work