Lecture -4

Harvard referencing

systemCourse: English writing skillsBBA 1

What is referencing system A reference is the detailed bibliographic description of the item from

which one gained the information.

In simple terms it is the source where one gets the information from:

For e.g: Newspaper, books, Annual reports etc.

While writing a text, any material other than the text in our own words must be acknowledged with the name of the author, title, date of publication.

References are briefly cited within the text, and then given full details at the end of your work in a bibliography.

References are used to:

1. Enable the reader to locate the sources you have used;

2. Help support your arguments and provide your work with credibility;

3. Show the scope and breadth of your research;

4. Acknowledge the source of an argument or idea. Failure to do so could result in a charge of plagiarism.

Plagiarism is defined by De Montfort University Student Regulations

as “The significant use of other people’s work or research by a

student and the submission of it as if it was his or her own”.

• To steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own.

• To commit literary theft by presenting an idea or product derived

from an existing source as new and original .

• In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing

someone else's work and lying about it afterward.

Always reference

•Direct quotations - this is when you copy another author’s material word-for-word.

• Needs inverted commas

• Paraphrasing - this is when you take another author’s ideas and put them into your own words. You are still copying someone else’s work, so you must reference it.

• No need of inverted commas.

No reference required

• The only exception to the referencing rule is when the information you have read somewhere is common knowledge or ‘public domain’ information.

• John F.Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas.• Common/daily use quotes like “To be or not to be”.

TWO Ways of referencing

• In the text of your essay, references can be made either according to

• the Harvard system or • the Number system.

HARVARD SYSTEM

• Harvard System: The name(s) of the author(s) is/are followed by the year of publication in brackets in the text. The references are then listed in the bibliography at the end of the essay in alphabetical order of the first author’s surname.

Examples for Harvard System

1) When organising our time ‘the centre piece will tend to be goals and objectives’ (Adair, 1988: 51).

OR (Author, year:pg.no)

- When organising our time, Adair (1988: 51) states that ‘the centre piece will tend to be goals and objectives’.

2) For the three-dimensional case, Carrier and Noiseux (1983) have analysed the reduction of a tsunami wave theory."

Bibliography for Harvard System

• In the bibliography or list of references the authors are listed in alphabetical order by the first author's surname. For example:

Like for the following reference:• For the three-dimensional case, Carrier and Noiseux

(1983) have analysed the reduction of a tsunami wave theory.“

Bibliography• Carrier, G.F. and Noiseux, C.F. (1983). The reflection of

obliquely incident tsunamis. J. Fluid Mech. 133, 147-160.

Number System

• Number System: a number is allocated to each reference and this is inserted in the text as a superscript number or in parentheses.

eg [3] or (3).

• In the bibliography at the end, the references are listed in the number order in which they are cited in the text.

Examples of number system

• "Double flowers are being sought by one breeder (10), but others consider the single flower more beautiful.

• The hybrid clone 'Annie J. Hemming‘(11) frequently produces six or seven petals rather than the five typical of the genus Hibiscus."

• Content scraping is copying and pasting from websites[44] and blogs.[45]

Bibliography for Number System

• 10. Kennedy, C.S. (1960). Adventures with hardy herbaceous Hibiscus. Amer. Hort. Mag: 199-203.

• 11. Hemming, E.S. (1952). The perfect Mallow (Hibiscus) Marvel. Plant Life: 153-154.

• 44 Jones, Del (August 1, 2006). "Authorship gets lost on Web". USA Today.

• 45 Welch, Maura (May 8, 2006). "Online plagiarism strikes blog world". The Boston Globe.

Using Harvard referencing

system

Collecting & Organizing references helps keep a good record of everything. A note about dates and page numbers1.If no date can be established - Use n.d. e.g. Webb (n.d.)

2. If only approximate date is established - Use Webb (c.2001)

3. Electronic books read via an e reader (such as the Kindle) having no traditional page numbers - Use the chapters instead for indicating the location of a quoted section;

e.g. Jones (2001, chapter 6) states that…British Medical Association (2012, para. 2) states that

Examples of referencing

1. Jones (1992) has provided evidence that these figures are incorrect.

2. It is claimed that government in the information age will “work better and cost less” (Bellamy and Taylor 1998, p.41).

3. There is some evidence (Jones, 1992) that these figures are incorrect.

4. In recent studies by Smith (1999a, 1999b, 1999c)…

Secondary referencing: When one author quotes or cites another author and you

wish to cite the original author , First try to trace the original item. • However, if this is not possible, you must acknowledge both so

urces in the text, • but only include the item you actually read in your

reference list.

e.g. If Jones discusses the work of Smith you could use:Smith (2009) as cited by Jones (2012)or Smith’s 2009 study (cited in Jones 2012, p. 156) shows that…

Information found in more than one source

1. If you find information in more than one source: Include all the references to strengthen

your argument. Cite all sources in the same brackets, placing

them in order of publication date (earliest first).

Separate the references using a semi colon (;).e.g. several writers (Jones 2011; Biggs 2010; Smith 2009) argue…

Guidelines for referencing Authors should preferably be in capitals. If the author is James Robert Jones this will become

JONES, J.R. Abdul Rahman Al Haddad would be AL HADDAD, A.R.

The date comes in brackets after the author. In these examples, the source, (e.g. title) has been

italicised; One can also emphasize the source by underlining

or typing in bold. consistent way throughout the reference list must be

used.

Accurate referencing - BOOKSFor books, record:• The author’s or editor’s name (or names)• The year the book was published• The title of the book• If it is an edition other than the first• The city the book was published in• The name of the publisher

References – BooksBooks:

AUTHOR(S) (Year) Title. Edition – if not the 1st. Place of publication: Publisher. For e.g.

CLARKE, S.(2011) Textile design. London: Laurence King.

Books with two or three authors:e.g. MALTZMAN, R. and SHIRLEY, D. (2011) Green project management. London: CRC Press.

Books with more than three authors – give the name of the first author, followed by ‘et al.’

(and others).e.g. SHAW, R. et al. (2011) Management essentials for

doctors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Accurate referencing - ArticlesFor journal articles record:• The author’s name or names• The year in which the journal was published• The title of the article• The title of the journal• The page number/s of the article in the journal• As much other information as you can find about the

journal, for example the volume and issue numbers.• E.G:

Muller, V. (1994) ‘Trapped in the body,’The Australian Feminist Law Journal, vol. 3, August, pp. 103-107.

Accurate referencing – electronic • For electronic resources, try to collect the information on the left

if it is available, but also record:• The date you accessed the source• The electronic address or email• The type of electronic resource (email, discussion forum, WWW

page, etc)

Johnston, R. (2001) Access courses for women, e-mail to NIACE Lifelong Learning Mailing List (lifelong-learning@niace.org.uk), 22 Aug. [24 Aug 2001].

•Berkowitz, P. (1995) April 3, ‘Sussy’s gravestone’, Mark Twain Forum [Online], 3 Apr, Available e-mail: TWAIN-L@yorkvm2.bitnet [3 Apr 1995].

Further reading

Library.dmu.ac.ukjustask@dmu.ac.ukhttp://education.exeter.ac.uk/dll/stud

yskills/harvard_referencing.htm

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