LABORATORY FOUR

The Skeletal System:

Appendicular & Arthrology

First Laboratory Practicum• Next week, same time• Lab report 4 will be collected outside of the lab before you enter the exam room• Set down all your belongings on the side bench• No hat, electronic device, sunglasses• Use pencil and print your answers – Your writing has to be legible• 125 points for 125 questions (+ some extra-credit)• Could use abbreviation key• Spelling counts – could lose up to 0.5 point for misspelling• Singular vs plural – ok• Move through the test in numerical orders, 2min/station (do not move until I tell you)• Only at the end, you will have time to re-visit some stations • Make indications on the questions you need to go back to – put a line next to the

answer you don’t know• There will be 3-4 questions per station (check the practice practicum on the left side-bench)

• Everything in the lab manual is testable• Focus on the bold prints and figures• Go through your lab reports• Confirm the accuracy of your answers using the answer key for each lab report

(available during Friday open labs)• Can not position the bones on your body

The Skeletal System

• Two subdivisions

• Axial skeleton

• Appendicular skeleton

• Appendages & the bony girdle to which they attach

The Appendicular Skeleton• Two bony girdles (in pairs)

• Pectoral (shoulder) - scapulae (shoulder blade) & clavicles (collarbone)

• Pelvic (hip) – ossa coxae

• Appendages (in pairs)

• Upper limb

• Arm - humerus

• Forearm – ulna & radius

• Wrist – carpals (8)

• Hand – metacarpals (5) & phalanges (14)

• Lower limb

• Thigh – femur

• Leg – tibia & fibula

• Ankle – tarsals (7)

• Foot – metatarsals (5) & phalanges (14)

Bones of the Pectoral Girdle &

Upper Limb

Pectoral Girdle(Scapula & Clavicle)

Lateral (acromial)

Medial (sternal)

Upper Limb: Humerus (arm)

Upper Limb: Ulna & Radius (forearm)

(trochlear notch)Radial notch

Wrist &

Hand

Bones of Pelvic Girdle

& Lower Limb

Pelvis

Os Coxa(fused from 3 bones)

Lower Limb:Femur

& Patella

Fovea capitis

Lower Limb: Tibia & Fibula

Lower Limb: Right Foot

Arthrology(Study of Joints or Articulations)

• Joints classified into 3 structural (functional) groups:– Fibrous (synarthroses) – immovable

• e.g.: sutures of the skull

– Cartilaginous (amphiathroses) - slightly movable• e.g.: costal cartilage, intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis

– Synovial (diathroses) - freely movable (color & label p79)• e.g.: knee, elbow, shoulder, hip• Gliding – intercarpal & intertarsal joints• Hinge (one plane) – elbow, knee, & ankle• Condyloid (two planes) – wrists & knuckles• Saddle – thumb joint • Pivot (rotational movement) – the atlas & axis • Ball & socket (all planes) – shoulder & hip

Synovial Joint