The Skeletal The Skeletal SystemSystem

Functions of the Skeletal Functions of the Skeletal systemsystem

SupportSupport Protection Protection MovementMovement Blood cell formationBlood cell formation Storage of calcium Storage of calcium Storage of fatStorage of fat

Structure Structure of Long of Long BoneBone•Articular cartilage – Articular cartilage – hyaline cartilagehyaline cartilage•Compact bone – Compact bone – haversian systemhaversian system•Spongy bone – red Spongy bone – red bone marrowbone marrow•Red bone marrow – Red bone marrow – production of red production of red blood cellsblood cells•Yellow bone marrow Yellow bone marrow – adipose tissue– adipose tissue•Periosteum – Periosteum – connective tissue connective tissue membranemembrane

Long bone from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f6-4c_gross_anatomy_of__c.jpg

Compact BoneCompact Bone

Haversian system from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Compact_bone_-_ground_cross_section.jpg

Haversian canalLongitudinal channel containing small blood vessels and nerve fibers

Osteocyte in lacunaeSpider-shaped cell in tight space

Haversian system/ Osteon

CanaliculiProjections of the osteocyte for nutrients and communication

Spongy BoneSpongy Bone

Spongy bone from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Spongy_bone_-_trabecules.jpg

Comprised of Comprised of traberculae (small traberculae (small plates of osseous plates of osseous tissue) and red tissue) and red bone marrowbone marrow

Located at the Located at the epiphysis of long epiphysis of long bone and the bone and the center of other center of other bonesbones

Trabercula

ACTIVITYACTIVITY

Activity 4.1.1 Bone anatomyActivity 4.1.1 Bone anatomy Activity 4.1.2 The structure of BoneActivity 4.1.2 The structure of Bone

Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton

The axial skeleton is composed of The axial skeleton is composed of the:the: Skull Skull

Cranium and facial bonesCranium and facial bones

VertebraeVertebrae Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and

coccygeal vertebraecoccygeal vertebrae

Ribs and sternumRibs and sternum

Joints of the SkullJoints of the Skull

The bones are the The bones are the skull (except for skull (except for the mandible) a the mandible) a joined at fibrous, joined at fibrous, immovable joints immovable joints called suturescalled sutures

Suture from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/Motor%20Systems/immovable_joint.jpg

Lambdoid sutureSeparates the occipital (O) from the parietal bones (P)

O

P P

FontanellesFontanelles

Fetal skulls from: http://www.biologycorner.com/anatomy/skeletal/bones_skull_fetal.jpg & http://homes.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/pics/Fetal%20Skull%20copy.jpg

Fontalnelles – areas where bone formation is incomplete; flexible regions that allow the skull to compress during the birth process

SkullSkull

Anterior skull from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f7-4t_anterior_view_of__c.jpg

SkullSkull

Lateral skull from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f7-6t_lateral_view_of_t_c.jpg

SkullSkull

Internal skull from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f7-9t_superior_view_of__c.jpg

ACTIVITYACTIVITY

Activity 4.2.1 Skull bonesActivity 4.2.1 Skull bones Activity 4.2.2 Birth of a babyActivity 4.2.2 Birth of a baby Activity 4.2.3 Skull tutorialActivity 4.2.3 Skull tutorial Activity 4.2.4 Skull quizActivity 4.2.4 Skull quiz

VertebraeVertebrae

Vertebral column from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f7-28_vertebral_column_c.jpg

Except for C1 and C2, Except for C1 and C2, each has: a body, each has: a body, spinous process, two spinous process, two transverse processes transverse processes and a vertebral foramenand a vertebral foramen

CurvaturesCurvatures Primary – thoracic Primary – thoracic

and sacraland sacral Secondary – cervical Secondary – cervical

and lumbarand lumbar

Atlas and AxisAtlas and Axis

Atlas and axis: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f7-30c_axis_and_atlas_p_g.jpg

Types of VertebraeTypes of Vertebrae

Vertebrae from: http://www.anatomy.tv/StudyGuides/images/vertebrae.jpg

Note the differences of the three bones in respect to the:1.Body (B)2.Transverse process (TP)3.Spinous process (SP)4.Vertebral foramen (VF)

B B BTP

TP

TP

VFVFVF

SPSP SP

Thoracic cageThoracic cage

Thoracic cage from: your Memmler’s textbook pg. 102 (see how important your text is!)

ACTIVITYACTIVITY

Activity 4.3.1 Human Anatomy – Activity 4.3.1 Human Anatomy – Vertebral columnVertebral column

Activity 4.3.2 Vertebral column Activity 4.3.2 Vertebral column tutorialstutorials

Activity 4.3.3 Vertebral column Activity 4.3.3 Vertebral column quizzesquizzes

Activity 4.3.4 Thoracic cage tutorialsActivity 4.3.4 Thoracic cage tutorials Activity 4.3.5 Thoracic cage quizzesActivity 4.3.5 Thoracic cage quizzes

Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton

Pectoral girdlePectoral girdle Arm, forearm and handArm, forearm and hand Pelvic girdlePelvic girdle Thigh, leg and footThigh, leg and foot

Pectoral girdlePectoral girdle

Pectoral girdle from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/Motor%20Systems/pectoral_girdle.jpg

ScapulaScapula

Scapulas from: http://www.arthursclipart.org/medical/skeletal/scapula%20left.gif and http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Scapula_post.jpg

ScapulaScapula

Scapulas from: http://www.arthursclipart.org/medical/skeletal/scapula%20left%202.gif and http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Scapula_ant.jpg

ClavicleClavicle

Clavicles from: http://abondok.jeeran.com/Upper_limb/00clavicle.jpg and http://www.montgomerycollege.edu/~wolexik/Clavicle-superior.jpg

ArticulationsArticulations

X ray of Pectoral girdle from: http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/oxford/Oxford_Body/019852403x.shoulder.1.jpg

HumeruHumeruss

Humerus from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f8-4a_right_humerus_ant_c.jpg

Ulna and radiusUlna and radius

Ulna and radius from: http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P201/Skeletal/selected_bones/radius_ulna_dis_PB060017_lbd.JPG

HandHand

Hand from: http://www.physioweb.org/IMAGES/hand.jpg

ACTIVITY ACTIVITY

Activity 4.4.1 Upper limb tutorialsActivity 4.4.1 Upper limb tutorials Activity 4.4.2 Upper limb quizzesActivity 4.4.2 Upper limb quizzes

Pelvic GirdlePelvic Girdle

Pelvis from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f8-7_pelvis_c.jpg

Male vs. Female pelvisMale vs. Female pelvis

Pelvic bones from: http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3034/2283718939_0939370dc0.jpg

Characteristic Male Female

Illiac walls More verticalNarrow

More flaredWide

Bone thickness Thicker (heavier)

Thinner (lighter)

Acetabula Larger; closer Smaller; farther apart

Pubic angle Acute Broader

Male vs. Female pelvisMale vs. Female pelvis

Pelvic bones from: http://anthropology.si.edu/writteninbone/male_female.html

Characteristic Male Female

Coccyx Curved ventrally

Straighter

FemurFemur

Femur from: http://www.medicalpages.co.uk/images/orthopaedics/femur-left-femur-medicalpages.jpg

PatellaPatella

Patella from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f8-12_patella_c.jpg

Tibia and fibulaTibia and fibula

Tibia and fibula from: http://www.medicalpages.co.uk/images/orthopaedics/tibia-and-fibula-left-tibia-fibula-medicalpages.jpg

FootFoot

Foot from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/Motor%20Systems/foot.jpg

ACTIVITY 5ACTIVITY 5

Activity 4.5.1 Lower limb tutorialActivity 4.5.1 Lower limb tutorial Activity 4.5.2 Lower limb quizActivity 4.5.2 Lower limb quiz

The ENDThe END

ReferncesRefernces

Cohen, B. J. and J. J. Taylor (2009). Memmler's Structure and Function of the Human Body. Baltimore, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

Marieb, E. N. and K. Hoehn (2010). Human Anatomy and Physiology. San Francisco, Benjamin Cummings.