Post on 13-Dec-2015
La Biblioteca Digitaly su rol en la
Educación Superior
Biblioteca CentralUniversidad Nacional del Sur
Bahia Blanca, Argentina May 17-18, 2004
Edward A. Fox
fox@vt.edu http://fox.cs.vt.edu
Acknowledgements (Selected)• Sponsors: ACM, Adobe, AOL, IBM, Microsoft,
NASA, NLM, NSF, OCLC, SUN, US Dept. of Ed. (FIPSE)
• VT Faculty/Staff: Debra Dudley, Weiguo Fan, Gail McMillan, Manuel Perez, Naren Ramakrishnan, Layne Watson, …
• VT Students: Yuxin Chen, Shahrooz Feizabadi, Marcos Goncalves, Nithiwat Kampanya, S.H. Kim, Bing Liu, Paul Mather, Fernando Das Neves, Unni. Ravindranathan, Ryan Richardson, Rao Shen, Ricardo Torres, Wensi Xi, Baoping Zhang, …
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (NDLTD)• NDLTD Board of Directors, previous Steering Committee + other
NDLTD committees; those running Electronic Thesis & Dissertation (ETD) initiatives in universities, regions, countries
• Helpful sponsorship by many organizations, especially Adobe (new initiative!), CONACyT, DFG, FIPSE (US Dept. Education), IBM, Microsoft, NSF (IIS-9986089, 0086227, 0080748, 0325579; DUE-0121679, 0136690, 0121741, 0333601), OCLC, SOLINET, SUN, SURA, UNESCO, VTLS, many governments (Australia, Germany, India, …), …
• Colleagues at Virginia Tech (faculty, staff, students), and collaborators at many universities
• Slides included from: Vinod Chachra, Thom Hickey, Joan Lippincott, Gail McMillan, Axel Plathe, Hussein Suleman, …
Other Collaborators (Selected)
• Brazil: FUA, UFMG, UNICAMP• Case Western Reserve University• Emory, Notre Dame, Oregon State• Germany: Univ. Oldenburg• Mexico: UDLA (Puebla), Monterrey• College of NJ, Hofstra, Penn State, Villanova• University of Arizona• University of Florida, Univ. of Illinois• University of Virginia
• Endowment: VTLS
UNESCO
• Cláudio Menezes [cmenezes@unesco.org.uy]• Purpose:
• Reinforce local solutions, commitments
• Emphasize:• ETD does not need many resources.• Open source and free software is available.• International cooperation can help.• Local training is crucial. • => Inclusion of ETD in practices, processes• => Schedule for ETD projects
Part 1
Digital Libraries and
Higher Education
Virginia Tech Background
• Largest university in Virginia, land-grant, football, town population 35K plus 26K students
• Blacksburg Electronic Village, since 1992, with > 80% of community on Internet
• Net.Work.Virginia, with sites for education, research, government• LMDS, Local Multipoint Distribution Service, gigabit wireless
networking - 1/3 of Virginia• Math Emporium, 500 workstations• Faculty Development Initiative, round 3• Torgersen Hall, $30M Advanced Communications and Information
Technology Center, with DLRL
Fox at VT
• Professor, Dept. of Computer Science
• 1/3 time report to Erv Blythe, VP for Info. Tech.
• Director, Digital Library Research Laboratory• Location: 2030 Torgersen Hall• Students: typically about 20• Visitors: India: 2, S. Korea: 1, Brazil: 1, …• Grants: 9 active
• Director of University Center: Internet Technology Innovation Center at VT
Internet TechnologyInnovation Center
Supported by Virginia’s Center for Innovative Technology
Statewide University Partners - Governing Board:
• Christopher Newport University• William Winter, William Muir, Virginia Electronic Commerce Technology
Center / Southeastern Virginia Network (VECTEC/SEVAnet)• George Mason University
• Steven Ruth, International Center for Applied Studies in IT (ICASIT)• Old Dominion University – Kurt Maly (CS Head), …• University of Virginia
• Alf Weaver, Internet Commerce Group (InterCom)• Jim French, Internet Digital Library
• VCU – Information Systems, plus connection with telemedicine etc.• Virginia Tech
• Edward Fox, Digital Library Research Laboratory (DLRL), CC, CS• Scott Midkiff, Center for Wireless Telecomm. (CWT), VTISC, ECpE
ITIC @ VTResearch Areas
• Collaboration (e.g., group decision support)• Community networking (e.g., BEV)• Internet access (e.g., statewide network)• Information services (e.g., digital libraries)• Modeling and simulation (e.g., Web traffic)• Usability (e.g., human factors engineering)• Virtual environments (e.g., CAVE, visualization)
Digital Libraries Projects(other selected)
• TULIP (Elsevier, OCLC)• BEV History Base (NSF, Blacksburg)• DL for CS Education - EI (NSF, ACM)• WATERS (NSF)• WCA (Log) Repository (W3C)• NSDL (NSF): DL-in-a-Box, GetSmart, OCKHAM• …
DL Examples
• IBM Digital Library
• Virtua (www.vtls.com)
• Greenstone (www.greenstone.org)
• Eprints (www.eprints.org)
• Many systems in NSF DLI projects
• VT systems: CITIDEL, CSTC, DL-in-a-box, ETANA, MARIAN, NCSTRL, NDLTD
Digital Libraries --- Objectives
• World Lit.: 24hr / 7day / from desktop• Integrated “super” information systems: 5S:
streams, structures, spaces, scenarios, societies • Ubiquitous, Higher Quality, Lower Cost • Education, Knowledge Sharing, Discovery• Disintermediation -> Collaboration • Universities Reclaim Property• Interactive Courseware, Student Works• Scalable, Sustainable, Usable, Useful
Benefits
• Ease of use
• Effectiveness
• “The benefits of digital libraries will not be appreciated unless they are easy to use effectively.” - IITA Workshop report
DLs: Why of Global Interest?
• National projects can preserve antiquities and heritage: cultural, historical, linguistic, scholarly
• Knowledge and information are essential to economic and technological growth, education
• DL - a domain for international collaboration• wherein all can contribute and benefit• which leverages investment in networking• which provides useful content on Internet & WWW• which will tie nations and peoples together more
strongly and through deeper understanding
Application
Domain
Related Institutions
Examples Technical Challenges Benefit / Impact
PublishingPublishers, Eprint
archivesOAI Quality control, openness Aggregation, organization
Education
Schools, colleges, universities
NSDL, NCSTRL Knowledge management,
reuseabilityAccess to data
Art, Culture
Museum AMICO, PRDLA Digitization, describing,
catalogingGlobal understanding
ScienceGovernment,
Academia, Commerce
NVO, PDG, SwissProt, UK
eScience,European Union Commission
Data modelsreproducibility, faster reuse, faster
advance
(e) Governme
nt
Government Agencies (all levels)
Census Intellectual property rights,
privacy, multi-nationalAccountability, homeland security
(e) Commerce
, (e) Industry
Legal institutionsCourt cases,
patents Developing standards
Standardization, economic development
History, Heritage
Foundations American Memory Content, context,
interpretation
Long term view, perspective, documentation, recording, facilitating, interpretation,
understanding
Cross-cutting
Library, Archive
Web, personal collections
Multi-language, preservation, scalability, interoperability, dynamic
behavior, workflow, sustainability, ontologies,
distributed data, infrastructure
Reduced cost, increased access, pereservation, democratization, leveling, peace, competitiveness
Reagan Moore
Ed Fox
June
2002
for
NSF
DL Challenges
• Preservation - so people with trust DLs
• Supporting infrastructure - networks, ...
• Scalability, sustainability, interoperability
• DL industry - critical mass by covering libraries, archives, museums, corporate info, govt info, personal info - “quality WWW” integrating IR, HT, MM, ...
• Need tools & methods to make them easier to build
Libraries of the FutureJCR Licklider, 1965, MIT Press
World
Nation
State
City
Community
Digital Libraries
SGML (1985)
PDF(1992)
NSF DLI (1994)
LibraryCancellations
(1988)
UniversityScholarlyElectronic
Pub. (1988)
Info.Literacy(1995)
ImprovingEducation Internet
(1984)
WWW(1994)
Multimedia(1986)
SynchronousScholarly Communication
Same time, Same or different place
Asynchronous, Digital Library Mediated Scholarly Communication
Different time and/or place
Borgman et al.:Workshop Report onSocial Aspects ofDigital Libraries: http://www-lis.gseis.ucla.edu/DL/
InformationLifeCycle
Information Life Cycle
AuthoringModifying
OrganizingIndexing
StoringRetrieving
DistributingNetworking
Retention/ Mining
AccessingFiltering
UsingCreating
Computing (flops)Digital content
Com
mun
icat
ions
(ban
dwid
th, c
onne
ctiv
ity)
Locating Digital Libraries in Computing andCommunications Technology Space
Digital Libraries technologytrajectory: intellectualaccess to globally distributed information
less more
D ig ita l L ib ra r y C o n te n t
A rtic le s ,R e p o rts,
B o o ks
T e xtD o cum e n ts
S p ee ch ,M u s ic
V id eoA u d io
(A e ria l)P h o tos
G e og rap h icIn fo rm ation
M o d e lsS im u la tio ns
S o ftw a re ,P ro g ra m s
G e no m eH u m a n,a n im a l,
p la n t
B ioIn fo rm ation
2 D , 3 D ,V R ,C A T
Im ag es a ndG ra p h ics
C o nte n tT yp e s
Integrated Integrated CCLINC CCLINC Translingual Information SystemTranslingual Information System
Integrated Integrated CCLINC CCLINC Translingual Information SystemTranslingual Information System
DARPA
Extraction
What is th
e north korean
movement in th
e front li
ne?
CCLINC SERVER
Info Detection
Summarization
It seems that North Korea launch a missile againAfter North Korea launched a Daipodong missilelast month, NK is perceived to proceed to an additionaltest launch. Korea, US and Japan enter into an alertstate, and prepare for a joint response policy. Korea estimates that the additional launch will be on 09/05. Japan estimates that NK’s missile range is short. USinformation says that there is no sign of launch yet.
Translation
What is th
e status of nk
missile la
unch against japan?
BugHanI IlBonE Ddo MiSaIlEul
BalSaHan Deus HaDa
2-w
a yS
pe e
c h T
ran
s ati
on
Structured Video Browser(making video into hypermedia)
www.learn.umd.edu
• IBrowse
• Expository multimedia• Narrative Structures
MP
EG
-7 Video Library S
ystems T
ech.
ICUInformation and CommunicationUniversity
MPEG-7 Video Library Systems Tech.
Video Data
Description GeneratorDescription Schemes
Design Tool
DescriptionScheme
MetaDatabase
VideoDatabase
Retrieval ServerModule
PlayerP
resentation
Module
Architecture
AmericanSouth.Org – Roles, ContentSOLINET Libraries (Data
Providers)Scholars
Intellectual Organization Controlled vocabulary Metadata extension
development
Collection Decisions Selection Criteria
Selection Criteria Controlled
vocabulary
Central Server Maintenance Local Server Maintenance Provision of Context
Metadata Repository Metadata Creation/Maintenance
Organizational Structure and
Annotation Tools
Central Interface Design/Maintenance
Local Interface Design/Maintenance
Selection of Other Annotation
Tools
Central Indices Creation/Maintenance
Local Indices Selection of Thesauri
Coordination of Metadata Gateway
Development
Gateway Implementation Concept Mapping
Digital Objects
Content Area Description Audio
Digital
Finding Aid
MSS Other
Photo
Video
MF
Total
African-American cultural life 6 4 6 9 4 12 3 10 18 72
Agricultural crisis of late 19th century
1 1 3 1 1 4 8 19
Codification of segregation laws 1 3 2 1 1 8 16
Configuration of white supremacy 1 3 3 3 1 9 20
Cultural values and activities 3 1 5 17 4 15 1 5 20 71
Disenfranchising movements 1 2 2 1 2 1 6 15
Educational movements 6 1 1 18 6 21 3 5 27 98
Emergence of Holiness & Pentecostal Groups
1 1 1 7 10
Emergence of new musical forms 3 1 1 1 2 8
Emergence of organized groups expressing farmers concerns
2 2 1 8 13
Expansion of Southern evangelical Protestant Churches
3 1 9 3 9 11 23 59
Content Area Description Audio
Digital
Finding Aid
MSS Other
Photo
Video
MF Print
Total
Expansion of industrial activity 6 12 5 10 5 14 52
Forms of inter-racialism 1 1 1 2 1 4 10
Great Migration & its relationship to worsened race relations in the South
3 3
Growth of business 1 5 12 1 13 5 15 52
Growth of cities & towns 1 1 5 12 4 13 1 2 18 57
Interplay of economic interest among regions
1 1 4 1 2 1 6 16
Local literature 3 1 2 17 4 7 3 31 68
Lost Cause monument movement 3 2 3 8
Political relationships between Populist & other groups
1 2 2 4 9
Content Area Description Audio
Digital
Finding Aid
MSS
Other
Photo
Video
MF Print
Total
Popular magazines & newspapers 2 2 1 13 17 35
Reactions of African-American leaders to Segregation
2 1 2 4 1 2 1 1 10 24
Relationship among Southern Populists & those in the West
1 1
Relationship between new racial system of 1890s and other
2 4 1 8 15
Role of immigration 1 1 2 6 4 2 9 25
Survival of African-American communities & Culture
2 2 1 5 7 1 2 13 33
Women’s Groups 2 1 10 1 5 1 4 9 33
Total Each Format 41 14 51 161 38 133 13 79 301 831
Case Study: NCSTRL Costs/BenefitsStakeholders Sample Potential Cost Sample Potential Benefit
Providers Faculty Lower value for P&T Faster publishing
Students Less recognition Broader set of outlets
Practitioners Limited relevance Ease of publishing, > quantity
Users Faculty Lower quality of work Broader access to resources
Students Higher access costs (vs. department available material)
Lower access costs (vs. journal available material)
Departments New maintenance costs Broader visibility
University libraries Additional access costs Access to new resources
Practitioners More difficult access Access to new resources
Definitions
• Library ++ (library+archive+museum+…)
• Distributed information system + organization + effective interface
• User community + collection + services
• Digital objects, repositories, IPR management, handles, indexes, federated search, hyperbase, annotation
Definition: Digital Libraries are complex systems that
• help satisfy info needs of users (societies)
• provide info services (scenarios)
• organize info in usable ways (structures)
• present info in usable ways (spaces)
• communicate info with users (streams)
Case Study: Education
• Refactoring Scholarly Communication:• Creating, Sharing, Reviewing, Teaching,
Learning, …
• Physics: PhysNet
• OCKHAM
• CSTC, CITIDEL, NSDL
• NDLTD
Digital LibrariesShorten the Chain from
Editor
Publisher
A&I
Consolidator
Library
Reviewer
DLs Shorten the Chain to
Author
Reader
Digital
LibraryEditor
Reviewer
Teacher
Learner
Librarian
PhysNet
PACS Automatic Classification
OCKHAM
• Simplicity (a la OCCAM’s razor)
• Support by Mellon and DLF
• Four main ideas:
1. Components
2. Lightweight protocols
3. Open reference models (e.g., 5S, OAIS)
4. Community perspective and involvement
• Now funded by NSF in NSDL, with P2P
OCKHAM Library Network
NSDL
OCKHAM
Services
NSDLServices
Teachers LearnersLibrarians
OCKHAMLibrary
Network
LibraryServices
CS -> CSTC -> CRIM• NSF and ACM Education Committee are funding
a 2 year project “A Computer Science Teaching Center” - CSTC - http://www.cstc.org/
• College of NJ, U. Ill. Springfield, Virginia Tech
• Focus initially on labs, visualization, multimedia
• Multimedia part is also supported by a 2nd grant to Virginia Tech and The George Washington University: http://www.cstc.org/~crim/ (with curricular guidelines also under development)
CS Teaching Center (CSTC)
• Instead of building large, expensive multimedia packages, that become obsolete and are difficult to re-use, concentrate on small knowledge units.
• Learners benefit from having well-crafted modules that have been reviewed and tested.
• Use digital libraries to build a powerful base of support for learners, upon which a variety of courses, self-study tutorials & reference resources can be built.
• ACM support led to Journal of Educational Resources in Computing (JERIC), accessible from www.cstc.org
Browsing (1)
Browsing (2)
Computing and Information Technology Interactive Digital Educational Library (CITIDEL)
• Domain: computing / information technology
• Genre: one-stop-shopping for teachers & learners: courseware (CSTC, JERIC), leading DLs (ACM, IEEE-CS, DB&LP, CiteSeer), PlanetMath.org, NCSTRL (technical reports), …
• Submission & Collection: sub/partner collections www.citidel.org
www.CITIDEL.org
• Led by Virginia Tech, with co-PIs:• Fox (director, DL systems)• Lee (history)• Perez (user interface, Spanish support)
• Partners• College of New Jersey (Knox)• Hofstra (Impagliazzo)• Villanova (Cassel)• Penn State (Giles)
DIGITAL LIBRARY SERVICES
REPOSITORIES
USER PORTALS
Overview of CITIDEL architecture
Union Metadata Repository
OAI Data
Provider
Laboratories Repository
Applets Repository
Papers Repository
Syllabi Repository
. . .
Digital Library Services
OAI Data
Harvester
Distributed repository structure
Annotations
OAI Data
Harvester
EDUCATORS
ADMINISTRATORS LEARNERS
Multilingual Searching
Revising Annotating Filtering Browsing Administering
Filtering Profiles User Profiles
Union Metadata
OAI Data
Provider
Remote and Peer Digital Libraries (eg. NSDL -CIS)
PORTALS
SERVICES
REPOSITORIES
Digital library architecture for localand interoperable CITIDEL services
CITIDEL: Computing & Information Technology Interactive Digital Education Library
Cluster Search Results from CITIDEL
Cluster NDLTD-Computing
CITIDEL -> NSDL
• A collection project in the
• National STEM (science, technolgy, engineering, and mathematics) education Digital Library – NSDL
• National Science Digital Library
• www.nsdl.org
“The network is the library.”
A Learning Environments and ResourcesNetwork for SMET Education (LEARNS)
LEARNS Connects:
Users: students, educators, life-long learners
Content: structured learning materials; large real-time or archived datasets; audio, images, animations; primary sources; digital learning objects (e.g. applets); interactive (virtual, remote) laboratories; ...
Tools: search; refer; validate; integrate; create; customize; publish; share; notify; collaborate; ...
LEARNS Supports:
Users
Content
Tools
(profiles)
(metadata)
(protocols)
Learning communities
Customizable collections
Application services
LEARNS Enables:Environments for
• Communication
• Collaboration
• Creation
• Validation
• Evaluation
• Recognition
• ...
• Discovery
• Stability
• Reliability
• Reusability
• Interoperability
• Customizability
• ...
of Resources
AND
Expectations of NSDL ProgramTracks
• Core Integration: coordinate a distributed alliance of resource collection and service providers; and ensure reliable and extensible access to and usability of the resulting network of learning environments and resources
• Collections: aggregate and actively manage a subset of the digital library’s content within a coherent theme / specialty
• Services: increase the impact, reach, efficiency, and value of the digital library in its fully operational form
• Targeted (Applied) Research: have immediate impact on one or more of the other three tracks
Collections
• Discovery of content
• Classification and cataloguing• Acquisition and/or linking; referencing• Disciplinary-based themes define a natural body of content,
but other possibilities are also encouraged
• Access to massive real-time or archived datasets
• Software tool suites for analysis, modeling, simulation, or visualization
• Reviewed commentary on learning materials and pedagogy
Services• Help services, frequently asked questions, etc.
• Synchronous/asynchronous collaborative learning environments using shared resources
• Mechanisms for building personal annotated digital information spaces
• Reliability testing for applets or other digital learning objects
• Audio, image, and video search capability
• Metadata system translation
• Community feedback mechanisms
NSDL Information ArchitectureEssentially as developed by the Technical Infrastructure Workgroup
referenceditems &
collections
referenceditems &
collections
Special Databases
NSDLServicesNSDL
ServicesOther NSDLServices
CI Services
annotation
CI Services
discussion
CI Services
personalization
CI Services
authentication
CI Services
browsing
Core Services:information retrieval
Core Collection-Building Services
harvesting
Core Collection-Building Services
protocols
Core Services:metadata gathering
Portals &ClientsPortals &
ClientsPortals &Clients
Usage Enhancement
Collection Building
User Interfaces
NSDLCollections
NSDLCollections
NSDLCollections
CoreNSDL“Bus”
A Digital Library Case Study
• Domain: graduate education, research
• Genre:ETDs=electronic theses & dissertations
• Submission: http://etd.vt.edu
• Collection: http://www.theses.org
Project: Networked Digital
Library of Theses & Dissertations
(NDLTD) http://www.ndltd.org
GradProgram
IT Ed.(Tech)Library
NDLTD
Key Ideas: Networked infrastructure
Scalability
Education is the rationale
University collaboration
Workflow, automation
Authors must submitMaximalAccess
PDF, SGML, MM,MARC, DC, URNs,Federated search
Standards
8th graders vs. grads
The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations
www.NDLTD.org
Leader of the Worldwide ETD(Electronic Thesis and Dissertation) Initiative
Training AuthorsExpanding Access
Preserving KnowledgeImproving Graduate Education
Enhancing Scholarly CommunicationEmpowering Students & Universities
Main Message
• Digital libraries can help advance education.
• Argentina is invited to engage in NDLTD, as well as CITIDEL, NSDL, and other DL ventures.
• UNESCO Analytical Survey on Digital Libraries in Education is recommending DLE in each nation.
• Local and national support can• stimulate activities, including collaboration• promote a sharing culture, especially in research and teaching• leverage others’ investments (networking, computing, …)• encourage / facilitate learning
• Please join NDLTD!
What led to today’s meeting?• 1987 mtg in Ann Arbor: UMI, VT, …• 1992 mtg in Washington: CNI, CGS, UMI, VT and 10 universities
with 3 reps each• 1993 mtg in Atlanta to start Monticello Electronic Library (regional,
US Southeast): SURA, SOLINET• 1994 mtg at VT: std: PDF + SGML + multimedia objects• 1996 funding by SURA, US Dept. of Education (FIPSE)• 1997 meetings in UK, Germany, ...• 1998 – 1st symposium – Memphis (20)• 1999 – 2nd symposium – Blacksburg (70)• 2000 – 3rd symposium – St. Petersburg (225)• 2001 – 4th symposium – Caltech (200)• 2002 – 5th syposium – BYU, Provo, Utah• 2003 – 6th syposium – Berlin (215) • 2004 – 7th syposium – U. Kentucky• 2005 – 8th syposium – Sydney, Australia
What are the long term goals?
• 400K US students / year getting grad degrees are exposed / involved
• 200K/yr rich hypermedia ETDs that may turn into electronic portfolios (images, video, audio, …)
• Dramatic increase in knowledge sharing: literature reviews, bibliographies, …
• Services providing lifelong access for students: browse, search, prior searches, citation links
• Hundreds/thousands of downloads / year / work
ETDs: Library Goals • Improve library services
• Better turn-around time • Always available
• Reduce work • catalog from e-text • eliminate handling: mailing to ProQuest, bindery
prep, check-out, check-in, reshelving, etc.• Save space
• Aiding universities to enhance graduate education, publishing and IPR efforts
• Helping improve the availability and content of theses and dissertations
• Educating ALL future scholars so they can publish electronically and effectively use digital libraries (i.e., are Information Literate and can be more expressive)
What are we doing?
NDLTD Incorporation
• Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations incorporated May 20, 2003 in Virginia, USA
• Charitable and educational purposes (501 c 3)• Can accept donations, collect dues, receive funds
• LeClair Ryan provides legal counsel
• Officers• Executive Director (Ed Fox)• Secretary (Gail McMillan)• Treasurer (Scott Eldredge)
Initial Board of Directors• Suzie Allard (ETD 2004, U. Kentucky)• Denise A. D. Bedford (World Bank)• Julia C. Blixrud (ARL, SPARC)• José Luis Borbinha (National Lib Portugal)• Alex Byrne (ETD 2005, ADT: Australia)• Vinod Chachra (VTLS)• Peter Diepold (Humboldt)• Scott Eldredge (Treasurer, ETD 2002,
BYU)• Edward Fox (Exec Director, Virginia Tech)• Jean-Claude Guédon (U. of Montréal)• John H. Hagen (West Virginia U.)• Thomas B. Hickey (OCLC)• Sarantos Kapidakis (Ionian U., Greece)
• Delphine Lewis (ProQuest)• Joan K. Lippincott (CNI)• Gail McMillan (Secretary, Virginia Tech)• Claudio Menezes (UNESCO, Uruguay)• Joseph Moxley (ETD 2000, USF)• Ana Pavani (PUC Rio, Brazil)• Axel Plathe (UNESCO, Paris)• Sharon Reeves (National Library Canada)• Peter Schirmbacher (ETD 2003,
Humboldt)• Mohsen Tawfik (UNESCO, India)• Shalini R. Urs (U. Mysore, India)• Felix N Ubogu (U. Witwatersrand, S.
Africa)• Eric F. Van de Velde (ETD 2001, Caltech)
National / Regional Projects• Australia
• U. New South Wales (lead)• U. of Melbourne• U. of Queensland• U. of Sydney• Australian National U.• Curtin U. of Technology• Griffith U.
• Germany• Humboldt University (lead)
• 3 other universities
• 5 learned societies: Math, Physics, Chemistry, Sociology, Education
• 1 computing center
• 2 major libraries
• OhioLINK: 79 colleges/univs• Consorci de Biblioteques
Universitàries de Catalunya, as group, www.cbuc.es: 9 sites
• India• Korea• Brazil• UK (British Library, JISC,
Edinburgh)• UNESCO (especially Latin
America, Eastern Europe, Africa)
Some Countries
• Australia• Belgium• Brazil• Canada• China• Columbia• Finland• France• Germany• India• Italy• Korea• Mexico
• Netherland• Norway• Russia• Singapore• S. Africa• S. Korea• Spain• Sudan• Sweden• Taiwan• UK• USA
Some Institutional Members• British Library• Cinemedia• Coalition for Networked Information (CNI)• Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC)• Consorci de Biblioteques Universitàries de Catalunya• Diplomica.com• Dissertation.com• Dissertationen Online (Germany)• ETDweb, a Division of Answer4.com• Ibero-American Science & Technology Education Consortium (ISTEC)• National Documentation Centre (NDC), Greece• National Library of Portugal (for all universities)• OCLC Online Computer Library Center• OhioLINK• Organization of American States (SEDI/OAS)• Southeastern Library Network (SOLINET)• UNESCO (www.unesco.org/webworld/etd)
UNESCO and ETDs(by Axel Plathe at ETD2003)
• Promoting the use of the Internet as a tool for disseminating scientific knowledge
• Facilitating the transfer of ETD expertise from developed to developing countries
• 1998: Member of the NDLTD Steering Committee• 1999: First UNESCO ETD meeting on ETD internationalisation
• 2002: “UNESCO Guide to Electronic Theses and Dissertations”
• 2003: Model training programmes and training courses• 2003: Sponsor pilot projects• 2003: Pilot projects (Africa, Europe, Latin-America)
ETD Initiative (and ProQuest)
StudentsLearn aboutDL, EPub
TDsbecome more
expressive
N. Amer. (T)Ds areaccessible, archived
Global TDsbecome more
accessible,archived
ProQuest
Universities
How can a university get involved?
• Select planning/implementation team• Graduate School
• Library
• Computing / Information Technology
• Institutional Research / Educ. Tech.
• Join online, give us contact names• www.ndltd.org/join
• Adapt Virginia Tech or other proven approach• Build interest and consensus
• Start trial / allow optional submission
Convene Local Planning Group
ETD
ETD project participants
• Academic administrators
• Faculty
• Students
• Staff
• Graduate school / provost / registrar
• Information technologists
• Librarians
Build Local ETD Site
Digital Library
Policies
Inspection/Approval
Workshop/Training
ETD
ETD
NDLTD
Computer Resources
Research
Literature
Student Prepares Thesis/Dissertation
Student Defends & Finalizes ETD
My Thesis
ETD
Multimedia Use in ETD Collection
File type Examples Count
Still image BMP, DXF, GIF, JPG, TIFF 328
Video AVI, MOV, MPG, QT 58
Audio AIFF, WAV 18
Text PDF, HTML, TXT, DOC, XLS 7601
Other Macromedia, SGML, XML 51
Student Gets CommitteeSignatures and Submits ETD
Signed
Grad School
Graduate School Approves ETD, Student is Graduated
Ph.D.
Library Catalogs ETD, Access isOpened to the New Research
WWW
NDLTD
QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-2227102539751141/
Status of the VT Project
• Approved by university governance Spring 1996; required starting 1/1/97
• Submission & access software in place
• Submission workshops for students (and faculty) occur often: beginner/adv.
• Faculty training as part of Faculty Development Initiative
• Over 5000 ETDs in collection – some have audio, video, large images, software, …
Archiving ETDs
• Every 15 minutes back-ups made of not-yet-approved submissions
• Hourly back-ups of newly approved ETDs
• Weekly back-ups of entire ETD collection
• Copies stored on-site and off-site
VT ETD Cataloging
• same as current cataloging policies, except:• author-assigned keywords (not LCSH)• generic (not LC) call no.• fields/subfields as required for computer files• full abstracts
• time savings• cataloger familiar with computer files• equipment, software for word processing• 5 minutes avg. (10-15 minutes for paper TDs)
Library Resources• Hardware: with Apache web server
• Maintenance and security• Started small; now: Sun 2-processor Enterprise 250--Solaris 2.7
• Software• Submission scripts written by DLA
• Includes e-mail notifications to authors, advisors, UMI• Use it too: http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ETD-db/
• Log files analyzed with Analog • Survey scripts written by DLA
• Data from authors and readers• Use it too: http://lumiere.lib.vt.edu/surveys/
• Search Engine• Started small; now: InfoSeek’s ULTRASEEK
Digital Library Benefits:Low margin, high use
• Incorporate ETDs with other digital library activities• Ejournals, online class materials, digital images, etc.• Additional equipment, staff may not be necessary
• http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/data/setup.html• Use VT programs, scripts, etc.
• http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ETD-db/• Online accesses vs. circulation of copies
• 1990-1994, average circulation per copy per year:• 2.2 for theses, 3.2 for dissertations
Access to VT’s ETDshttp://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/
-
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
4,500,000
5,000,000
ETD files requested 231,709 483,030 578,152 2,173,420 4,497,199
Abstracts requested 165,710 215,493 260,699 573,149 471,917
1997/98 1997/98 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02
Info Available at VT
• Informationhttp://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses
• Automated submission system ready for customization
http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ETD-db/
• Student guidelines, training materials, FAQ's, multimedia educational materials
http://etd.vt.edu
Access Possibilities
Websearchengines
librarycatalogclients
www.theses.org
www.openarchives.org
3rd
PartyServices(e.g.,UMI)
VirginiaTech
NationalLibrary ofPortugal
CBUC(Spain)
OhioLink
MIT NationalProjects:AU, GE, …
ETD Union Collection (OAI)
VIRTUA
Merged Metadata Collection
MARIAN
Virginia Tech ETD Archive
Duisburg ETD
Archive
HumboldtETD
Archive
Future: recommender, …
… OAI Data Provider
OAI Service Provider
OAI Harvesting
LEGEND
Union catalog: OCLC
• OCLC will expand OAI data provider on TDs.
• Is getting data from WorldCat (so, from many sites!).
• Will harvest from all others who contact them.
• Need DC and either ETD-MS or MARC.
• Has a set for ETDs.
Union catalog: VTLS, VT
• VTLS will enhance search/browse service for ETDs
• Will harvest from OCLC’s set of ETD records
• Will receive through other mechanisms
• Will work with MARC-21 and ETD-MS
• VT will continue to offer experimental services
NDLTD Union CatalogContent Languages
The VTLS NDLTD Union Catalog has data in 6 different languages. These are: English German Greek Korean Portuguese Spanish
Examples follow
Language = German; hits = 137
Full record display
For professional societies
• Like “writing across the curriculum”, e.g., Chemical Markup Language, MathML, …
• Besides writing: computing/communications, information literacy, personal digital library management, tool use, research methods, collaboration, archiving/preservation
• Data sets, communities of users of them
• Classification systems / browsing / searching
• NRC’s “Issues for Science and Engineering Researchers in the Digital Age”, 57 pages
Relationship with publishers
• Concern of faculty and students that still wish to publish books or journal articles, voiced: campus, Chronicle, NPR, Times
• Solution: Approval Form gives students, faculty choices on access, when to change access condition; use IPR controls in DL
• Solution: by case, work with publishers and publisher associations to increase access• AAP, AAUP• AAAS, ACM, ACS, Elsevier, ...
Some responses from publishers
• ACM: need to acknowledge copyright• Elsevier: need to acknowledge copyright• IEEE-CS: endorse initiative• ACS: After first publication, can release• Textbook publishers: different market,
manuscript significantly reworked• General: restricting access to local campus
will not cause any problems
Summary: ETDs and Publishing
• Early controversies waning• Faculty: prior publication?
• Protective of future academics• Surveys of publishers
• No specific policies largely• Consider submissions individually
• VT ETD Alumni• None had problems getting published
• Authors• Retain some rights, e.g., link to curriculum vitae,
online course materials
ETDs and Copyright
• Author’s rights• Reproduction, modification, distribution, public performance, public
display• Retain rights • Share non-exclusive rights:• Permit library to store / provide access
• Author’s obligations: fair use• Balance factors or get permission
• Notification: optionalCopyright 2002 by Gail McMillan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
• Registration: optional• Possibly receive greater compensation, with less documentation, if
filing infringement law suit
ETDs and Long-term Preservation• Concerns: Access without paper
• Long term preservation• Standard multimedia formats
• PDF Reader: open source• http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/archive.html
• Addressed Concerns• Cooperatives, e.g., OhioLink • Why not: OCLC, NDLTD?• Commercial options
• ProQuest: traditional microfilming• Frequent, regular back-ups available on, off-site
ETD-MS
• ETD Metadata Standard• XML-encoded metadata standard
(content and encoding) for Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs)
• in part conforming to Dublin Core (DC)
• using RDF
• using UNICODE
• Will specify relationship with MARC
Complex to Simple
MARC ($50) Dublin Core (DC)
+thesis
Recent Added Support by NDLTD
• Links from NDLTD site• ETD individuals support – submit ETD
• ETD discussion (e-prints) – community activities
• Conference papers and presentations – community activities http://www.ndltd.org/WVUproc.htm
• Automated support to “join NDLTD”• Marcel Dekker book in press
• Edward A. Fox, Shahrooz Feizbadi, Joseph M. Moxley, and Christian R. Weisser, eds., The ETD Sourcebook: Theses and Dissertations in the Electronic Age, New York: Marcel Dekker, 2004
Two Approaches to an ETD Progam
Characteristic View 1 View 2
Who Staff Students
When Now Soon: Pilot to option to reqrmnt
Focus Increase univer. visibility
Education of students
What Scan in prior works first
Students submit own works
Why ETD?Short Answer
• For Students:• Gain knowledge and skills for the Information Age
• Richer communication (digital information, multimedia, …)
• For Universities: • Easy way to enter the digital library field and benefit thereby
• For the World: • Global digital library – large, useful, many services
• General:• Save time and money
• Increased visibility for all associated with research results
The Process?Short Answer
• For Students:
• Plan on ETD from day 1
• Secure knowledge from: workshops, online info, colleagues
• Work with faculty to plan approach
• PDF? XML? TEI? Multi/hypermedia? Data sets? Viz?
• Get signed approval form: access, ©, proxy assignment
• After defense and approval, submit ETD to university
• For Universities:
• Form team
• Adapt solution from work at other universities, attend ETD conference
• Pilot -> Option -> Requirement
Some Potential Barriers
• Lethargy; Not invented here
• Frustration/Anger: Technology! More work!
• Lack of experience in working together: graduate school, library, computing staff
• Lack of interest in (quality of) student work
• More loyalty to discipline than to campus
• Unwillingness to accept responsibility for financial problems with libraries, or to accept need for changes regarding electronic publishing
Spirit of NDLTD• Help make a better (smaller) world• Win-win-win (everyone can benefit)• Have fun helping others• Helpers/teachers learn more than those they work with• Build on standards• ETDs are preservable, popular, expressive, “better”
• Doable, feasible, learnable, affordable, sharable
• Please join NDLTD!
Selected Links - http://fox.cs.vt.edu• CITIDEL (computing education resources)
• www.citidel.org• NCSTRL (computing technical reports)
• www.ncstrl.org• NDLTD (electronic theses and dissertations worldwide)
• www.ndltd.org and etdguide.org• NSDL (National Science Digital Library)
• www.nsdl.org• OAI (Open Archives Initiative)
• www.openarchives.org• Virginia Tech Digital Library Research Laboratory
(DLRL, www.dlib.vt.edu)• 5S, AmericanSouth.Org, CSTC, DL-in-a-box, ENVISION,
ETANA, MARIAN, NDLTD, NSDL, OAD, ODL, …)
Questions/Discussion?