La Biblioteca Digitaly su rol en la

Educación Superior

Biblioteca CentralUniversidad Nacional del Sur

Bahia Blanca, Argentina May 17-18, 2004

Edward A. Fox

fox@vt.edu http://fox.cs.vt.edu

Acknowledgements (Selected)• Sponsors: ACM, Adobe, AOL, IBM, Microsoft,

NASA, NLM, NSF, OCLC, SUN, US Dept. of Ed. (FIPSE)

• VT Faculty/Staff: Debra Dudley, Weiguo Fan, Gail McMillan, Manuel Perez, Naren Ramakrishnan, Layne Watson, …

• VT Students: Yuxin Chen, Shahrooz Feizabadi, Marcos Goncalves, Nithiwat Kampanya, S.H. Kim, Bing Liu, Paul Mather, Fernando Das Neves, Unni. Ravindranathan, Ryan Richardson, Rao Shen, Ricardo Torres, Wensi Xi, Baoping Zhang, …

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (NDLTD)• NDLTD Board of Directors, previous Steering Committee + other

NDLTD committees; those running Electronic Thesis & Dissertation (ETD) initiatives in universities, regions, countries

• Helpful sponsorship by many organizations, especially Adobe (new initiative!), CONACyT, DFG, FIPSE (US Dept. Education), IBM, Microsoft, NSF (IIS-9986089, 0086227, 0080748, 0325579; DUE-0121679, 0136690, 0121741, 0333601), OCLC, SOLINET, SUN, SURA, UNESCO, VTLS, many governments (Australia, Germany, India, …), …

• Colleagues at Virginia Tech (faculty, staff, students), and collaborators at many universities

• Slides included from: Vinod Chachra, Thom Hickey, Joan Lippincott, Gail McMillan, Axel Plathe, Hussein Suleman, …

Other Collaborators (Selected)

• Brazil: FUA, UFMG, UNICAMP• Case Western Reserve University• Emory, Notre Dame, Oregon State• Germany: Univ. Oldenburg• Mexico: UDLA (Puebla), Monterrey• College of NJ, Hofstra, Penn State, Villanova• University of Arizona• University of Florida, Univ. of Illinois• University of Virginia

• Endowment: VTLS

UNESCO

• Cláudio Menezes [cmenezes@unesco.org.uy]• Purpose:

• Reinforce local solutions, commitments

• Emphasize:• ETD does not need many resources.• Open source and free software is available.• International cooperation can help.• Local training is crucial. • => Inclusion of ETD in practices, processes• => Schedule for ETD projects

Part 1

Digital Libraries and

Higher Education

Virginia Tech Background

• Largest university in Virginia, land-grant, football, town population 35K plus 26K students

• Blacksburg Electronic Village, since 1992, with > 80% of community on Internet

• Net.Work.Virginia, with sites for education, research, government• LMDS, Local Multipoint Distribution Service, gigabit wireless

networking - 1/3 of Virginia• Math Emporium, 500 workstations• Faculty Development Initiative, round 3• Torgersen Hall, $30M Advanced Communications and Information

Technology Center, with DLRL

Fox at VT

• Professor, Dept. of Computer Science

• 1/3 time report to Erv Blythe, VP for Info. Tech.

• Director, Digital Library Research Laboratory• Location: 2030 Torgersen Hall• Students: typically about 20• Visitors: India: 2, S. Korea: 1, Brazil: 1, …• Grants: 9 active

• Director of University Center: Internet Technology Innovation Center at VT

Internet TechnologyInnovation Center

Supported by Virginia’s Center for Innovative Technology

Statewide University Partners - Governing Board:

• Christopher Newport University• William Winter, William Muir, Virginia Electronic Commerce Technology

Center / Southeastern Virginia Network (VECTEC/SEVAnet)• George Mason University

• Steven Ruth, International Center for Applied Studies in IT (ICASIT)• Old Dominion University – Kurt Maly (CS Head), …• University of Virginia

• Alf Weaver, Internet Commerce Group (InterCom)• Jim French, Internet Digital Library

• VCU – Information Systems, plus connection with telemedicine etc.• Virginia Tech

• Edward Fox, Digital Library Research Laboratory (DLRL), CC, CS• Scott Midkiff, Center for Wireless Telecomm. (CWT), VTISC, ECpE

ITIC @ VTResearch Areas

• Collaboration (e.g., group decision support)• Community networking (e.g., BEV)• Internet access (e.g., statewide network)• Information services (e.g., digital libraries)• Modeling and simulation (e.g., Web traffic)• Usability (e.g., human factors engineering)• Virtual environments (e.g., CAVE, visualization)

Digital Libraries Projects(other selected)

• TULIP (Elsevier, OCLC)• BEV History Base (NSF, Blacksburg)• DL for CS Education - EI (NSF, ACM)• WATERS (NSF)• WCA (Log) Repository (W3C)• NSDL (NSF): DL-in-a-Box, GetSmart, OCKHAM• …

DL Examples

• IBM Digital Library

• Virtua (www.vtls.com)

• Greenstone (www.greenstone.org)

• Eprints (www.eprints.org)

• Many systems in NSF DLI projects

• VT systems: CITIDEL, CSTC, DL-in-a-box, ETANA, MARIAN, NCSTRL, NDLTD

Digital Libraries --- Objectives

• World Lit.: 24hr / 7day / from desktop• Integrated “super” information systems: 5S:

streams, structures, spaces, scenarios, societies • Ubiquitous, Higher Quality, Lower Cost • Education, Knowledge Sharing, Discovery• Disintermediation -> Collaboration • Universities Reclaim Property• Interactive Courseware, Student Works• Scalable, Sustainable, Usable, Useful

Benefits

• Ease of use

• Effectiveness

• “The benefits of digital libraries will not be appreciated unless they are easy to use effectively.” - IITA Workshop report

DLs: Why of Global Interest?

• National projects can preserve antiquities and heritage: cultural, historical, linguistic, scholarly

• Knowledge and information are essential to economic and technological growth, education

• DL - a domain for international collaboration• wherein all can contribute and benefit• which leverages investment in networking• which provides useful content on Internet & WWW• which will tie nations and peoples together more

strongly and through deeper understanding

Application

Domain

Related Institutions

Examples   Technical Challenges Benefit / Impact

PublishingPublishers, Eprint

archivesOAI   Quality control, openness Aggregation, organization

Education

Schools, colleges, universities

NSDL, NCSTRL  Knowledge management,

reuseabilityAccess to data

Art, Culture

Museum AMICO, PRDLA  Digitization, describing,

catalogingGlobal understanding

ScienceGovernment,

Academia, Commerce

NVO, PDG, SwissProt, UK

eScience,European Union Commission

  Data modelsreproducibility, faster reuse, faster

advance

(e) Governme

nt

Government Agencies (all levels)

Census  Intellectual property rights,

privacy, multi-nationalAccountability, homeland security

(e) Commerce

, (e) Industry

Legal institutionsCourt cases,

patents  Developing standards

Standardization, economic development

History, Heritage

Foundations American Memory  Content, context,

interpretation

Long term view, perspective, documentation, recording, facilitating, interpretation,

understanding

Cross-cutting

Library, Archive

Web, personal collections

 

Multi-language, preservation, scalability, interoperability, dynamic

behavior, workflow, sustainability, ontologies,

distributed data, infrastructure

Reduced cost, increased access, pereservation, democratization, leveling, peace, competitiveness

Reagan Moore

Ed Fox

June

2002

for

NSF

DL Challenges

• Preservation - so people with trust DLs

• Supporting infrastructure - networks, ...

• Scalability, sustainability, interoperability

• DL industry - critical mass by covering libraries, archives, museums, corporate info, govt info, personal info - “quality WWW” integrating IR, HT, MM, ...

• Need tools & methods to make them easier to build

Libraries of the FutureJCR Licklider, 1965, MIT Press

World

Nation

State

City

Community

Digital Libraries

SGML (1985)

PDF(1992)

NSF DLI (1994)

LibraryCancellations

(1988)

UniversityScholarlyElectronic

Pub. (1988)

Info.Literacy(1995)

ImprovingEducation Internet

(1984)

WWW(1994)

Multimedia(1986)

SynchronousScholarly Communication

Same time, Same or different place

Asynchronous, Digital Library Mediated Scholarly Communication

Different time and/or place

Borgman et al.:Workshop Report onSocial Aspects ofDigital Libraries: http://www-lis.gseis.ucla.edu/DL/

InformationLifeCycle

Information Life Cycle

AuthoringModifying

OrganizingIndexing

StoringRetrieving

DistributingNetworking

Retention/ Mining

AccessingFiltering

UsingCreating

Computing (flops)Digital content

Com

mun

icat

ions

(ban

dwid

th, c

onne

ctiv

ity)

Locating Digital Libraries in Computing andCommunications Technology Space

Digital Libraries technologytrajectory: intellectualaccess to globally distributed information

less more

D ig ita l L ib ra r y C o n te n t

A rtic le s ,R e p o rts,

B o o ks

T e xtD o cum e n ts

S p ee ch ,M u s ic

V id eoA u d io

(A e ria l)P h o tos

G e og rap h icIn fo rm ation

M o d e lsS im u la tio ns

S o ftw a re ,P ro g ra m s

G e no m eH u m a n,a n im a l,

p la n t

B ioIn fo rm ation

2 D , 3 D ,V R ,C A T

Im ag es a ndG ra p h ics

C o nte n tT yp e s

Integrated Integrated CCLINC CCLINC Translingual Information SystemTranslingual Information System

Integrated Integrated CCLINC CCLINC Translingual Information SystemTranslingual Information System

DARPA

Extraction

What is th

e north korean

movement in th

e front li

ne?

CCLINC SERVER

Info Detection

Summarization

It seems that North Korea launch a missile againAfter North Korea launched a Daipodong missilelast month, NK is perceived to proceed to an additionaltest launch. Korea, US and Japan enter into an alertstate, and prepare for a joint response policy. Korea estimates that the additional launch will be on 09/05. Japan estimates that NK’s missile range is short. USinformation says that there is no sign of launch yet.

Translation

What is th

e status of nk

missile la

unch against japan?

BugHanI IlBonE Ddo MiSaIlEul

BalSaHan Deus HaDa

2-w

a yS

pe e

c h T

ran

s ati

on

Structured Video Browser(making video into hypermedia)

www.learn.umd.edu

• IBrowse

• Expository multimedia• Narrative Structures

MP

EG

-7 Video Library S

ystems T

ech.

ICUInformation and CommunicationUniversity

MPEG-7 Video Library Systems Tech.

Video Data

Description GeneratorDescription Schemes

Design Tool

DescriptionScheme

MetaDatabase

VideoDatabase

Retrieval ServerModule

PlayerP

resentation

Module

Architecture

AmericanSouth.Org – Roles, ContentSOLINET Libraries (Data

Providers)Scholars

Intellectual Organization Controlled vocabulary Metadata extension

development

Collection Decisions Selection Criteria

Selection Criteria Controlled

vocabulary

Central Server Maintenance Local Server Maintenance Provision of Context

Metadata Repository Metadata Creation/Maintenance

Organizational Structure and

Annotation Tools

Central Interface Design/Maintenance

Local Interface Design/Maintenance

Selection of Other Annotation

Tools

Central Indices Creation/Maintenance

Local Indices Selection of Thesauri

Coordination of Metadata Gateway

Development

Gateway Implementation Concept Mapping

Digital Objects

Content Area Description Audio

Digital

Finding Aid

MSS Other

Photo

Video

MF

Print

Total

African-American cultural life 6 4 6 9 4 12 3 10 18 72

Agricultural crisis of late 19th century

1 1 3 1 1 4 8 19

Codification of segregation laws 1 3 2 1 1 8 16

Configuration of white supremacy 1 3 3 3 1 9 20

Cultural values and activities 3 1 5 17 4 15 1 5 20 71

Disenfranchising movements 1 2 2 1 2 1 6 15

Educational movements 6 1 1 18 6 21 3 5 27 98

Emergence of Holiness & Pentecostal Groups

1 1 1 7 10

Emergence of new musical forms 3 1 1 1 2 8

Emergence of organized groups expressing farmers concerns

2 2 1 8 13

Expansion of Southern evangelical Protestant Churches

3 1 9 3 9 11 23 59

Content Area Description Audio

Digital

Finding Aid

MSS Other

Photo

Video

MF Print

Total

Expansion of industrial activity 6 12 5 10 5 14 52

Forms of inter-racialism 1 1 1 2 1 4 10

Great Migration & its relationship to worsened race relations in the South

3 3

Growth of business 1 5 12 1 13 5 15 52

Growth of cities & towns 1 1 5 12 4 13 1 2 18 57

Interplay of economic interest among regions

1 1 4 1 2 1 6 16

Local literature 3 1 2 17 4 7 3 31 68

Lost Cause monument movement 3 2 3 8

Political relationships between Populist & other groups

1 2 2 4 9

Content Area Description Audio

Digital

Finding Aid

MSS

Other

Photo

Video

MF Print

Total

Popular magazines & newspapers 2 2 1 13 17 35

Reactions of African-American leaders to Segregation

2 1 2 4 1 2 1 1 10 24

Relationship among Southern Populists & those in the West

1 1

Relationship between new racial system of 1890s and other

2 4 1 8 15

Role of immigration 1 1 2 6 4 2 9 25

Survival of African-American communities & Culture

2 2 1 5 7 1 2 13 33

Women’s Groups 2 1 10 1 5 1 4 9 33

Total Each Format 41 14 51 161 38 133 13 79 301 831

Case Study: NCSTRL Costs/BenefitsStakeholders Sample Potential Cost Sample Potential Benefit

Providers Faculty Lower value for P&T Faster publishing

Students Less recognition Broader set of outlets

Practitioners Limited relevance Ease of publishing, > quantity

Users Faculty Lower quality of work Broader access to resources

Students Higher access costs (vs. department available material)

Lower access costs (vs. journal available material)

Departments New maintenance costs Broader visibility

University libraries Additional access costs Access to new resources

Practitioners More difficult access Access to new resources

Definitions

• Library ++ (library+archive+museum+…)

• Distributed information system + organization + effective interface

• User community + collection + services

• Digital objects, repositories, IPR management, handles, indexes, federated search, hyperbase, annotation

Definition: Digital Libraries are complex systems that

• help satisfy info needs of users (societies)

• provide info services (scenarios)

• organize info in usable ways (structures)

• present info in usable ways (spaces)

• communicate info with users (streams)

Case Study: Education

• Refactoring Scholarly Communication:• Creating, Sharing, Reviewing, Teaching,

Learning, …

• Physics: PhysNet

• OCKHAM

• CSTC, CITIDEL, NSDL

• NDLTD

Digital LibrariesShorten the Chain from

Editor

Publisher

A&I

Consolidator

Library

Reviewer

DLs Shorten the Chain to

Author

Reader

Digital

LibraryEditor

Reviewer

Teacher

Learner

Librarian

PhysNet

PACS Automatic Classification

OCKHAM

• Simplicity (a la OCCAM’s razor)

• Support by Mellon and DLF

• Four main ideas:

1. Components

2. Lightweight protocols

3. Open reference models (e.g., 5S, OAIS)

4. Community perspective and involvement

• Now funded by NSF in NSDL, with P2P

OCKHAM Library Network

NSDL

OCKHAM

Services

NSDLServices

Teachers LearnersLibrarians

OCKHAMLibrary

Network

LibraryServices

CS -> CSTC -> CRIM• NSF and ACM Education Committee are funding

a 2 year project “A Computer Science Teaching Center” - CSTC - http://www.cstc.org/

• College of NJ, U. Ill. Springfield, Virginia Tech

• Focus initially on labs, visualization, multimedia

• Multimedia part is also supported by a 2nd grant to Virginia Tech and The George Washington University: http://www.cstc.org/~crim/ (with curricular guidelines also under development)

CS Teaching Center (CSTC)

• Instead of building large, expensive multimedia packages, that become obsolete and are difficult to re-use, concentrate on small knowledge units.

• Learners benefit from having well-crafted modules that have been reviewed and tested.

• Use digital libraries to build a powerful base of support for learners, upon which a variety of courses, self-study tutorials & reference resources can be built.

• ACM support led to Journal of Educational Resources in Computing (JERIC), accessible from www.cstc.org

Browsing (1)

Browsing (2)

Computing and Information Technology Interactive Digital Educational Library (CITIDEL)

• Domain: computing / information technology

• Genre: one-stop-shopping for teachers & learners: courseware (CSTC, JERIC), leading DLs (ACM, IEEE-CS, DB&LP, CiteSeer), PlanetMath.org, NCSTRL (technical reports), …

• Submission & Collection: sub/partner collections www.citidel.org

www.CITIDEL.org

• Led by Virginia Tech, with co-PIs:• Fox (director, DL systems)• Lee (history)• Perez (user interface, Spanish support)

• Partners• College of New Jersey (Knox)• Hofstra (Impagliazzo)• Villanova (Cassel)• Penn State (Giles)

DIGITAL LIBRARY SERVICES

REPOSITORIES

USER PORTALS

Overview of CITIDEL architecture

Union Metadata Repository

OAI Data

Provider

Laboratories Repository

Applets Repository

Papers Repository

Syllabi Repository

. . .

Digital Library Services

OAI Data

Harvester

Distributed repository structure

Annotations

OAI Data

Harvester

EDUCATORS

ADMINISTRATORS LEARNERS

Multilingual Searching

Revising Annotating Filtering Browsing Administering

Filtering Profiles User Profiles

Union Metadata

OAI Data

Provider

Remote and Peer Digital Libraries (eg. NSDL -CIS)

PORTALS

SERVICES

REPOSITORIES

Digital library architecture for localand interoperable CITIDEL services

CITIDEL: Computing & Information Technology Interactive Digital Education Library

Cluster Search Results from CITIDEL

Cluster NDLTD-Computing

CITIDEL -> NSDL

• A collection project in the

• National STEM (science, technolgy, engineering, and mathematics) education Digital Library – NSDL

• National Science Digital Library

• www.nsdl.org

“The network is the library.”

A Learning Environments and ResourcesNetwork for SMET Education (LEARNS)

LEARNS Connects:

Users: students, educators, life-long learners

Content: structured learning materials; large real-time or archived datasets; audio, images, animations; primary sources; digital learning objects (e.g. applets); interactive (virtual, remote) laboratories; ...

Tools: search; refer; validate; integrate; create; customize; publish; share; notify; collaborate; ...

LEARNS Supports:

Users

Content

Tools

(profiles)

(metadata)

(protocols)

Learning communities

Customizable collections

Application services

LEARNS Enables:Environments for

• Communication

• Collaboration

• Creation

• Validation

• Evaluation

• Recognition

• ...

• Discovery

• Stability

• Reliability

• Reusability

• Interoperability

• Customizability

• ...

of Resources

AND

Expectations of NSDL ProgramTracks

• Core Integration: coordinate a distributed alliance of resource collection and service providers; and ensure reliable and extensible access to and usability of the resulting network of learning environments and resources

• Collections: aggregate and actively manage a subset of the digital library’s content within a coherent theme / specialty

• Services: increase the impact, reach, efficiency, and value of the digital library in its fully operational form

• Targeted (Applied) Research: have immediate impact on one or more of the other three tracks

Collections

• Discovery of content

• Classification and cataloguing• Acquisition and/or linking; referencing• Disciplinary-based themes define a natural body of content,

but other possibilities are also encouraged

• Access to massive real-time or archived datasets

• Software tool suites for analysis, modeling, simulation, or visualization

• Reviewed commentary on learning materials and pedagogy

Services• Help services, frequently asked questions, etc.

• Synchronous/asynchronous collaborative learning environments using shared resources

• Mechanisms for building personal annotated digital information spaces

• Reliability testing for applets or other digital learning objects

• Audio, image, and video search capability

• Metadata system translation

• Community feedback mechanisms

NSDL Information ArchitectureEssentially as developed by the Technical Infrastructure Workgroup

referenceditems &

collections

referenceditems &

collections

Special Databases

NSDLServicesNSDL

ServicesOther NSDLServices

CI Services

annotation

CI Services

discussion

CI Services

personalization

CI Services

authentication

CI Services

browsing

Core Services:information retrieval

Core Collection-Building Services

harvesting

Core Collection-Building Services

protocols

Core Services:metadata gathering

Portals &ClientsPortals &

ClientsPortals &Clients

Usage Enhancement

Collection Building

User Interfaces

NSDLCollections

NSDLCollections

NSDLCollections

CoreNSDL“Bus”

A Digital Library Case Study

• Domain: graduate education, research

• Genre:ETDs=electronic theses & dissertations

• Submission: http://etd.vt.edu

• Collection: http://www.theses.org

Project: Networked Digital

Library of Theses & Dissertations

(NDLTD) http://www.ndltd.org

GradProgram

IT Ed.(Tech)Library

NDLTD

Key Ideas: Networked infrastructure

Scalability

Education is the rationale

University collaboration

Workflow, automation

Authors must submitMaximalAccess

PDF, SGML, MM,MARC, DC, URNs,Federated search

Standards

8th graders vs. grads

The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations

www.NDLTD.org

Leader of the Worldwide ETD(Electronic Thesis and Dissertation) Initiative

Training AuthorsExpanding Access

Preserving KnowledgeImproving Graduate Education

Enhancing Scholarly CommunicationEmpowering Students & Universities

Main Message

• Digital libraries can help advance education.

• Argentina is invited to engage in NDLTD, as well as CITIDEL, NSDL, and other DL ventures.

• UNESCO Analytical Survey on Digital Libraries in Education is recommending DLE in each nation.

• Local and national support can• stimulate activities, including collaboration• promote a sharing culture, especially in research and teaching• leverage others’ investments (networking, computing, …)• encourage / facilitate learning

• Please join NDLTD!

What led to today’s meeting?• 1987 mtg in Ann Arbor: UMI, VT, …• 1992 mtg in Washington: CNI, CGS, UMI, VT and 10 universities

with 3 reps each• 1993 mtg in Atlanta to start Monticello Electronic Library (regional,

US Southeast): SURA, SOLINET• 1994 mtg at VT: std: PDF + SGML + multimedia objects• 1996 funding by SURA, US Dept. of Education (FIPSE)• 1997 meetings in UK, Germany, ...• 1998 – 1st symposium – Memphis (20)• 1999 – 2nd symposium – Blacksburg (70)• 2000 – 3rd symposium – St. Petersburg (225)• 2001 – 4th symposium – Caltech (200)• 2002 – 5th syposium – BYU, Provo, Utah• 2003 – 6th syposium – Berlin (215) • 2004 – 7th syposium – U. Kentucky• 2005 – 8th syposium – Sydney, Australia

What are the long term goals?

• 400K US students / year getting grad degrees are exposed / involved

• 200K/yr rich hypermedia ETDs that may turn into electronic portfolios (images, video, audio, …)

• Dramatic increase in knowledge sharing: literature reviews, bibliographies, …

• Services providing lifelong access for students: browse, search, prior searches, citation links

• Hundreds/thousands of downloads / year / work

ETDs: Library Goals • Improve library services

• Better turn-around time • Always available

• Reduce work • catalog from e-text • eliminate handling: mailing to ProQuest, bindery

prep, check-out, check-in, reshelving, etc.• Save space

• Aiding universities to enhance graduate education, publishing and IPR efforts

• Helping improve the availability and content of theses and dissertations

• Educating ALL future scholars so they can publish electronically and effectively use digital libraries (i.e., are Information Literate and can be more expressive)

What are we doing?

NDLTD Incorporation

• Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations incorporated May 20, 2003 in Virginia, USA

• Charitable and educational purposes (501 c 3)• Can accept donations, collect dues, receive funds

• LeClair Ryan provides legal counsel

• Officers• Executive Director (Ed Fox)• Secretary (Gail McMillan)• Treasurer (Scott Eldredge)

Initial Board of Directors• Suzie Allard (ETD 2004, U. Kentucky)• Denise A. D. Bedford (World Bank)• Julia C. Blixrud (ARL, SPARC)• José Luis Borbinha (National Lib Portugal)• Alex Byrne (ETD 2005, ADT: Australia)• Vinod Chachra (VTLS)• Peter Diepold (Humboldt)• Scott Eldredge (Treasurer, ETD 2002,

BYU)• Edward Fox (Exec Director, Virginia Tech)• Jean-Claude Guédon (U. of Montréal)• John H. Hagen (West Virginia U.)• Thomas B. Hickey (OCLC)• Sarantos Kapidakis (Ionian U., Greece)

• Delphine Lewis (ProQuest)• Joan K. Lippincott (CNI)• Gail McMillan (Secretary, Virginia Tech)• Claudio Menezes (UNESCO, Uruguay)• Joseph Moxley (ETD 2000, USF)• Ana Pavani (PUC Rio, Brazil)• Axel Plathe (UNESCO, Paris)• Sharon Reeves (National Library Canada)• Peter Schirmbacher (ETD 2003,

Humboldt)• Mohsen Tawfik (UNESCO, India)• Shalini R. Urs (U. Mysore, India)• Felix N Ubogu (U. Witwatersrand, S.

Africa)• Eric F. Van de Velde (ETD 2001, Caltech)

National / Regional Projects• Australia

• U. New South Wales (lead)• U. of Melbourne• U. of Queensland• U. of Sydney• Australian National U.• Curtin U. of Technology• Griffith U.

• Germany• Humboldt University (lead)

• 3 other universities

• 5 learned societies: Math, Physics, Chemistry, Sociology, Education

• 1 computing center

• 2 major libraries

• OhioLINK: 79 colleges/univs• Consorci de Biblioteques

Universitàries de Catalunya, as group, www.cbuc.es: 9 sites

• India• Korea• Brazil• UK (British Library, JISC,

Edinburgh)• UNESCO (especially Latin

America, Eastern Europe, Africa)

Some Countries

• Australia• Belgium• Brazil• Canada• China• Columbia• Finland• France• Germany• India• Italy• Korea• Mexico

• Netherland• Norway• Russia• Singapore• S. Africa• S. Korea• Spain• Sudan• Sweden• Taiwan• UK• USA

Some Institutional Members• British Library• Cinemedia• Coalition for Networked Information (CNI)• Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC)• Consorci de Biblioteques Universitàries de Catalunya• Diplomica.com• Dissertation.com• Dissertationen Online (Germany)• ETDweb, a Division of Answer4.com• Ibero-American Science & Technology Education Consortium (ISTEC)• National Documentation Centre (NDC), Greece• National Library of Portugal (for all universities)• OCLC Online Computer Library Center• OhioLINK• Organization of American States (SEDI/OAS)• Southeastern Library Network (SOLINET)• UNESCO (www.unesco.org/webworld/etd)

UNESCO and ETDs(by Axel Plathe at ETD2003)

• Promoting the use of the Internet as a tool for disseminating scientific knowledge

• Facilitating the transfer of ETD expertise from developed to developing countries

 

• 1998: Member of the NDLTD Steering Committee• 1999: First UNESCO ETD meeting on ETD internationalisation  

• 2002: “UNESCO Guide to Electronic Theses and Dissertations” 

• 2003: Model training programmes and training courses• 2003: Sponsor pilot projects• 2003: Pilot projects (Africa, Europe, Latin-America)

ETD Initiative (and ProQuest)

StudentsLearn aboutDL, EPub

TDsbecome more

expressive

N. Amer. (T)Ds areaccessible, archived

Global TDsbecome more

accessible,archived

ProQuest

Universities

How can a university get involved?

• Select planning/implementation team• Graduate School

• Library

• Computing / Information Technology

• Institutional Research / Educ. Tech.

• Join online, give us contact names• www.ndltd.org/join

• Adapt Virginia Tech or other proven approach• Build interest and consensus

• Start trial / allow optional submission

Convene Local Planning Group

ETD

ETD project participants

• Academic administrators

• Faculty

• Students

• Staff

• Graduate school / provost / registrar

• Information technologists

• Librarians

Build Local ETD Site

Digital Library

Policies

Inspection/Approval

Workshop/Training

ETD

ETD

NDLTD

Computer Resources

Research

Literature

Student Prepares Thesis/Dissertation

Student Defends & Finalizes ETD

My Thesis

ETD

Multimedia Use in ETD Collection

File type Examples Count

Still image BMP, DXF, GIF, JPG, TIFF 328

Video AVI, MOV, MPG, QT 58

Audio AIFF, WAV 18

Text PDF, HTML, TXT, DOC, XLS 7601

Other Macromedia, SGML, XML 51

Student Gets CommitteeSignatures and Submits ETD

Signed

Grad School

Graduate School Approves ETD, Student is Graduated

Ph.D.

Library Catalogs ETD, Access isOpened to the New Research

WWW

NDLTD

QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-2227102539751141/

http://www.ngo.org/

Status of the VT Project

• Approved by university governance Spring 1996; required starting 1/1/97

• Submission & access software in place

• Submission workshops for students (and faculty) occur often: beginner/adv.

• Faculty training as part of Faculty Development Initiative

• Over 5000 ETDs in collection – some have audio, video, large images, software, …

Archiving ETDs

• Every 15 minutes back-ups made of not-yet-approved submissions

• Hourly back-ups of newly approved ETDs

• Weekly back-ups of entire ETD collection

• Copies stored on-site and off-site

VT ETD Cataloging

• same as current cataloging policies, except:• author-assigned keywords (not LCSH)• generic (not LC) call no.• fields/subfields as required for computer files• full abstracts

• time savings• cataloger familiar with computer files• equipment, software for word processing• 5 minutes avg. (10-15 minutes for paper TDs)

Library Resources• Hardware: with Apache web server

• Maintenance and security• Started small; now: Sun 2-processor Enterprise 250--Solaris 2.7

• Software• Submission scripts written by DLA

• Includes e-mail notifications to authors, advisors, UMI• Use it too: http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ETD-db/

• Log files analyzed with Analog • Survey scripts written by DLA

• Data from authors and readers• Use it too: http://lumiere.lib.vt.edu/surveys/

• Search Engine• Started small; now: InfoSeek’s ULTRASEEK

Digital Library Benefits:Low margin, high use

• Incorporate ETDs with other digital library activities• Ejournals, online class materials, digital images, etc.• Additional equipment, staff may not be necessary

• http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/data/setup.html• Use VT programs, scripts, etc.

• http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ETD-db/• Online accesses vs. circulation of copies

• 1990-1994, average circulation per copy per year:• 2.2 for theses, 3.2 for dissertations

Access to VT’s ETDshttp://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/

-

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

4,500,000

5,000,000

ETD files requested 231,709 483,030 578,152 2,173,420 4,497,199

Abstracts requested 165,710 215,493 260,699 573,149 471,917

1997/98 1997/98 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02

Info Available at VT

• Informationhttp://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses

• Automated submission system ready for customization

http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ETD-db/

• Student guidelines, training materials, FAQ's, multimedia educational materials

http://etd.vt.edu

Access Possibilities

Websearchengines

librarycatalogclients

www.theses.org

www.openarchives.org

3rd

PartyServices(e.g.,UMI)

VirginiaTech

NationalLibrary ofPortugal

CBUC(Spain)

OhioLink

MIT NationalProjects:AU, GE, …

ETD Union Collection (OAI)

VIRTUA

Merged Metadata Collection

MARIAN

Virginia Tech ETD Archive

Duisburg ETD

Archive

HumboldtETD

Archive

Future: recommender, …

… OAI Data Provider

OAI Service Provider

OAI Harvesting

LEGEND

Union catalog: OCLC

• OCLC will expand OAI data provider on TDs.

• Is getting data from WorldCat (so, from many sites!).

• Will harvest from all others who contact them.

• Need DC and either ETD-MS or MARC.

• Has a set for ETDs.

Union catalog: VTLS, VT

• VTLS will enhance search/browse service for ETDs

• Will harvest from OCLC’s set of ETD records

• Will receive through other mechanisms

• Will work with MARC-21 and ETD-MS

• VT will continue to offer experimental services

NDLTD Union CatalogContent Languages

The VTLS NDLTD Union Catalog has data in 6 different languages. These are: English German Greek Korean Portuguese Spanish

Examples follow

Language = German; hits = 137

Full record display

For professional societies

• Like “writing across the curriculum”, e.g., Chemical Markup Language, MathML, …

• Besides writing: computing/communications, information literacy, personal digital library management, tool use, research methods, collaboration, archiving/preservation

• Data sets, communities of users of them

• Classification systems / browsing / searching

• NRC’s “Issues for Science and Engineering Researchers in the Digital Age”, 57 pages

Relationship with publishers

• Concern of faculty and students that still wish to publish books or journal articles, voiced: campus, Chronicle, NPR, Times

• Solution: Approval Form gives students, faculty choices on access, when to change access condition; use IPR controls in DL

• Solution: by case, work with publishers and publisher associations to increase access• AAP, AAUP• AAAS, ACM, ACS, Elsevier, ...

Some responses from publishers

• ACM: need to acknowledge copyright• Elsevier: need to acknowledge copyright• IEEE-CS: endorse initiative• ACS: After first publication, can release• Textbook publishers: different market,

manuscript significantly reworked• General: restricting access to local campus

will not cause any problems

Summary: ETDs and Publishing

• Early controversies waning• Faculty: prior publication?

• Protective of future academics• Surveys of publishers

• No specific policies largely• Consider submissions individually

• VT ETD Alumni• None had problems getting published

• Authors• Retain some rights, e.g., link to curriculum vitae,

online course materials

ETDs and Copyright

• Author’s rights• Reproduction, modification, distribution, public performance, public

display• Retain rights • Share non-exclusive rights:• Permit library to store / provide access

• Author’s obligations: fair use• Balance factors or get permission

• Notification: optionalCopyright 2002 by Gail McMillan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

• Registration: optional• Possibly receive greater compensation, with less documentation, if

filing infringement law suit

ETDs and Long-term Preservation• Concerns: Access without paper

• Long term preservation• Standard multimedia formats

• PDF Reader: open source• http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/archive.html

• Addressed Concerns• Cooperatives, e.g., OhioLink • Why not: OCLC, NDLTD?• Commercial options

• ProQuest: traditional microfilming• Frequent, regular back-ups available on, off-site

ETD-MS

• ETD Metadata Standard• XML-encoded metadata standard

(content and encoding) for Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs)

• in part conforming to Dublin Core (DC)

• using RDF

• using UNICODE

• Will specify relationship with MARC

Complex to Simple

MARC ($50) Dublin Core (DC)

+thesis

Recent Added Support by NDLTD

• Links from NDLTD site• ETD individuals support – submit ETD

• ETD discussion (e-prints) – community activities

• Conference papers and presentations – community activities http://www.ndltd.org/WVUproc.htm

• Automated support to “join NDLTD”• Marcel Dekker book in press

• Edward A. Fox, Shahrooz Feizbadi, Joseph M. Moxley, and Christian R. Weisser, eds., The ETD Sourcebook: Theses and Dissertations in the Electronic Age, New York: Marcel Dekker, 2004

Two Approaches to an ETD Progam

Characteristic View 1 View 2

Who Staff Students

When Now Soon: Pilot to option to reqrmnt

Focus Increase univer. visibility

Education of students

What Scan in prior works first

Students submit own works

Why ETD?Short Answer

• For Students:• Gain knowledge and skills for the Information Age

• Richer communication (digital information, multimedia, …)

• For Universities: • Easy way to enter the digital library field and benefit thereby

• For the World: • Global digital library – large, useful, many services

• General:• Save time and money

• Increased visibility for all associated with research results

The Process?Short Answer

• For Students:

• Plan on ETD from day 1

• Secure knowledge from: workshops, online info, colleagues

• Work with faculty to plan approach

• PDF? XML? TEI? Multi/hypermedia? Data sets? Viz?

• Get signed approval form: access, ©, proxy assignment

• After defense and approval, submit ETD to university

• For Universities:

• Form team

• Adapt solution from work at other universities, attend ETD conference

• Pilot -> Option -> Requirement

Some Potential Barriers

• Lethargy; Not invented here

• Frustration/Anger: Technology! More work!

• Lack of experience in working together: graduate school, library, computing staff

• Lack of interest in (quality of) student work

• More loyalty to discipline than to campus

• Unwillingness to accept responsibility for financial problems with libraries, or to accept need for changes regarding electronic publishing

Spirit of NDLTD• Help make a better (smaller) world• Win-win-win (everyone can benefit)• Have fun helping others• Helpers/teachers learn more than those they work with• Build on standards• ETDs are preservable, popular, expressive, “better”

• Doable, feasible, learnable, affordable, sharable

• Please join NDLTD!

Selected Links - http://fox.cs.vt.edu• CITIDEL (computing education resources)

• www.citidel.org• NCSTRL (computing technical reports)

• www.ncstrl.org• NDLTD (electronic theses and dissertations worldwide)

• www.ndltd.org and etdguide.org• NSDL (National Science Digital Library)

• www.nsdl.org• OAI (Open Archives Initiative)

• www.openarchives.org• Virginia Tech Digital Library Research Laboratory

(DLRL, www.dlib.vt.edu)• 5S, AmericanSouth.Org, CSTC, DL-in-a-box, ENVISION,

ETANA, MARIAN, NDLTD, NSDL, OAD, ODL, …)

Questions/Discussion?