Kingdom MoneraKingdom Monera(Bacteria and (Bacteria and

Archaebacteria)Archaebacteria)

ProkaryotesProkaryotes

The smallest and most The smallest and most common of cells are common of cells are prokaryotes.prokaryotes.

They:They: Exist almost Exist almost

everywhere on eartheverywhere on earth Are cells that do not Are cells that do not

have a nucleushave a nucleus Do not have membrane-Do not have membrane-

bound organellesbound organelles

All prokaryotes are placed into one of two kingdoms:

Eubacteria Eubacteria or or ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria

EubacteriaEubacteria

Make up the larger Make up the larger of the two of the two prokaryote kingdomsprokaryote kingdoms

Generally are Generally are surrounded by a cell surrounded by a cell wall composed of wall composed of complex complex carbohydratescarbohydrates

Within the cell wall Within the cell wall is the cell membrane is the cell membrane that surrounds the that surrounds the cytoplasmcytoplasm

Bacteria Bacteria CellCell

CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria Also known as the blue-Also known as the blue-

green bacteriagreen bacteria Are photosynthetic Are photosynthetic

((Contain membranes Contain membranes that carry out the that carry out the process of process of photosynthesis)photosynthesis)

Contain phycocyanin Contain phycocyanin and chlorophyll aand chlorophyll a

Can be found nearly Can be found nearly everywhere on earth.everywhere on earth.

Can survive in extremely Can survive in extremely hot environments and hot environments and even extremely cold even extremely cold environmentenvironment

ProchlorobacteriaProchlorobacteria

Prochlorobacteria are a newly Prochlorobacteria are a newly discovered group of organisms.discovered group of organisms.

They contain chlorophyll a & b.They contain chlorophyll a & b. They are more similar to They are more similar to

chloroplasts of green plants.chloroplasts of green plants. Only 2 species of prochlorobacteria Only 2 species of prochlorobacteria

have been discovered.have been discovered.

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria Lack important Lack important

carbohydrate found in carbohydrate found in cell wallscell walls

Have different lipids in Have different lipids in their cell membrane, their cell membrane, types of ribosomes, and types of ribosomes, and gene sequencesgene sequences

Archaebacteria can live Archaebacteria can live in extremely harsh in extremely harsh environmentsenvironments

They do not require They do not require oxygen and can live in oxygen and can live in extremely salty extremely salty environments as well as environments as well as extremely hot extremely hot environments.environments.

Identifying ProkaryotesIdentifying Prokaryotes

Cell ShapeCell Shape Cell WallCell Wall MovementMovement

1) Bacterium 1) Bacterium ShapesShapes

Cocci~ Sphere shaped Cocci~ Sphere shaped bacteriabacteria

Bacillus~ Rod shaped Bacillus~ Rod shaped bacteriabacteria

Spirrillium ~ Spiral Spirrillium ~ Spiral shaped bacteriashaped bacteria

Bacteria Bacteria can be can be arrangearranged in:d in:

-cluster-cluster

-chains-chains

-colonies -colonies or pairsor pairs

2) Cell Walls2) Cell Walls To study bacterial cell walls, one must stain it. This is called To study bacterial cell walls, one must stain it. This is called gram gram

staining.staining. Chemical nature of a cell wall can be determined by gram stainingChemical nature of a cell wall can be determined by gram staining Gram’s stain consists of 2 dyes: crystal violet (purple) and Gram’s stain consists of 2 dyes: crystal violet (purple) and

safranine (red).safranine (red). By finding out what color the cell produces when it is gram stained By finding out what color the cell produces when it is gram stained

you can figure out the type of carbohydrates in the cell wallyou can figure out the type of carbohydrates in the cell wall

Gram stainingGram stainingThe bacteria will take up either one or the other stain.The bacteria will take up either one or the other stain. Gram-positive Gram-positive bacteria with only one thick layer of bacteria with only one thick layer of

carbohydrates and proteins will take up the crystal carbohydrates and proteins will take up the crystal violetviolet

Staphylo- E. Staphylo- E. colicoli

coccuscoccus

Gram-negative Gram-negative bacteria with a second, outer layer bacteria with a second, outer layer of lipid and carbohydrate molecules will take up the of lipid and carbohydrate molecules will take up the safraninesafranine

3) Bacterial Movement3) Bacterial Movement

Some have 1 or more flagellaSome have 1 or more flagella Some lash, snake, or spiral forwardSome lash, snake, or spiral forward Some secrete slimy stuffSome secrete slimy stuff Some don’t move!Some don’t move!

http://www.microbiologybytes.com/http://www.microbiologybytes.com/video/motility.htmlvideo/motility.html

MovementMovement

FlagellaFlagella ~ Tail like ~ Tail like structure the whips structure the whips around to propel the around to propel the bacteriumbacterium

CilliaCillia ~ Miniature ~ Miniature flagella surround the cell flagella surround the cell that help to “swim”that help to “swim”

Non motileNon motile ~ Sticky ~ Sticky cillia like structures that cillia like structures that keep the bacterium from keep the bacterium from movingmoving

Cillia

4) Bacteria and their 4) Bacteria and their energyenergy

AutotrophsAutotrophs Make their own food Make their own food

from inorganic from inorganic moleculesmolecules

HeterotrophsHeterotrophs Consume organic Consume organic

molecules made by molecules made by other organismsother organisms

AutotrophsAutotrophs

Phototrophic Phototrophic autotrophsautotrophs trap the trap the energy of the energy of the sunlight sunlight

Eg. Eg. CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria

Chemotrophic Chemotrophic autotrophsautotrophs obtain obtain their energy from their energy from inorganic moleculesinorganic molecules

HeterotrophsHeterotrophs Chemotrophic Chemotrophic

heterotrophsheterotrophs obtain obtain their energy by taking in their energy by taking in organic molecules then organic molecules then breaking them down and breaking them down and absorbing themabsorbing them

Phototrophic Phototrophic heterotrophsheterotrophs use the use the sun’s energy but they sun’s energy but they also need organic also need organic compounds for nutrition compounds for nutrition

Review:Review: What type of cells are the most common?What type of cells are the most common?

prokaryotesprokaryotes What are the 4 ways we can identify bacteria?What are the 4 ways we can identify bacteria?

Cell shape, cell wall, movement, obtain energyCell shape, cell wall, movement, obtain energy What are the 3 basic shapes of bacteria?What are the 3 basic shapes of bacteria?

Rod (bacilli), sphere (cocci), spiral (spirilla)Rod (bacilli), sphere (cocci), spiral (spirilla) What is gram-staining?What is gram-staining?

Gram positive (purple), gram negative (red)Gram positive (purple), gram negative (red) What are the 2 different ways bacteria obtain What are the 2 different ways bacteria obtain

energy?energy? Autotrophic, heterotrophicAutotrophic, heterotrophic

Bacterial RespirationBacterial Respiration

Bacteria need constant energy through Bacteria need constant energy through respirationrespiration and and fermentationfermentation

RespirationRespiration is the process that is the process that involves oxygen and breaks down food involves oxygen and breaks down food for the release of energy.for the release of energy.

FermentationFermentation enables cells to carry enables cells to carry out energy production out energy production withoutwithout oxygen oxygen

Bacterial RespirationBacterial Respiration

Obligate AerobesObligate Aerobes

Obligate Obligate AnaerobesAnaerobes

Facultative Facultative AnaerobesAnaerobes

Cannot live without Cannot live without oxygen. oxygen.

Must live without Must live without oxygenoxygen

Can live with or Can live with or without oxygenwithout oxygen

Example of an obligate Example of an obligate anaerobe:anaerobe:

Clostridium botulinumClostridium botulinum An example of an obligate anaerobe is An example of an obligate anaerobe is

Clostridium botulinum,Clostridium botulinum, which produces toxins. which produces toxins. If these bacteria find their way into a place that If these bacteria find their way into a place that is free of air (O2), and filled with food material, is free of air (O2), and filled with food material, they will grow very quickly. As they grow, they they will grow very quickly. As they grow, they produce toxins, or poisons, that cause produce toxins, or poisons, that cause botulismbotulism. Botulism produces paralysis and if . Botulism produces paralysis and if the breathing muscles are paralyzed, death.the breathing muscles are paralyzed, death.

BotoxBotox

Bacteria ReproductionBacteria Reproduction

In favorable conditions, bacteria can In favorable conditions, bacteria can grow and divide quickly.grow and divide quickly.

They can reproduce in the following They can reproduce in the following ways:ways:

Binary FissionBinary Fission ConjugationConjugation Spore FormationSpore Formation

Cellular organism copies its genetic information then splits into two identical daughter cells

ConjugationConjugation

A type of Bacteria A type of Bacteria SexSex

Two organism Two organism swap genetic swap genetic information, that information, that contains the contains the information such information such as a resistance to as a resistance to penicillinpenicillin

Spore Formation: Spore Formation: EndosporeEndospore

A type of dormant A type of dormant cell cell

Highly resistant to Highly resistant to environmental environmental stresses stresses

Endospores are Endospores are formed by cells in formed by cells in response to response to environmental environmental signals that indicate signals that indicate a limiting factor for a limiting factor for growth, such as growth, such as exhaustion of an exhaustion of an essential nutrient. essential nutrient.

Importance of BacteriaImportance of Bacteria

Bacteria is often used in:Bacteria is often used in: Food Food

Sourdough bread, cheese, yoghurtSourdough bread, cheese, yoghurt IndustryIndustry

Break down oilBreak down oil Medical/cosmetic proceduresMedical/cosmetic procedures

SymbiosisSymbiosis Bacteria develop a close relationship with other Bacteria develop a close relationship with other

organisms in which the bacteria and the other organisms in which the bacteria and the other organism both benefitorganism both benefit

For example: the bacteria For example: the bacteria E. coliE. coliThis is found in the human digestive tract. This is found in the human digestive tract. The intestine provides a warm safe home with The intestine provides a warm safe home with lots of food. lots of food. The bacteria then helps us to digest food and The bacteria then helps us to digest food and make some vitamins that we can’t produce make some vitamins that we can’t produce by ourselves. by ourselves. For cattle, the bacteria in their intestines help them For cattle, the bacteria in their intestines help them

produce the enzymes necessary to break down produce the enzymes necessary to break down cellulose, which is mostly in grass and hay. Bacteria cellulose, which is mostly in grass and hay. Bacteria helps cattle digest their food.helps cattle digest their food.

Other types of Other types of relationshipsrelationships

ParasitismParasitism Bacteria exploit the Bacteria exploit the

host cell, injuring host cell, injuring themthem

Eg. Mychobacterium Eg. Mychobacterium tuberculosistuberculosis

MutualismMutualism Relationship in which Relationship in which

two species live two species live together in such a together in such a way that neither are way that neither are harmedharmed

Bacteria in the Bacteria in the EnvironmentEnvironment

Nutrient FlowNutrient Flow Bacteria recycle and decompose, or break Bacteria recycle and decompose, or break

down, dead materialdown, dead material Sewage DecompositionSewage Decomposition

Ie. Bacteria capable of digesting the Ie. Bacteria capable of digesting the hydrocarbons in petroleum are often used hydrocarbons in petroleum are often used to clean up oil spillsto clean up oil spills

Nitrogen FixationNitrogen Fixation Process by which nitrogen in the Process by which nitrogen in the

atmosphere is converted into a form that atmosphere is converted into a form that can be used by living things can be used by living things

ReviewReview

Differentiate between:Differentiate between: Respiration and fermentationRespiration and fermentation Obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, and Obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, and

facultative anaerobesfacultative anaerobes Binary fission, conjugation, and spore Binary fission, conjugation, and spore

formationformation Symbiosis, parasitism, and mutualismSymbiosis, parasitism, and mutualism

Name ways in which we use bacteria Name ways in which we use bacteria todaytoday