Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 40

1. Lesson 40 Vocabulary2. Reflexives

a) Reflexive Pronounsb) Reflexive Possessive Adjectives

3. Dative of Reference4. Dative of Purpose

5. Double Dative

Lesson 40 Vocabulary

arbor, arboris, f.

tree

collis, collis, m.

hill

cupiditās, cupiditātis, f.

desire, greed

glōria, glōriae, f.

glory, fame

līberī, līberōrum, m. pl.

children

lūna, lūnae, f.

moon

mora, morae, f.

delay

negōtium, negōtī, n.

business, task; trouble

senātor, senātōris, m.

senator

sōl, sōlis, m.

sun

stella, stellae, f.

star

turris, turris, f.

tower

(acc. sg. = turrim)

ventus, ventī, m.

wind

suus, sua, suum(reflex. poss. adj.)

his, her, its, their

suī, sibi, sē, sē(reflex. pron.)

himself, herself, itself, themselves

sē recipere (idiom)

to retreat

(lit.: to take oneself back)

sōlis occāsus (idiom)

sunset; west

Reflexives

Reflexives

• reflexives are words that turn back (< re- ‘back’ + flectō, flectere ‘turn’) to the subject of the sentence or clause they are in for their meaning

• in Latin, like in English, there are reflexive pronounsand reflexive adjectives

Reflexive Pronouns

• a reflexive pronoun refers back to the subject of the sentence or clause in which it appears– N.B.!! in indirect statement, reflexives refer back to the subject

of the head verb

• there are no nominative forms for reflexive pronouns

• all three persons have a reflexive pronoun:– 1st Person: ‘myself’/‘ourselves’ (same as personal pronoun)– 2nd Person: ‘yourself’/‘yourselves’ (same as personal pronoun)– 3rd person: ‘himself, herself, itself’/‘themselves’ (more on forms

later)

Reflexive Pronouns – 1st Person• the 1st person reflexive pronouns are the same as the

personal pronouns–BUT, there is NO nominative case

SG PL

Gen.

Dat.

Acc.

Abl.

Reflexive Pronouns – 1st Person• the 1st person reflexive pronouns are the same as the

personal pronouns–BUT, there is NO nominative case

SG PL

Gen. meī (of myself) nostrum (of ourselves)

Dat.

Acc.

Abl.

Reflexive Pronouns – 1st Person• the 1st person reflexive pronouns are the same as the

personal pronouns–BUT, there is NO nominative case

SG PL

Gen. meī (of myself) nostrum (of ourselves)

Dat. mihi (to/for myself) nobīs (to/for ourselves)

Acc.

Abl.

Reflexive Pronouns – 1st Person• the 1st person reflexive pronouns are the same as the

personal pronouns–BUT, there is NO nominative case

SG PL

Gen. meī (of myself) nostrum (of ourselves)

Dat. mihi (to/for myself) nobīs (to/for ourselves)

Acc. mē (myself) nōs (ourselves)

Abl.

Reflexive Pronouns – 1st Person• the 1st person reflexive pronouns are the same as the

personal pronouns–BUT, there is NO nominative case

SG PL

Gen. meī (of myself) nostrum (of ourselves)

Dat. mihi (to/for myself) nobīs (to/for ourselves)

Acc. mē (myself) nōs (ourselves)

Abl. mē (b/w/f myself) nobīs (b/w/f ourselves)

Reflexive Pronouns – 2nd Person• the 2nd person reflexive pronouns are the same as the

personal pronouns–BUT, there is NO nominative case

SG PL

Gen.

Dat.

Acc.

Abl.

Reflexive Pronouns – 2nd Person• the 2nd person reflexive pronouns are the same as the

personal pronouns–BUT, there is NO nominative case

SG PL

Gen. tuī (of yourself) vestrum (of yourselves)

Dat.

Acc.

Abl.

Reflexive Pronouns – 2nd Person• the 2nd person reflexive pronouns are the same as the

personal pronouns–BUT, there is NO nominative case

SG PL

Gen. tuī (of yourself) vestrum (of yourselves)

Dat. tibi (to/for yourself) vobīs (to/for yourselves)

Acc.

Abl.

Reflexive Pronouns – 2nd Person• the 2nd person reflexive pronouns are the same as the

personal pronouns–BUT, there is NO nominative case

SG PL

Gen. tuī (of yourself) vestrum (of yourselves)

Dat. tibi (to/for yourself) vobīs (to/for yourselves)

Acc. tē (yourself) vōs (yourselves)

Abl.

Reflexive Pronouns – 2nd Person• the 2nd person reflexive pronouns are the same as the

personal pronouns–BUT, there is NO nominative case

SG PL

Gen. tuī (of yourself) vestrum (of yourselves)

Dat. tibi (to/for yourself) vobīs (to/for yourselves)

Acc. tē (yourself) vōs (yourselves)

Abl. tē (b/w/f yourself) vobīs (b/w/f yourself)

Reflexive Pronouns – 3rd Person• the 3rd person reflexive pronoun has only four forms• like 1st & 2nd person, this has no nominative forms

SG PL

Gen.

Dat.

Acc.

Abl.

Reflexive Pronouns – 3rd Person• the 3rd person reflexive pronoun has only four forms• like 1st & 2nd person, this has no nominative forms

SG PL

Gen. suī(of him-, her-, itself)

suī(of themselves)

Dat.

Acc.

Abl.

Reflexive Pronouns – 3rd Person• the 3rd person reflexive pronoun has only four forms• like 1st & 2nd person, this has no nominative forms

SG PL

Gen. suī(of him-, her-, itself)

suī(of themselves)

Dat. sibi(to/for him-, her-, itself)

sibi(to/for themselves)

Acc.

Abl.

Reflexive Pronouns – 3rd Person• the 3rd person reflexive pronoun has only four forms• like 1st & 2nd person, this has no nominative forms

SG PL

Gen. suī(of him-, her-, itself)

suī(of themselves)

Dat. sibi(to/for him-, her-, itself)

sibi(to/for themselves)

Acc. sē (or sēsē)(him-, her-, itself)

sē (or sēsē)(themselves)

Abl.

Reflexive Pronouns – 3rd Person• the 3rd person reflexive pronoun has only four forms• like 1st & 2nd person, this has no nominative forms

SG PL

Gen. suī(of him-, her-, itself)

suī(of themselves)

Dat. sibi(to/for him-, her-, itself)

sibi(to/for themselves)

Acc. sē (or sēsē)(him-, her-, itself)

sē (or sēsē)(themselves)

Abl. sē (or sēsē)(b/w/f him-, her-, itself)

sē (or sēsē)(b/w/f themselves)

Reflexive Pronouns – 3rd Person

Notice: • the 3rd person reflex. stands for all genders–you must determine

how to translate by looking at the subject of the sentence/clause• when used w/ abl. of accomp., cum attaches (i.e. sēcum, cum

sē)

SG PL

Gen. suī(of him-, her-, itself)

suī(of themselves)

Dat. sibi(to/for him-, her-, itself)

sibi(to/for themselves)

Acc. sē (or sēsē)(him-, her-, itself)

sē (or sēsē)(themselves)

Abl. sē (or sēsē)(b/w/f him-, her-, itself)

sē (or sēsē)(b/w/f themselves)

Translating Reflexive Pronouns • Mē videō.

– I see myself.

• Vōsne auditis?– Do you hear yourselves?

• Poēta sē vulnerāvit.– The poet wounded himself.

• Fēmina sē vulnerāvit.– The woman wounded herself.

• Liberī sē vulnerāvērunt.– The children wounded themselves.

Reflexives in Indirect Statement• in an indirect statement, the reflexive sē, in all its forms,

refers back to the subject of the head verb:

– Caesar dīxit sē Helvētiōs victūrum esse. • Caesar said that he (Caesar) would defeat the Helvetians.

– Rēgīna putat sē laudārī dēbēre.• The queen thinks that she (the queen) ought to be praised.

– Hostēs intellegunt sē mox nostrōs interfectūrōs esse.• The enemies understand that they (the enemies) will soon kill our

men.

• N.B.: in ind. statement, you translate the reflexive like a simple pronoun (without the ‘-self’ form)

The Reflexive Possessive Adjective

• the reflexive possessive adjective is suus, sua, suum[‘his, her, its, their (own)’]

– this must refer to the _____ of the subject of the sentence (hence the ‘own’ in the definition)

– if you are talking about someone else’s ____, you use the genitive forms of is, ea, id (eius, eōrum, eārum)

• declines like a regular 2-1-2 adjective

The Reflexive Possessive Adjective

• like all other adjectives, it must agree in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies…

BUT!!!!!!the translation depends on the subject of the sentence

or clause

Reflexive Possessive Adjective Translations

• Puella suam matrem amat.– The girl loves her (own) mother.

• Puer suam matrem amat.– The boy loves his (own) mother.

• Liberī suam matrem amant.– The children love their (own) mother.

Note that in all these examples, the reflexive stays the same because it’s modifying matrem (and thus must agree in GNC), but the

translation changes because it depends on the subject!

Reflexive Adjectives vs. 3rd Person Pronouns

• Marcus suam matrem carissimē amat.– Marcus loves his (own) mother very dearly.

• Marcus eius matrem carissimē amat.– Marcus loves his (someone else’s) mother very dearly.

• Poētae suōs librōs legere amant.– The poets love to read their (own) books.

• Poētae eōrum librōs legere amant.– The poets love to read their (some other people’s) books.

Note that if you are referring to someone besides the subject, you must use the 3rd person pronoun, not the reflexive adj.!

Dative of Reference

Dative of Reference• the dat. case is used to show to whose advantage or

disadvantage the action of a verb is performed– this is sometimes more specifically referred to as the “dat. of

advantage” or “dat. of disadvantage,” depending on context

• Perīculum maris nautae verum est.– The danger of the sea is real (with reference) to the sailor.

• Poēta carmina puellīs puerīsque cantat.– The poet is singing songs for the boys and girls. (i.e. to the

advantage of the boys and girls)

• Moram agricolae fēcistī.– You made a delay for the farmer (i.e. to the disadvantage of

the farmer).

Dative of Purpose

Dative of Purpose• the dat. case is sometimes used to express the idea of

purpose• the following words are commonly used as datives of

purpose:– auxiliō: for an aid– cūrae: for a care/worry– impedīmentō: for a hindrance– praesidiō: for a guard, protection– subsidiō: for a support– ūsuī: for an advantage

• the dat. of purpose is most commonly used in a construction called the “double dative”

Double Dative

Double Dative• when used together, a dative of purpose and a dative

of reference form a construction called the double dative

• Duās legiōnēs praesidiō oppidō relīquit.

– He left two legions for (the purpose of) a guard to the town.

• Equitēs Caesarī auxiliō erant.

– The cavalry were for (the purpose of) an aid to Caesar.