Post on 01-Nov-2014
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Introductory Entomology
Master Gardener TrainingFebruary 16, 2010
Linn and Benton Co., OR
Laurel Moulton --Graduate Student --
Oregon State University
The Menu for today:
• Basic Entomology• Identifying plant damage• Common insect orders• BREAK• Lab• Beneficial insects• Habitat
Goals for today
• Basic knowledge
• Questions to ask
• Resources
What is this ?
How do I fix it?
??
Small bodies, BIG impact
• waste management• nutrient cycling• crop protection• food webs• cultural value• plant propagation• entomophagy
• disease transmission• destroy commodities
Christian Grantham
from Gullen & Cranston, “The insects: and outline of entomology”
Basic anatomyHead: •Sensory •Intake•Communication
Thorax: • Wing attachment• leg attachment
Abdomen: •Digestion•Respiration •Reproduction
Arthropods: Insects= 6 legs
Non insect Arthropods:
What’s inside?
Sensory: Visual
• Ocelli• light vs. dark
• Compound eyes• Mosaic• Movement• UV detection
Bjorn Roslett
Photo credits: Univ. of Wisconsin Dept. of Entomology
Geoff Woodard
Chemosensory: Antennae
• “Smell”• Pheromones
Structure = function!
Chemosensory: Antennae
setacious
filiform
serate
clavate
aristate
flabellate
pectinate
• Legs/tarsi– Vibration– Taste
• Ovipositor– Suitable habitat– Egg laying preference
Stanislav Georb
Sensory: Other
Mouthparts
•Structure = Function • Variable• Modified
D.G. MacKeanFrom: A. Imms
chewingsiphoning
sponging
Piercing-sucking
Zweibel laboratory
Insect MetamorphosisSIMPLE
• nymph – adult• same habitat• same resources• “adult”
– winged– reproductive
COMPLETE
• egg – larva – pupa - adult• different habitats• often different diet• advantages ?• parasitism• adults may not feed
Invasive.org
What’s in a name?- Taxonomy -
• Organizational language• Family Genus species• Classification• Latin roots: “-ptera”,“hemi-”,“holo-”• Directional– dorsal, ventral– anterior, posterior– basal, apical
Insects & plants
Herbivory
• Plant experiences:– Tissue loss– Seed reduction– Reduced vitality/vigor– Pathogens
• Insect receives:– Nutrition– Growth– Habitat
Phytophagy = plant eater
Monophagous
• Most specific• Specialists• 1:1
Oligophagous
• More broad• Related genera• 1: a few
Polyphagous
• a.k.a Generalists• Unrelated families• 1: whatever’s in the fridge
Defoliation
• Chewing • Lepidoptera, Coleoptera• Symptoms– Holes– Skeletonizing– Defoliation
D G Mackean
Univ. of Kentucky
Ravenous plant munching can be a good thing… Biocontrol
Peter McEvoy
Peter McEvoy
Peter McEvoy
Ragwort fleabeetle
Cinnabar moth
Plant Mining
• Chewing • Larvae of – Diptera– Lepidoptera
• Symptoms– Trails, tunnels– Frass– Secondary infections
Univ. of Hawaii
USDA-APHIS
Sap Suckers
• Piercing-Sucking • Most life stages:– Homoptera– Heteroptera
• Symptoms– discoloration– reduced vigor – wilting, curling– spittle
• Disease transmission
D G Mackean
APSnet.org
Gall Formation
• Piercing-sucking• Plant response– salivary fluids– egg laying– not generally harmful
• Hymenoptera, Homoptera• Symptoms on– leaves– stems/twigs– flowers
Univ. Of Wisc.onsin
Ohio State Univ.
Oregon BLM
Common insect orders
James Young 2008
Coleoptera “sheath-wings”
• Beetle• BEETLES
• Chewing mouthparts• Complete metamorphosis• Elytra– hardened/leathery front wings
• Largest order if insects
Sam Houston 2009
Not all beetles have full elytra…
Coleoptera: Black vine weevil
James Young 2007
Cabbage seed weevilCucumber beetle
Potato flea beetle
Mark Fowler 2005
Mark Gray
•Wire worm•Seed weevil•Spotted cucumber beetle
Ground beetle larva
NOT wire worm
Black vine weevil
Chris Adam 2007
Black vine weevil
B. Anderson and M. Reding 2009
Heteroptera
•TRUE BUGS
•Piercing-Sucking mouthparts
•Simple metamorphosis
•Front wing is divided• thickened at base• membranous at tip
• Scutellum
“different-winged“
Box elder bug
Pest Alert:Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
James LaBonte
Peter Shear
Peter Shear
Identification:
Brown Marmorated Stink BugCan be confused with:
Rough Stink Bug
Identification:
Brown Marmorated Stink BugCan be confused with:
Rough Stink Bug
Pro thoraxPronotumShoulders
Azalea lace bug
Identifying character: lacy wings!
Damage: extensive leaf stippling
Photos: Robin Rosetta
Homoptera
• APHIDS, WHITEFLIES, SCALES, PLANT HOPPERS, CICADAS
•Piercing-Sucking mouthparts
- Vector disease
• Wings with uniform texture- Held tent-like over body
•Many plant pests
“same-winged“
Robin Rosetta
UC IPM
Eric Matthews
Cornicles = Aphid
Aphids!
Blueberry scorch virus
WSU Whatcom Co. Extension
Barley yellow dwarf virus
= disease vector!
WSU Whatcom Co. Extension
Diptera“two-wings”
• FLIES• Chewing, often modified– Sponging (cutting)– Piercing-sucking
• Complete metamorphosis• One pair of wings• Hind “wings” reduced: Halter
Canadian ministry of Ag.
A. Schattmann
Cal extension
Apple maggot•Red sphere trap+lure
NEW PEST ALERT…
Crane fly Beet leaf miner
W. Abrahamson and P. Heinrich
Debbie Roos NC extenstion
Fungus gnat
Goldenrod gall fly
Spotted winged drosophila
M. Hauser, CDFA
D. Bruck 2009
Mike Reitmajer 2009
Spotted Wing Drosophila
Drosophila suzukii locations in Oregon, 2011Confirmed locations from collected fruits or trapping by ODA, APHIS and OSU
Guidelines for Monitoring Adult SWD Presence• Clear container with lid, ~10 holes (3/16”) around
the side of container• 1.5-2 inches of solution
– Real apple cider vinegar + small drop of unscented liquid dish soap
– Service traps weekly• Hang from plant or stake in shade at fruiting level
in the canopy, out of wind• Place as many traps in your susceptible crops as
you can reasonably maintain– Pay particular attention to high risk areas
• Diverse field edges with ample shade
• Deploy traps just prior to fruit coloring• Count and record the number of male SWD
weekly– *Watch website for regional detections of SWD
Spotted Winged DrosophilaDrosophila suzukii, an invasive pest
of berry and stone fruits
Oregon Non-Commercial HomeownersBackyard Management Guide
BACKYARD GARDENER MONITORING
To share your information with OSU researchers, make sure to provide as much of the requested information as possible.
http://swd.hort.oregonstate.edu
• Report any findings of SWD adults and larvae in fruit to your nearest extension office
• Fill out the online excel record sheet and email to : SWD.OREGON@GMX.COM
Found on SWD website, For Gardeners
Orthoptera
• GRASSHOPPERS, KATYDIDS, CRICKETS
• Chewing
• Simple metamorphosis
•Characteristic legs - Hind leg= modified for jumping, - thickened femur - sound production
• Not much of a pest on west side…
“long-winged“
©Red Planet Inc.
Isoptera
© Lucas Raptis 2008
phot
o: K
evin
Hal
l 200
8
• TERMITES
•Chewing • Structural pests
•Beaded antennae •Social castes
- colonies - queen, workers
“similar-winged“
Bumblebee.org
Thysanoptera“fringe-wing”
• THRIPS
• Sucking or rasping-sucking
• Intermediate development – wings develop in 3rd larval stage– Go through pupal stage
• 4 wings fringed with hair
• Sample: yellow sticky card
TX A&M extension
• Feed on flowers, fruit, leaves, twigs, buds• Disease vectors
A.M Varela
Butterflies of Singapore Glen K. Peterson
Lepidoptera: Butterflies & moths “scale-wings”
• Long proboscus: siphoning
• Complete metamorphosis
• 2 pairs of wings– Butterfly wings upright at rest– Moth wings flat at rest
Cabbage Looper
Indian meal mothPeach tree borer
TX A&M extension
OSU IPPC
NM extension
Love Apple Farm 2008
Cabbage butterfly Cabbage looper
Cutworms: Black spotted cutworm
Photos: OSU IPPC Robin Rosetta
Other common cutworms…
Black cutworm
Glassy cutworm
NOT a cutworm: What is it? Why?
Other common cutworms…
Black cutworm
Glassy cutworm
NOT a cutworm: What is it? Why?
No legs!
Ruffly posterior
WSU extension
Coddling Moth
Doug Wilson USDA-ARS
Apple maggot
Be on the lookout for: Light brown apple moth
D. Williams
Class: Isopoda“same foot”
• PILL-BUGS, ROLY-POLYS, SOWBUGS
• “non-insect arthropod” •Habitat:• moist, damp, dark• soil macrofauna
•Scavengers =• plant tissue• detritus
Symphyla“”
Garden symphylans• Related to millipedes• 3-6mm long• Feed on fine roots and
germinating seeds• 7-8 per shovel= pest• Sampling with potato…
Arachnida“spider”
• spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions• Two body segments• 4 pairs of legs
Bio-bee.com
Mites
Ronald S. Kelly
Canadian ministry ofagriculture
UC Georgia
Jack DeAngeles
Spruce spider miteEuropean red mite
Spider mite Maple Gall mite
Hobo??
Giant house spider??D. Hagon
David Phillips
R. Vetter
D. Boe
NOT a Hobo
NOT a Hobo
Maybe a HoboNOT a Hobo
Black widow
• Most poisonous spider in Oregon
• Less than 1% of bites result in death
• Dark places: wood piles, basements, garages
• ID characteristic: red hourglass on females
• False black widow: no red markings
Break time!
Beneficial insects
Predatory mites
Denis Crawford
Neuroptera“net-wing”
LACEWING
Mantodea
©2004 V.J.Hickey
• PRAYING MANTIS
• Predators!
• Simple metamorphosis - Ootheca – Nymph – Adult
• Raptorial foreleg
• Business of Bugs
Lance Cromwell
Jack Dykinga
Jack Dykinga
Pamela Martin
•Big eyed bug
•Minute pirate bug
•Crab spider
•Hover fly
Hymenoptera “membrane wing”
• WASPS, BEES, SAWFLIES, ANTS• Chewing, lapping• Complete metamorphosis• 4 membranous wings• Ovipositor often modified into stinger • Beneficial services:– Pollinators– Parasitoids– mutualism
Dan Perlman
©Red Planet Inc.
©Red Planet Inc.
What are these?
Parasitoid wasps
•What is the difference between a Parasite and parasitoid??• Parasite = host survives• Parasitoid = host is killed
•All life stages are targeted• Egg• Larvae• Pupae• Adult
•Hyperparasitoidism
© Dwight Kuhn©Red Planet Inc.
Pollinators: beyond honey bees
Pollination
• Diptera , Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera• Bats, birds…• Specificity– corolla structure– nectar timing– co-evolution?
• Cheating– Visit ≠ pollination– Nectar thieves
James Altland, OSU Yoshioka et al., 2005
Diptera
•Syrphid flies
•Adults• pollinate• feed on nectar• •Larvae• predacious• 1 can consume >100 aphids per month
Go to native bee slides…
Habitat: Conservation Biocontrol
• Be careful with pesticides• Provide alternative habitat– Shelter– Pollen– nectar– Alternative prey
Carrot family:
Angelica
Lomatium G.D. Car 2007
Cilantro/CorianderLovage
Cosmos Tom Adams 2005
Chamomile
Goldenrod
Oregon sunshine Native seed network
Habitat:
• Plant flowers… try some natives• Let some of your salad mix go to seed!– Flowers from mustards & cabbages beneficial
• Leave “beetle banks” in farm fields• Diverse structure– Water– Hiding places
Resources!
• Don’t forget the resource handout!