Post on 13-Dec-2015
Background Vocabulary
• Anatomy- Study of Structure
• Physiology- Study of the body’s functions
• Cytology- Study of the formation, structure, and function of cells
• Histology- Study of tissues
• Tissue: Groups of cells with a common structure and function
• Organ: Collection of tissues that work together to perform a particular function
• Organ system: Groups of organs that function together to
carry out a major activity of the body
Levels of organization
Atom- Molecule- Macromolecule- organelleoxygen- water- protein- mitochondria
Cell- tissue- organ- organ system- organismAnimal- muscular- heart- circulatory- human
Characteristics of life (Chapter 1)
• Are highly organized and contain complex substances
• Are made of cells• Use energy• Have a definite form and limited size
Characteristics (continued…)
• Have a limited life span• Grow• Respond to change in the environment• Reproduce• Evolve (as a group not as an individual)
Characteristics of Life
Growth and repair
Reproduction
Limited Life Span
Made of cells
EvolveUse energy
Respond to changes
Organized
Definite size and form
Life processes
• Nutrition – digest and use nutrients• Transport – w/in cells and between cells• Respire – cellular and external, release energy• Synthesis – proteins, DNA, and metabolism• Growth – increase in size• Excretion – getting rid of waste• Regulation – homeostasis, a body in balance
11 Organ Systems
• Integumentary• Skeletal• Muscular• Digestive• Urinary• Reproductive
• Endocrine• Cardiovascular• Lymphatic• Respiratory• Nervous
Integumentary
Structures: skin and structures derived from ithair, nails, sebaceous (oil) glands, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands.
Functions: Regulate body temperature, protect underlying tissue, eliminate waste, sense
Senses: Temperature, pressure, pain, touch
Skeletal
Structure: All the bones of the body including associated cartilage’s and joints.
Functions: Support and protect the body, produce blood cells, and store minerals.
Muscular
Structures: All muscles of the body including skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
Functions: Movement, posture, heat.
Digestive
Structures: The organs of the alimentary canal and organs associated with it.
Functions: Physical and chemical breakdown of food, and elimination of solid food waste.
Urinary
Structure: Organs which produce, collect , and eliminate urine.
Functions: Regulate the chemistry of the blood, eliminate liquid waste, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, regulate the pH of the body.
Reproductive
Structures: Organs which produce, transport, and store sex cells.
Functions: Continuation of the individuals genes and the species.
Cardiovascular
Structures: blood, heart, and blood vessels.
Functions: Distribute oxygen and nutrients, carry away carbon dioxide and waste, maintain pH, protect against disease, and regulate temperature.
Lymphatic
Structures: Lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph glands (spleen, thymus, tonsils)
Functions: Return proteins to the blood, filter blood, process blood cells, protect against disease.
Respiratory
Structures: Lungs and passageways into and out of them.
Functions: Supply oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide from the tissues.
Nervous
Structures: Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous organs.
Functions: Regulate body activities and respond to the environment.
Structures
Skin
Nails
Glands
Sense Receptors
• largest organ of the body• About 6 lbs, 2 m2
• .5 mm/week• 2 cm/year• Protection
• Moisture• Sweat and Oil
• Touch• Pain• Pressure• Temperature
Functions
Control of body
temperature
Receive stimuli from the environment
Excrete water and salts (sweat) Synthesis of Vitamin D
Protection from invasion, drying, light
Epidermis
4 layers everywhere except palms and soles
Palms and soles have 5 layers• It takes 27 days on average for a cell to
form in the basale layer, move to the corneum and be sloughed off
• You lose 9g of skin each day
Stratum basale
New cell growth
Stratum spinosum
Cells form columns to move up
Stratum granulosumKeratin (waterproofing)
Stratum lucidum
Palms and soles only
Stratum corneum
Dead cells, 25-30 rows
Skin Color
• Caucasians– Basale, spinosum, and granulosum contain
melanin (produced by melanocytes)– pink color due to blood in the Dermis layer
• Darker Skin– Have melanin produce in all cell layers, evenly
• Asians– Melanin and carotene in the corneum layer
More to the Epidermis!
• Touch Receptors – Merkel’s disk– Light touch and pressure
• Free nerve endings– Touch, pressure, temperature, pain
Dermis
• Connective tissue- contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles.
• Papillary region:– Meissners corpuscles = light touch– Pacinian corpuscles = vibration and pressure– Ruffini’s corpuscles = continuous touch and pressure
• All three of these receptors can send pain signals!!!
Reticular Region
• Adipose tissue = fat• Sudoriferous glands = sweat• Sebaceous glands = sebum (oil)
1
2
34. Pore (sweat)
5. Stratum corneum
7. Sebaceous gland
9. Sudoriferous gland
8.
6. Nerve (not shown on this picture)
Hair
• Protection from sun, dust, wind• An individual hair will grow 2-6 years then fall
out• Hair is dead and filled with keratin– Turning gray is a loss of this pigment
• Growth varies: Typically .3 mm/day– Does not grow continuously
Sebaceous glands
• Release sebum to lubricate and moisten hair and keep the skin moist, soft, and pliable
• Muscle- arrector pili produces goose bumps (vestigial structure)– Cold– Fear
Sudoriferous Glands- Sweat glands
• Eccrine – originally found only in foot cells, but now cool the entire body– Sweat – water, salt, and urea (urine)
• Apocrine – cover the fetus, but lost after 5 mos., stay in the armpit, pubic area, navel, nipples, and ears–Active at puberty–Oil and protein
Nails
• Keratin – Same material in hooves and scales• 2 cm/year (1mm/week)• Does not grow after you are dead
Burn, Baby, Burn
• Causes heat, chemicals, electricity, radiation
• Local effects :– Large loss of water– Infection– Reduced circulation– Decrease urine output
Degrees? What do they mean?
1. effects epidermis only (red) – regenerates rapidly
2. Effects epidermis and dermis– Blisters
3. Epidermis and dermis destroyed– Blackened tissue, regen. Slow, scarring
Percent burns
• http://www.emedicinehealth.com/burn_percentage_in_adults_rule_of_nines/article_em.htm