INTR

ODUCTION T

O A&P

F AL L 2

01

2

Bios- life

Cardium- heart

Dorsum- back

Homeo- unchanging

-logy- study of

Median- situated in the middle

Paries-wall

Pathos- disease

Peri- around

Pronus- inclined forward

Stupinus- lying on the back

Venter- belly or abdomen

VOCAB DEVELOPMENT

COMMON FUNCTIONS OF ALL LIVING THINGS…1. responsiveness

1.irritability- organisms respond to environmental changes immediately

2.adaptability- long term adjustments

2. growth

3. reproduction

4. movement1.internal 2.external

5. metabolism1.provides energy required for the four things listed above 2.refers to all of the chemical operations under way in the body

ANATOMY

• Anatomy- study of internal and external structure and the physical relationships between body parts

• divided into:• gross anatomy• microscopic anatomy

GROSS ANATOMY (MACROSCOPIC)

• - visible with the unaided eye• surface anatomy- study of general form & superficial markings• regional anatomy- all of the superficial & internal features in a

specific region of the body (head, neck, torso) • systemic anatomy- structure of major organ systems

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

• cannot be seen without magnification

• specialties• cytology- analyzes the internal structure of individual cells • histology- examination of tissues • tissues- groups of specialized cells that work together to perform

a specific function • organs- tissues combined to perform specific function(s)

PHYSIOLOGY

• physiology- study of the function of anatomical structures • human physiology• cell physiology- study of the functions of living cells • special physiology- physiology of specific organs • systemic physiology- physiology of all aspects of the function of

specific organ systems • pathological physiology (pathology)- study of the effect of

diseases on organ or system functions

All physiological functions are performed by anatomical structures.

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

• 6 levels of organization within the human body • Chemical• Atoms- smallest stable unit of matter• Atoms combine to form molecules

• Cellular• Different molecules can interact to form a larger

structures • Tissue• Similar cells working together to perform a specific

function• Organ• Two or more tissues working together to perform

specific functions • Organ system• Organs interact

• Organism • All of the organ systems of the body work together

ORGAN SYSTEMS

• The human body consists of 11 organ systems• Integumentary• Skeletal• Muscular• Nervous• Endocrine• Cardiovascular• Lymphoid• Respiratory• Digestive• Urinary• Reproductive

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• Cutaneous membrane• Epidermis • Dermis

• Hair follicles • Hairs• Sebaceous glands

• Sweat glands

• Nails

• Sensory receptors

• Subcutaneous layer

SKELETAL SYSTEM

• Bones, cartilages and joints

• Axial skeleton • Skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, sacrum, cartilages, &

ligaments

• Appendicular skeleton• Limbs & supporting bones & ligaments

• Bone marrow

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• Skeletal muscles (700)• Axial muscles• Appendicular muscles

• Tendons

NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Central nervous system• Brain• Spinal cord

• Peripheral nervous system

• Pineal gland

• Pituitary gland

• Thyroid gland

• Parathyroid gland

• Thymus

• Adrenal glands

• Kidneys

• Pancreas

• Gonads• Testes • Ovaries

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

• Heart

• Blood vessels • Arteries• Capillaries • Veins

• Blood

LYMPHOID SYSTEM

• Lymphatic vessels

• Lymph nodes

• Spleen

• Thymus

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses

• Pharynx

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchi

• Lungs• alveoli

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• Salivary glands

• Pharynx

• Esophogus

• Stomach

• Small intestine

• Liver

• Gallbladder

• Pancreas

• Large intestine

URINARY SYSTEM

• Kidneys

• Ureters

• Urinary bladder

• Urethra

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Testes

• Accessory organs • Epididymis• Ductus deferens• Seminal glands • Prostate gland• Urethra

• External genitalia • Penis• Scrotum

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Ovaries

• Uterine tubes

• Uterus

• Vagina

• External genitalia• Clitoris• Labia

• Mammary glands

HOMEOSTASIS

• Homeostasis is the tendency toward internal balance.

• All cells in the body are in contact with blood or some other body fluid, and any change in the composition of the fluid will affect them.

• Homeostatic regulation- the adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis

HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION

• Homeostatic regulation usually involves;• A receptor that is sensitive to a particular

environmental change (stimulus) • A control center (integration center) that receives and

processes information from the receptor• An effector that responds to the commands of the

control center • Its activity opposes or reinforces that stimulus

• When homeostatic regulation fails, organ systems begin to malfunction

NEGATIVE & POSITIVE FEEDBACK

• Negative feedback opposes variation to normal

• Positive feedback exaggerates variation to normal

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

• Regardless of whether the stimulus rises or falls at the receptor a variation outside normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation

• Most homeostatic mechanisms in the body involve negative feedback

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

• The initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus

• Positive feedback loops are involved in the regulation of a potentially dangerous or stressful process that has to be completed quickly • Ex: hypothermia • Ex: severe cut

ANATOMICAL TERMS

• Anatomical terms describe:• Body regions• Anatomical positions & directions• Body sections

ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS

• Anatomical position- hands at the sides with palms facing forward & feet together• Supine- lying down face up in anatomical position• Prone- lying down face down in anatomical position

ANATOMICAL REGIONS

• 4 abdominopelvic quadrants • Right upper (RUQ)• Right lower (RLQ)• Left upper (LUQ)• Left lower (LLQ)• ***these are formed by two perpendicular lines that

intersect at the belly button

ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS

• 9 abdominopelvic regions • Right hypochondriac• Epigastric (liver, stomach)• Left hypochondriac (spleen) • Right lumbar • Umbilical (large intestine, small intestine, gall bladder)• Left lumbar• Hypogastric (urinary bladder, appendix) • Right inguinal• Left inguinal

DIRECTIONAL TERMS

• Anterior- front; before

• Ventral- belly side

• Posterior- back; behind

• Dorsal- back

• Cranial or cephalic- head

• Superior- above; at a higher level

• Caudal- tail

• Inferior- below; at a lower level

DIRECTIONAL TERMS CONT…

• Medial- toward the body’s longitudinal axis

• Lateral- away from the body’s longitudinal axis

• Proximal- toward an attached base

• Distal- away from an attached base

• Superficial- at, near, or relatively close to the body surface

• Deep- farther from the body surface

SECTION PLANES: TRANSVERSE PLANE

• Lies at right angles to the long axis of the body

• Divides the body into superior and inferior portions

SECTIONAL PLANES: FRONTAL PLANE

• Aka coronal plane

• Runs along the long axis of the body

• Extends laterally

• Divides body into anterior and posterior positions

SAGITTAL PLANE

• Runs along the long axis of the body

• Extends anteriorly and posteriorly

• Divides the body into left and right portions

BODY CAVITIES

• Body cavities protect internal organs and allow them to change shape. • 2 essential functions• 1. protect delicate organs from accidental shocks

and cushion them from the jolting that occurs when we walk, jump, or run• 2. permit significant changes in size and shape of

internal organs

VENTRAL BODY CAVITY

• Contains the organs of the following systems;• Respiratory• Cardiovascular• Digestive • Urinary• Reproductive

• Subdivided into:• Thoracic cavity• Abdominopelvic