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International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697
Volume 4 Issue 8 April 2017 www.ijifr.com
Abstract
The electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the fastest growing wastes in India. The increasing “market penetration” in developing countries, and “high obsolescence rate” make e-waste as one of the fastest growing waste streams. Electronic waste may be defined as discarded computers, office electronic equipment, entertainment device electronics, mobile phones, television sets and refrigerators. This definition includes used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal. To manage the e-waste is become important for India otherwise it create serious problem due to its hazardous property. So we use e-waste in construction of bituminous permeable pavement to enhance its property. The research subsequently investigated the probable changes in physical and strength properties of the mixes casted using Marshall Method of Mix Design, and conclusions were later drawn depending on the comparative result analysis for the best percentage replacement of aggregates by E-Waste ceramic as proposed for a roadway of width 3.75m for soil CBR of 4%. The study here with hence postulated the best possible percentage replacement by weight of total mix and also conducted an approximate construction cost comparison.
Implementation of E-Waste Mix Bituminous
Permeable Pavement in Pithoragarh Area of
Uttarakhand
Paper ID IJIFR/V4/ E8/ 086 Page No. 7309-7320 Subject Area Civil
Engineering
Key Words E-Waste, Permeable Pavement, Marshall Method, Aggregates
1st Vipul Kumar Saini Research Student,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Seemant Institute Of Technology,
Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, India
2nd Anuj Upadhyay
3rd Lokesh Kumar
4th Dheeraj Singh Garbyal
Assistant professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Seemant Institute Of Technology,
Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, India
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ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 4, Issue -8, April 2017
Continuous 44th Edition, Page No.: 7309-7320
Vipul Kumar Saini, Anuj Upadhyay, Lokesh Kumar, Dheeraj Singh Garbyal :: Implementation of E-Waste Mix Bituminous Permeable Pavement in Pithoragarh Area of Uttarakhand
I. INTRODUCTION
It is a hard fact that with the voluminous increase in use of ICT devices to bridge the
digital divide, there is also an alarming growth of e-waste world-wide. E-waste is
defined as “waste electrical and electronic equipment, whole or in part or rejects from their manufacturing and repair process, which are intended to be discarded” whereas electrical and electronic equipment has been defined as ‘equipment which is dependent on electrical currents or electro-magnetic fields to be fully functional’.
There is a need for e-waste management as e-waste components may cause severe
health risks and environmental damage, when crude, unscientific methods are applied
for recovery of useful components. There is a need to encourage recycling of all useful
and valuable material from e-wastes to preserve the natural resources. Most of the
developing countries are suffering with the rapidly growing problems of e-waste and
have to have sound e-waste management systems for end of life ICT products to avoid
the threat on environment and mankind.
The rapid growth of ICT, frequent innovations and technological changes are resulting
in shorter life span of ICT equipment. Moreover in developing countries the quantity of
imported disused Electrical and Electronic equipment (EEE) is uncontrolled .So the
volume of e-waste has also increased drastically in developing and developed nations.
At the same time, it is encouraging that every nation, along with going for the
development in the ICT sector, is also working for ‘going green’ by taking care of issues like efficient use of natural resources, minimization of e-waste, sustainable
recycling of e-waste and development of products with minimum use of hazardous
substances.
Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) contain valuable as well as hazardous
materials and if at end of life of EEE, the hazardous materials are not disposed of
scientifically it may cause serious damage to the environment and public health. The
presence of heavy metals (like Arsenic, Cadmium, Barium, Lead, Lithium, Mercury,
Nickel, Zinc Sulphide) and other toxic substances like PCB (Polychlorinated biphenyls)
etc. may cause extreme harm, if not disposed of in environment friendly manner.
On the other hand the second main problem in India is the water logging road (which
create the flood like condition) in monsoon period i.e. from June to September, and
reason is simple, Urbanisation of rural and lightly developed areas creates an increase in
impermeable surfaces due to the construction of buildings and their supporting
infrastructure. Increases in impermeable surfaces with traditional drainage systems,
kerbs and gutters linked directly to surface drainage networks, can result in high
instantaneous water flows that can overwhelm existing infrastructure leading to
increased risks of flash flooding.
Systems integrating permeable surfaces can provide a solution to help manage
manage surface water, through infiltration and attenuation to maintain natural water
flows. Permeable e-waste mixed bitumen road can form an integral part of a SuDS3
solution, a key tenant of sustainable planning.
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ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 4, Issue -8, April 2017
Continuous 44th Edition, Page No.: 7309-7320
Vipul Kumar Saini, Anuj Upadhyay, Lokesh Kumar, Dheeraj Singh Garbyal :: Implementation of E-Waste Mix Bituminous Permeable Pavement in Pithoragarh Area of Uttarakhand
II. STUDY AREA
The study area falls on the route connecting the Nepal border. The study area is bounded
by 80˚11'63"E to 80˚12'3"E longitude and 29˚34'11"N to 29˚34'48"N latitude. It is a well connected with road. It falls on the pithoragarh district, uttarakhand. The area lies in the
survey of India topo sheet No.62 C/2 covering the area of 26.25 sqm. The main soil type
that are found in the area are Schist, Phyllites, Dolomites, Quartz, etc. The dip amount
varies from 35˚ to 70˚ with varying dip directions. The pithoragarh city is located147 km
from tanakpur on the way of Nepal border.
III. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To study the use of electronic waste and waste in permeable bituminous roads by
providing the void ratio of 15% to 22%.
To find an alternative method for disposal of electronic waste in eco-friendly way. To
compare the properties of conventional bituminous mix with e-waste mixed
permeable bituminous mix by Marshall Stability method.
Find a suitable alternative over conventional materials with cost reduction and
improvement in strength and other parameters in flexible pavements.
3.1 Objective of Permeable Pavement
As we all know that Urbanisation of rural and lightly developed areas creates an
increase in impermeable surfaces due to the construction of buildings and their
supporting infrastructure. Increases in impermeable surfaces with traditional drainage
systems, kerbs and gutters linked directly to surface drainage networks, can result in
high instantaneous water flows that can overwhelm existing infrastructure leading to
increased risks of flash flooding.
Systems integrating permeable surfaces can provide a solution to help manage
surface water, through infiltration and attenuation to maintain natural water flows.
Mainly the permeable pavements are design to replace effective impervious areas
(EIAs), but we also manage storm water from other impervious surface on site. Use
of this technique must be part of an overall on site management for storm water. The
single Disadvantage that were observed is discussed below-
Figure 3.1 - layers of permeable road
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ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 4, Issue -8, April 2017
Continuous 44th Edition, Page No.: 7309-7320
Vipul Kumar Saini, Anuj Upadhyay, Lokesh Kumar, Dheeraj Singh Garbyal :: Implementation of E-Waste Mix Bituminous Permeable Pavement in Pithoragarh Area of Uttarakhand
The porous pavement is not capable to bear the impact load and the weight of heavy
traffic because porous pavement is sometimes cited as being inappropriate. Our second
objective overcome this problem and opens the use of permeable road for heavy traffic
volume.
3.2 Objective of using e-waste in permeable road
The second objective of this study is to introduce the e-waste in making the top most
layer of road by mean to increase the Marshall Stability and flow value with increase in
percentage of e-waste by replacing up to 10% of aggregates.Together with economic
consideration using e-waste in bitumen aggregate mixture behaves in beneficial way in
developing countries like India, considerable amount of e-waste is generated every year.
The huge amount of e-waste creates significant amount of problems with respect to
handling and storage which are important both from the economic as well as
environmental point of view.
Figure 3.2 -Sample of E-Waste
IV. METHODOLOGY
A permeable solution is typically constructed with three layers; “permeable bitumen mix with e-waste” as the surface layer, followed by a permeable aggregate sub-base
over undisturbed soil. The dimensions and structure of each layer is dependent on
application, prevailing site conditions and performance requirements. Permeable
bitumen mix with e-waste allows surface water to freely drain through the wearing
surface to the underlying ground (or drainage system) with the ability to act as a
reservoir during periods of high downfall. During these periods this characteristic can
aid in delaying the discharge of surface water into water courses or drainage systems
reducing the risk of overwhelming systems and causing flash flooding. Storage of
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ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 4, Issue -8, April 2017
Continuous 44th Edition, Page No.: 7309-7320
Vipul Kumar Saini, Anuj Upadhyay, Lokesh Kumar, Dheeraj Singh Garbyal :: Implementation of E-Waste Mix Bituminous Permeable Pavement in Pithoragarh Area of Uttarakhand
water in the system can also have a beneficial effect in reducing the heat island effect.
During periods of rising temperatures and intense rainfall, water stored within the
system evaporates creating a cooling effect reducing surface temperatures.
V. SYSTEMS USE IN BITUMINOUS PERMEABLE PAVEMENT
There are three typical best practice applications that can be employed in the
construction of a pervious paving solution
System A – Full Infiltration
E-waste mix bituminous layer
Permeable aggregate sub-base
Undisturbed permeability layer
This system allows all water falling onto the pavement to permeate through the E-Waste
Mix Bituminous Permeable surface layer, pass through the lower pavement courses and
into the sub-grade. Some water may be retained within the pavement reservoir before
permeating into the sub-grade. Full infiltration systems do not discharge any additional
water into traditional drainage systems. Geotextiles may be incorporated into the system
depending on the nature of the sub-grade.
System B – Partial Infiltration
E-waste mix bituminous layer
Permeable aggregate sub-base
Drainage system
Undisturbed normal permeability layer.
This system is viable for locations where the underlying ground offers some level of
permeability and infiltration is acceptable. Within the sub-base layer outlet pipes are
installed that allow any excess water that cannot penetrate into the existing ground to be
drained into other drainage devices such as watercourses, swales or sewers. This system
is typically used where the sub-grade is not capable of draining all of the water as a
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ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 4, Issue -8, April 2017
Continuous 44th Edition, Page No.: 7309-7320
Vipul Kumar Saini, Anuj Upadhyay, Lokesh Kumar, Dheeraj Singh Garbyal :: Implementation of E-Waste Mix Bituminous Permeable Pavement in Pithoragarh Area of Uttarakhand
means of reducing the volume of run-off from the site. Geotextiles may be incorporated
into the system depending on the nature of the project.
System C – Full Attenuation
E-waste mix bituminous
layer
Permeable aggregate
sub-base
Geotextile layer
Undisturbed normal permeability layer
Use of this system is typically adopted where water recycling is desired, in areas where
water may be contaminated, or where the sub-grade is impermeable or becomes weak
when saturated. The system includes the installation of an impermeable membrane
above the subgrade and the provision of outlet pipes within the sub-base layer. Full
attenuation allows water to be captured and harvested for re-use in non-potable
applications such as irrigation or flushing toilets. Geotextiles may be incorporated into
the system depending on the nature of the project.
VI. INNOVATIVENESS AND USEFULNESS
The mixing of E-waste in bituminous pavement of permeable road is unique idea and
not implemented yet.
The concept of permeable road is one of the newest technique for storing storm water
and to maintain the ground water table.
The use of Geotextile membrane on the permeable pavement surface is to increase the
bond strength of pavement surface.
The first flash of rain is drain out because it clean the pavement surface, and rest flash
will store for other purpose.
It is a single innovative way to manage the e-waste
VII. RAINFALL DATA OF STUDY AREA
In pithoragarh we use system-C (Full attenuation), because in this area the permeability
of soil is found to be very less, as well as this city is suffering from regular problem of
water. But during monsoon period, a day in a month has rainfall greater than 70mm,
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ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 4, Issue -8, April 2017
Continuous 44th Edition, Page No.: 7309-7320
Vipul Kumar Saini, Anuj Upadhyay, Lokesh Kumar, Dheeraj Singh Garbyal :: Implementation of E-Waste Mix Bituminous Permeable Pavement in Pithoragarh Area of Uttarakhand
which create problem of flooding or water logged road. So we design the road which
allows to permit 1000 ML of water in 2 sec of time.
Figure7.1- Rain fall Data
VIII. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
Most asphalt technologist believes that fundamental changes must be made in the
composition of hot mix asphalt and its testing methods. Though there are many methods
being followed the basic principle behind them is to arrive at the optimum binder
content given the gradation selected and the mechanical properties desired. Here the
specimen used is prepared as per Marshall stability test.Which is cylindrical 100mm
diameter compacted with Marshall compacting hammer on either side with 40 number
blows(the standard number of blows is 50 but we use 35 on each side because we have
to provide void ratio of 20%.) and loaded circumferentially.22-26 Number of bimanous
mix samples were prepared with different combination of bitumen with e-waste and
tested to achieve the maximum stability at minimum percent of bitumen content with 20
percent of void ratio
8.1. Steps for sample preparation for control mix with different bitumen content
i.) We take 1200g of mixed aggregate and e-waste as filler are taken and heated to a
temperature of 175˚c - 190˚c. And at the same time the bitumen is heated to a
temperature of 121˚c - 145˚c and mixed this with aggregate at a temperature of 154˚c - 160˚c.
ii.) Then the mixture is placed in a pre-heated mould and compacted by a rammer
with 35 blows on either side at a temperature of 138˚c - 149˚c.
0 0 0.2 1.4 5.2 5.8
1.2 0
8.8 9.2
0 0 0
54.4
3.1
18
0
29
0 0 3.2
0.2 0 0 0 3.4
0 0
9.4
2.8 5.8
19.6
24.6
0.6 2.6
4.8
0.2 0
8.8 9.2 7
10.2
2.4
13.4
56.4
37.6
78.2
0.2
5.2
0 3.2 2.4
15.4
72.7
0 1.2
15.8
3.6 7.4
4.2 1.8 1.8
6.2
1.4
13.2
0.4
42.6
0.2
19.2
3.6
30.2 34.5
15.2
3 0 1.6
4.2
73.2
0.4 0.8
34.2
0.2 0 0 0 0 0 3.6
0
9.4 10.8
2.2 0 0 0 0 0 0
27.6 29.8
0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
74.4
40.6
1.6 1 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Ra
in f
all
(mm
)
No. of Days
Rain fall Data of pithoragarh-2016
June July August September
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International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 4, Issue -8, April 2017
Continuous 44th Edition, Page No.: 7309-7320
Vipul Kumar Saini, Anuj Upadhyay, Lokesh Kumar, Dheeraj Singh Garbyal :: Implementation of E-Waste Mix Bituminous Permeable Pavement in Pithoragarh Area of Uttarakhand
iii.) Final thickness of sample is calculated (63.5+-3.0mm). The compacted specimen
are cooled to room temperature in mould and then removed from the mould
using a sample extractor.
iv.) Diameter and height is measured and take weight in air and in water. The
specimens are kept immersed in water in a thermostatically controlled water bath
at 60˚c +-1˚c for 30 to 40 minutes. v.) The specimens are taken out one by one, placed in the Marshall Test head and
tested to determine Marshall Stability value which is the maximum load in kg
before failure and the flow value which is the deformation of the specimen in
0.25mm units up to the maximum load
The above procedure is repeated on specimens prepared with other values of bitumen
content, in suitable increments of 0.5%, started from 4% of bitumen up to 7.5% bitumen
with 5%, 10%, and 15% replacement of e-waste for aggregate by volume.
Figure 8.1- Marshall Stability Test Apparatus
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Volume - 4, Issue -8, April 2017
Continuous 44th Edition, Page No.: 7309-7320
Vipul Kumar Saini, Anuj Upadhyay, Lokesh Kumar, Dheeraj Singh Garbyal :: Implementation of E-Waste Mix Bituminous Permeable Pavement in Pithoragarh Area of Uttarakhand
IX. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
By using result obtained for the two different types of mixes, namely normal sample(at
Zero% of e-waste) and modified mix(5%, 10%, 15% of e-waste), the graph of bitumen
content verses stability is plotted as shown in fig.9.1.The bitumen content at maximum
stability is taken as optimum bitumen content. It is presented in graphical form as shown
in fig below. From graph it is observed that at 10% e-waste and 6% bitumen content
maximum stability is achieved.
Figure 9.1: Result of Marshall Stability test at different amount of e-waste and %bitumen
The stability at 5% and 15% e-waste content and 6% bitumen content is near about
same, which is 820.3kg for 5% e-waste and 829.3kg for 15% e-waste, it show that if the
bitumen contain is less than 6%, the value of strength by addition of 5%, 10%, 15% is
uniformly increase up to 6% of bitumen of total weight . As e-waste percentage
increases stability also increases and latter goes on decreasing. The behaviour of flexible
pavement is as shown in fig.9.1. It is noted that at 6% bitumen content and 10%
aggregate replacement by e-waste there is 32.24% increase in strength is achieved.
Maximum density of compacted specimen is observed at 6% bitumen content for with
void ratio 20%, Bulk density varies in the range of 2.18gm/cc to 2.46gm/cc. Maximum
percent V. M. A. is observed in specimen with 6 % bitumen content. Percent V. M. A.
varies in the range of 13.79% to 18.21% for same percentage of bitumen.
X. CONCLUSION
This project turns out to achieve a great help in solving the general problem of water
logging road. If we look on some flood prone state of India like Bihar, Uttarakhand,
300.2
514.9
568.2
680.3
602.8
527.7
302
375.6
424.8
600.9
714.1
820.3
749.8
340.2 350.4
554.2
680
800.7
889.6
809.8
596
248.3
443.2
609.5
785.8
829.3
658.1
528.8
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
ma
rsh
all
sta
bil
ity
(kg
)
% bitumen
STABILITY Vs BITUMEN CONTENT
without e-waste 5% e-waste 10% e-waste 15% e-waste
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Vipul Kumar Saini, Anuj Upadhyay, Lokesh Kumar, Dheeraj Singh Garbyal :: Implementation of E-Waste Mix Bituminous Permeable Pavement in Pithoragarh Area of Uttarakhand
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, etc. the problem of flood is remain same and this is
because the water running off paving or overflowing from the overloaded drainage
systems serving them. The reason for this is simple. The majority of our existing
drainage systems are designed to remove rainwater as quickly as possible from where it
falls and direct it into watercourses or drains. This means in cases of prolonged, heavy
rainfall the public sewer system quickly reaches its capacity and consequently
overflows. The continued expansion of the urban environment using impermeable
materials, coupled with a growing trend for homeowners to replace lawns and gardens
with hard landscaping is placing even more pressure on our aging sewage systems. The
pressing need to build more homes to meet the demands of our growing population is
only likely to make things worse.Together with economic consideration using e-waste in
bitumen aggregate mixture behaves in beneficial way in developing countries like India,
considerable amount of e-waste is generated every year. The huge amount of e-waste
creates significant amount of problems with respect to handling and storage which are
important both from the economic as well as environmental point of view. Nations were
forced to search for most suitable ways to recycle these waste materials, since this study
aims to provide a suitable means for the utilization of e-waste in bituminous permeable
road.
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0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
[2] North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR). NCDENR
Storm water BMP Manual. NCDENR. North Carolina, 2007.
[3] Hun-Dorris, Tara. Advances in Porous Pavement. Storm water, 2005.
[4] Tennis, P.D., Leming, M.L., Akers, D.J., “Pervious Concrete Pavements” PCA Serial No. 2828, Portland cement Association, 2004.
[5] Ministry Of Road Transport & Highways Specifications for Road and Bridge Works,
Fourth Revision, 2001.
[6] ASTM C 1319-95, Standard Specification for Concrete Grid Paving Units, Annual Book of
ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.04, American Society for Testing and Materials, Conshohocken,
Pennsylvania, 1996.
[7] ASTM standard D 1559-89, Standard test method for resistance to plastic flow of
bituminous mixtures using Marshall apparatus 4-inch (100mm-diameter specimen)
intended for mixes containing aggregate up to 1-inch (25.4mm) USA, 2932, (1992).
[8] IRC SP: 53, Guidelines on the use of polymer and rubber modified bitumen in road
construction, Specific. Ind. Road. Cong., India, 129-135, (2002).
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Sunderakannan(2007), “Utilization of waste polymer for flexible pavement and easy
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Continuous 44th Edition, Page No.: 7309-7320
Vipul Kumar Saini, Anuj Upadhyay, Lokesh Kumar, Dheeraj Singh Garbyal :: Implementation of E-Waste Mix Bituminous Permeable Pavement in Pithoragarh Area of Uttarakhand
disposal of waste polymers", Proceedings of the international conference on sustainable
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[10] Charlesworth S. M., Everett M., McCarthy R., Ordóñez A. and De Miguel, E. A (2003b) A
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[12] Newman, A.P., Pratt, C.J., Coupe, S.J. and Cresswell, N. Oil biodegradation in permeable
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[13] Guzzetti, E., S. Peruccacci, M. Rossi, and C.P. Stark. The Rainfall Intensity–Duration
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AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY
Vipul Kumar Saini is currently pursuing B. Tech in Civil
Engineering at Seemant institute of technology Pithoragarh,
India. He has keen interest in Permeable Pavement Design, its
Construction, data structure and algorithms. He has 5 research
papers to his credit in various International/National Journals
and Conferences. He has strong passion for research and
development for the Country. He is member of Civil
Engineering society of India.
Anuj Upadhyay is currently pursuing B. Tech in Civil
Engineering at Seemant institute of technology Pithoragarh,
India. He is very much passionate about Construction
techniques, Structure design and Pavement design. He has
one research paper in International Journal. He is a member
of Civil Engineering Society of India.
Lokesh Kumar is currently pursuing B. Tech in Civil
Engineering at Seemant institute of technology Pithoragarh,
India.He has also done Diploma in Civil Engineering from
Government Polytechnic Nainital.He has keen interest in
field works.
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ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 4, Issue -8, April 2017
Continuous 44th Edition, Page No.: 7309-7320
Vipul Kumar Saini, Anuj Upadhyay, Lokesh Kumar, Dheeraj Singh Garbyal :: Implementation of E-Waste Mix Bituminous Permeable Pavement in Pithoragarh Area of Uttarakhand
Dheeraj Singh Garbyal is employed as Assistant Professor in
Department of Civil Engineering, Uttarakhand Technical
University, Uttarakhand India. He has done M.tech in
Transportation Engineering from G.B.P.E.C, gurdori, India.
He has more than 17 research papers to his credit in various
International/National Journals and Conferences.
TO CITE THIS PAPER
Saini,K.V., Upadhyay,A. ,Kumar,L., Garbyal, S.D. (2017) :: “Fraud Detection in
Health Insurance using Random Forest Algorithm” International Journal of
Informative & Futuristic Research (ISSN: 2347-1697), Vol. 4 No. (8), April 2017, pp.
7309-7320, Paper ID: IJIFR/V4/E8/086.