Intelligence and Intelligence and TestingTestingUnit 8Unit 8

Theories of IntelligenceTheories of Intelligence

What makes up intelligenceWhat makes up intelligence Charles SpearmanCharles Spearman Howard GardnerHoward Gardner L.L. ThurstoneL.L. Thurstone Robert SternbergRobert Sternberg Daniel GolemanDaniel Goleman

Charles Spearman Charles Spearman (1904)(1904) Two-Factor TheoryTwo-Factor Theory

11stst factor = g factor = g General intelligenceGeneral intelligence

Problem solvingProblem solving 22ndnd factor = s factor = s

Specific mental abilities Specific mental abilities Verbal or math skillsVerbal or math skills

L.L Thurstone L.L Thurstone (1938)(1938)

Intelligences needs to be a measure Intelligences needs to be a measure of all 7 abilities…not just 1 factorof all 7 abilities…not just 1 factor Verbal comprehensionVerbal comprehension Numerical abilityNumerical ability Spatial relationsSpatial relations Perceptual speedPerceptual speed Word fluencyWord fluency MemoryMemory Inductive reasoningInductive reasoning

Howard GardnerHoward Gardner (1983)(1983)

LinguisticLinguistic Logical and Logical and

MathematicalMathematical Visual and SpatialVisual and Spatial MusicalMusical Bodily and KinestheticBodily and Kinesthetic InterpersonalInterpersonal IntrapersonalIntrapersonal NaturalistNaturalist

Multiple Intelligences (8)Multiple Intelligences (8)

Critics of GardnerCritics of Gardner

Are these really Intelligences or Are these really Intelligences or “skills”“skills”

Intelligence and talent are 2 different Intelligence and talent are 2 different thingsthings

Robert SternbergRobert Sternberg (1985)(1985)

Intelligence = 3 ways of Intelligence = 3 ways of processing informationprocessing information

AnalyticalAnalytical CreativeCreative PracticalPractical

Emotional Intelligence Emotional Intelligence (1997)(1997)

Daniel GolemanDaniel Goleman Related to Gardner’s concepts of inter- and intra-Related to Gardner’s concepts of inter- and intra-

personal…personal… 4 major aspects4 major aspects

Perceive and express emotions Perceive and express emotions

accurately and appropriatelyaccurately and appropriately Use emotions while thinkingUse emotions while thinking Understand emotions and use the knowledge Understand emotions and use the knowledge

effectivelyeffectively Regulate one’s emotions and promote personal growthRegulate one’s emotions and promote personal growth

Intelligence TestingIntelligence Testing

Alfred BinetAlfred Binet ““slow learners”slow learners” Lewis TermanLewis Terman

Stanford –BinetStanford –BinetWilliam SternWilliam Stern

MA/CA X 100 = IQMA/CA X 100 = IQ

Intelligence TestingIntelligence Testing

David WechslerDavid Wechsler WISCWISC WAISWAIS PerformancePerformance Area scoresArea scores

Sample WechslerSample Wechsler

ArmyArmy

WWIWWI Pencil and Pencil and

paperpaper Give to the Give to the

massesmasses

Personality TestsPersonality Tests

ObjectiveObjectiveMMPIMMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

560+ questions560+ questionsTrue/False/Can’t sayTrue/False/Can’t sayPatterns of responsePatterns of response

MMPIMMPI Sample questionsSample questions1.I like mechanics magazines1.I like mechanics magazines2.I have a good appetite2.I have a good appetite3.I wake up fresh & rested most mornings3.I wake up fresh & rested most mornings4.I think I would like the work of a librarian4.I think I would like the work of a librarian5.I am easily awakened by noise5.I am easily awakened by noise6.I like to read newspaper articles on crime6.I like to read newspaper articles on crime7.My hands and feet are usually warm enough7.My hands and feet are usually warm enough8.My daily life is full of things that keep me interested 8.My daily life is full of things that keep me interested 11.A person should try to understand his dreams and be guided by or take warning 11.A person should try to understand his dreams and be guided by or take warning

from themfrom them12.I enjoy detective or mystery stories12.I enjoy detective or mystery stories13.I work under a great deal of tension13.I work under a great deal of tension14.I have diarrhea once a month or more 14.I have diarrhea once a month or more 22.At times I have fits of laughing & crying that I cannot control22.At times I have fits of laughing & crying that I cannot control23.I am troubled by attacks of nausea and vomiting23.I am troubled by attacks of nausea and vomiting24.No one seems to understand me 24.No one seems to understand me 27.Evil spirits possess me at times27.Evil spirits possess me at times28.When someone does me a wrong I feel I should pay him back if I can, just for the 28.When someone does me a wrong I feel I should pay him back if I can, just for the

principle of the thing.principle of the thing.

Personality TestsPersonality Tests

ObjectiveObjectiveThe Meyers-BriggsThe Meyers-Briggs

Extrovert vs. introvertExtrovert vs. introvertSensing vs. intuitiveSensing vs. intuitiveFeeling vs. thinkingFeeling vs. thinkingJudging vs. perceptiveJudging vs. perceptive

Meyers-Briggs Meyers-Briggs

Personality TestsPersonality Tests

Projective Projective RorschachRorschach

ThemesThemes

Personality TestsPersonality Tests

ProjectiveProjectiveTATTAT (Thematic Apperception Test)(Thematic Apperception Test)

CATCAT (Children’s Apperception Test)(Children’s Apperception Test)

Personality TestsPersonality Tests

ProjectiveProjective Draw- A- House/Person/TreeDraw- A- House/Person/Tree

Other Types of TestsOther Types of Tests

AptitudeAptitude talentstalents

AchievementAchievement learnedlearned

InterestInterestPreferences/attitudesPreferences/attitudes

Test CharacteristicsTest Characteristics ReliabilityReliability

Test-retestTest-retest Inter-scorerInter-scorer Split-halfSplit-half

ValidityValidity PredictivePredictive

Test StandardizationTest Standardization

StandardizationStandardization Same every timeSame every time Establish NormsEstablish Norms

Raw ScoreRaw Score Percentile SystemPercentile System