Post on 23-Dec-2015
Infectious Diseases: General Infections
Presented by: APS HealthcareSouthwestern PA Health Care Quality Unit(HCQU)
December 2010 ak
© 2009 APS Healthcare, Inc. 2
Disclaimer
Information or education provided by the HCQU is not intended to replace medical advice from the consumer’s personal care physician, existing facility policy or federal, state and local regulations/codes within the agency jurisdiction. The information provided is not all inclusive of the topic presented.
Certificates for training hours will only be awarded to those who attend a training in its entirety. Attendees are responsible for submitting paperwork to their respective agencies.
© 2009 APS Healthcare, Inc. 3
Note of Clarification
While mental retardation (MR) is still recognized as a clinical diagnosis, in an effort to support the work of self-advocates, the APS SW PA HCQU will be using the terms intellectual and/or developmental disability (ID/DD) to replace mental retardation (MR) when feasible.
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Objectives
Identify signs and symptoms of common bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections.
List the various cycles in the infection process
Describe when medical treatment should be sought
Discuss preventative measures that reduce the risk of infection.
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Definition of Infection
The invasion of the human body by a pathogen, such as a bacterium, fungus, virus or parasite, resulting in an
infectious process.
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Infectious Process: Chain of Infection
Infectious Agent
Infectious Agent
Portalof
Entry
Portalof
Entry
Susceptible Host
Susceptible Host
ReservoirReservoir
Mode of
Transmit
Mode of
Transmit
Portal of
Exit
Portal of
Exit
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Contributing Factors: Individuals Most at Risk
• Individuals most at risk
• Age
• General health
• Risks of exposure
Individuals most at Risk
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Four Main Types of Infections
1. Bacterial
2. Viral
3. Fungal
4. Parasitic
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Infections: Medical Therapies and Home Remedies
Medical Therapies
Home Remedies
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Bacterial Infection: Definition
Invasion of bacteria into the body or bodily tissues resulting in an infectious process.
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Bacterial Infections: Common Infections
• Streptococcal Sore Throat
• Bacterial “Sinusitis”
• Otitis Media
• Bacterial Conjunctivitis
• Urinary Tract Infection
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Streptococcal Sore Throat / Strep Throat: Definition
Acute bacterial inflammation: sore throat caused by the bacterium Streptococcus
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Strep Throat: Signs and Symptoms
Throat pain
Difficulty swallowing
Inflamed tonsils – red with signs of pus
Swollen tender lymph glands (nodes)
Fever
Headache
Fatigue
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Strep Throat: Diagnosis
Physical exam
Throat culture
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Strep Throat: Treatment
Medical Therapies– Antibiotics
– Pain/fever reducers
Home Remedies:– Rest
– Increase fluids
– Bland/soft diet
– Humidification of air
– Avoidance of irritants
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Strep Throat: Prevention
Hand washing
Covering of mouth
Replacement of toothbrushes
Avoid sharing personal Items
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Bacterial “Sinusitis”: Definition
An infection and inflammation of the sinus cavities by a disease causing bacterial agent.
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Bacterial “Sinusitis”: Signs and Symptoms
Drainage of a thick yellow or greenish discharge (nose or throat)
Nasal congestion
Pain/tenderness around eyes, cheeks, nose or forehead
Aching in upper jaw or teeth
Reduced sense of smell or taste
Cough
Fatigue
Fever
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Bacterial “Sinusitis”: Diagnosis
Physical exam
Nasal & Sinus cultures
Imaging studies
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Bacterial “Sinusitis”: Treatment
Medical Therapies– Antibiotics
– Nasal Corticosteroids
– Decongestants
– Pain/fever reducers
Home Remedies– Rest
– Increase of fluids
– Warm compresses to face
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Bacterial “Sinusitis”: Prevention
Proper Hand washing
Avoid upper respiratory infections
Avoid smoking or other air pollutants
Humidification of air
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Otitis Media: Definition
An infection and inflammation of the middle ear caused by a bacterial agent.
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Otitis Media: Signs and Symptoms
Ear pain
Drainage of fluid from ears
Diminished hearing
Sore throat
Fever
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Otitis Media: Diagnosis
Physical Exam – Pneumatic Otoscope
Tympanocentesis
Hearing evaluation
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Otitis Media: Treatment
Medical Therapies– Antibiotics
– Medicated ear drops
– Fever/pain reducers
Home Remedies– Warm compresses to ear
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Otitis Media: Prevention
Proper hand washing techniques
Avoidance of upper respiratory infections
Avoid smoking or air pollutants
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Bacterial Conjunctivitis “Pink Eye”: Definition
An inflammation and infection of the conjunctiva of the eye due to a bacterial agent.
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Bacterial Conjunctivitis “Pink Eye”: Signs and Symptoms
Redness in one or both eyes
Itchiness in one or both eyes
A gritty feeling in one or both eyes
Yellow discharge in one or both eyes that forms a crust during the night
Tearing
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Bacterial Conjunctivitis “Pink Eye”: Diagnosis
Physical exam
Eye culture
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Bacterial Conjunctivitis “Pink Eye”: Treatment
Medical Treatment– Antibiotic eye drops/ointments
Home Remedies– Warm compresses to eye
– Avoiding contact lens wear
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Bacterial Conjunctivitis “Pink Eye”: Prevention
Hand washing
Avoid touching eyes
Use a clean washcloth and towel daily
Do not share personal eye items
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Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Definition
An infection or inflammation of the urinary tract system caused by a bacterial agent.
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Urinary Tract Infection: Signs and Symptoms
Urinary urgency
Burning sensation upon urination
Passing frequent small amount of urine
Cloudy urine
Foul-smelling urine
Pelvic Pain
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Urinary Tract Infection: Diagnosis
Physical exam
Urinalysis
Urine culture
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Urinary Tract Infection: Treatment
Medical Therapies– Antibiotic therapy
– Urinary pain relievers (Pyridium, Uristat)
– Fever / pain reducers
Home Remedies– Rest
– Increase fluids
– Heat application for pain
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Urinary Tract Infection: Prevention
Genital cleansing technique
Cotton underwear
Avoid irritants
Frequent changing of incontinent aids
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Viral Infections: Definition
Invasion of a virus into the body or bodily tissues resulting in an infectious process.
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Viral Infections: Common Viruses
Rhinovirus “Common Cold”
Influenza
Viral Gastroenteritis
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Rhinovirus “Common Cold”: Definition
A viral infection of the upper respiratory tract
(nose and throat).
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Rhinovirus “Common Cold”: Signs and Symptoms
Runny or stuffy nose
Itchy or sore throat
Cough
Congestion
Slight body aches
Sneezing
Watery eyes
Low – grade fever
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Rhinovirus “Common Cold”: Diagnosis
Physical exam
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Rhinovirus “Common Cold”: Treatment
Medical Therapies – Antibiotics Not Effective!!!– Decongestant nasal spray
– Cough reducers
– Saline nasal drops
– Fever/pain reducers
Home Therapies– Rest
– Increase fluids
– Chicken soup
– Humidification of air
NO CURE!!!!
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Rhinovirus “Common Cold”: Prevention
Hand washing
Disinfection of everyday items
Proper disposal of tissues
Cover mouth when coughing
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Influenza (Flu): Definition
An acute contagious viral infection characterized by inflammation of the respiratory tract.
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Influenza: Signs and Symptoms
Fever over 100 degrees
Chills and sweats
Headache
Dry cough
Aching muscles
Fatigue and weakness
Nasal congestion
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Influenza: Diagnosis
Physical exam
Nasal cultures
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Influenza: Treatment
Medical Therapies– Fever/pain reducers
– Decongestants
– Cough medicine
– Antiviral medications
Home Remedies– REST
– Increase of fluids
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Influenza: Prevention
Influenza vaccination
Hand washing
Proper sneezing and coughing techniques
Avoidance of crowds
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Viral Gastro-enteritis: Definition
An inflammation and infection of the stomach and intestines, caused by a viral agent.
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Viral Gastro-enteritis: Signs and Symptoms
Watery, loose stools
Abdominal cramps and pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Occasional muscle aches
Low- grade fever
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Viral Gastro-enteritis: Diagnosis
Physical exam
Stool culture
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Viral Gastro-enteritis: Treatment
Medical Therapies– No medical therapies unless complications
Home Remedies– Rest
– Increase fluids slowly (clear fluids only)
– BRAT Diet (Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, Toast)
– Avoid food and drink irritants
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Viral Gastro-enteritis: Prevention
Hand washing
Proper disposable of incontinent briefs
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Fungal Infection: Definition
An Inflammation and infection of the body or bodily tissues caused by a fungal agent.
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Fungal Infection: Common Infections
Candida “Yeast”– Oral “Thrush”
– Vaginal
Tinea “Ringworm”– Tinea Corporis (Body)
– Tinea Pedis (Foot)
– Tinea Cruris (Perineal Area)
– Tinea Capitis(Scalp)
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Fungal - Candida Yeast Infections: Signs and Symptoms
Oral Yeast – “Thrush”– Creamy white lesion in oral cavity
– Cottage cheese consistency
– Pain
– Bleeding of sores
– Loss of taste
Vaginal Yeast – Itching/Irritation of tissues of vagina
– Redness/swelling of vaginal tissues
– Burning sensation on urination
– Thick white/cottage cheese discharge
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Fungal - Candida Yeast Infections: Diagnosis
Physical exams
Cultures (oral, vaginal)
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Fungal - Candida Yeast Infections: Treatment
Medical Therapies
– Oral Yeast • Anti-fungal medication• Anti-inflammatory/pain reducers
– Vaginal Yeast • Anti-fungal medication• Anti-inflammatory/pain reducers
Home Remedies
– Follow good oral care
– Keep vaginal area clean and dry
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Fungal - Candida Yeast Infections: Prevention
Oral Yeast– Good oral hygiene
– Rinsing of mouth after inhaler use
– Salt water rinses
Vaginal Yeast– Avoid use of bubble baths
– Avoid use of scented feminine hygiene products
– Use of cotton underwear
– Frequent changing of incontinent briefs/pads
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Fungal Infection – Ringworm (Tinea): Definition
Ringworm is a fungal infection called “Tinea” that affects the top outer layer of the skin.
Types
– Tinea Corporis (Body)
– Tinea Pedis (Foot)
– Tinea Cruris (Perineal Area)
– Tinea Capitis(Scalp)
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Fungal Infection – Ring worm (Tinea): Signs and Symptoms
Red and inflamed circular rash
Raised expanding rings of red & scaly skin
Round flat patch of itchy skin
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Fungal Infection – Ringworm (Tinea): Diagnosis
Physical exam
Skin culture
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Fungal Infection – Ringworm (Tinea): Treatment
Anti-fungal Medications (topical / oral)
– Non-prescription
– Prescription
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Fungal Infection – Ringworm (Tinea): Prevention
Frequent hand washing
Diligent drying of skin after bathing
Wear appropriate clothing – Avoid excessive sweating
Avoid infected animals
No sharing of personal items
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Parasitic Infections: Definition
A growth of a parasitic organism within
or on the human body.
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Parasitic Skin Infections/Infestations: Types
Lice
– Head
– Body
– Pubic
Scabies
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Parasitic Skin Infections/Infestations: Signs and Symptoms
Lice– Intense itching
– Tickling feeling from movement of hair
– Lice eggs on scalp, body, clothing or pubic region
– Lice eggs (nits) on hair shaft
– Small, red bumps on the scalp, neck and shoulders
Scabies– Itching, often severe, worse at night
– Thin, irregular burrow tracks made up of tiny blisters or bumps on your skin
– Burrows on folds of skin
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Parasitic Skin Infections/Infestations: Diagnosis
Physical exam
Skin Scraping
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Parasitic Skin Infections/Infestations: Treatment
Medical Therapies
– Lice• Over the Counter Medications• Prescription Medications
– Scabies• Prescription Medication
Home Remedies
– Keep body and hair clean at all times
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Parasitic Skin Infections/Infestations: Prevention
Lice Wash contaminated items Seal unwashable items Vacuum Cover Furniture Do not share personal belongings Wash combs and brushes
Scabies Clean all bedding and linens Seal unwashable items Do not share personal clothing items
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Tips for Caregivers
Keep all areas of the environment clean
Assist individuals with good oral and personal hygiene daily
Watch for signs and symptoms
Seek immediate medical treatment
Administer all medications as directed
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References
Center of Disease Control. Influenza Topics: Seasonal Flu. Retrieved. 11/03/2010. From http://www.cdc.gov/flu/
Maryland Office of Infectious Disease and Occupational Health Division. Fact Sheets. Strep Throat. Retrieved 10/28/2010 from http://www.edcp.org/factsheets/strepthr.cfm
National Institute of Health. Medline Plus Division. Diseases. Bacterial Infections. Retrieved 10/28/2010. From http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bacterialinfections.html
Common Cold. Testing Cold Treatments. Retrieved 10/30/2010. From http://www.commoncold.org/special.htm
Mayo Clinic Staff. Diseases and Conditions. Strep Throat. Retrieved 10/25/2010. From
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/Strep-throat
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References
Mayo Clinic Staff. Diseases and Conditions. Acute Sinusitis. Retrieved 10/27/2010. From
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/Acute-Sinusitis Mayo Clinic Staff. Diseases and Conditions. Pink eye:
Conjunctivitis. Retrieved 11/02/2010. From http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/Pink
Eye Mayo Clinic Staff. Diseases and Conditions. Urinary Tract
Infections. Retrieved 10/28/2010. From
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/Urinary-tract-infections Mayo Clinic Staff. Diseases and Conditions. Ringworm. Retrieved 11/06/2010. From
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/Ringworm Mayo Clinic Staff. Diseases and Conditions. Lice. Retrieved 11/09/2010. From http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/lice Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. Scabies. Retrieved 11/09/2010
From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scabies