Post on 11-Jan-2016
Industry and Urban Industry and Urban GrowthGrowthChapter 18Chapter 18
A New Industrial Revolution A New Industrial Revolution
– Why Industry Boomed
• As the nation expanded, deposits of coal, iron, lead and copper were found.
• Government gave businesses
subsidies.
A New Industrial Revolution A New Industrial Revolution
• The Bessemer process made stronger steel at lower cost. This replaced Iron. Pittsburgh became the steel capital
• In 1859, oil was found when workers dug into the ground and black liquid came up. This was eventually called “Black Gold.”
• Railroads improved by adding sleeping and eating cars. There was immense competition between companies.
A New Industrial Revolution A New Industrial Revolution
– Inventors and Inventions
• There were many new inventions, this caused the need for a patent- which is a document giving someone the sold right to make and sell an invention.
A New Industrial Revolution A New Industrial Revolution • Thomas Edison & other
scientists- produced the light bulb, the phonograph, the motion picture camera and hundreds of other devices. – Edison opened the nation’s
first electrical plant in NYC.
• The Telegraph had been used since 1844, when Alexander Graham Bell wanted to hear the human voice. He invented and patented the telephone.
A New Industrial Revolution A New Industrial Revolution
– He eventually organized over 100 local companies into the American Telephone and Telegraph Company
• In 1868, there was the invention of a type-writer, which people could use to type as fast at 60-words per minute.
• In 1888, A light weight camera was invented, it replaced hundreds of pounds of equipment
A New Industrial Revolution A New Industrial Revolution
– Transportation Revolution
• Only about 8,000 Americans owned automobiles in 1900. – Henry Ford
perfected a system to mass produce cars and makes them less
expensive.
A New Industrial Revolution A New Industrial Revolution
– The Assembly line is a manufacturing method in which a product is put together as it moves along a belt.
– By 1917, 4.5 million Americans owned cars
• By 1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright tested a gas-powered airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
Big Business and Organized labor Big Business and Organized labor – New Ways of Doing
business• There were now
Entrepreneurs, which were people who set up new businesses to make a profit.
• Many businesses became corporations, which is a business that is owned by many investors.
• Banks lent huge amounts of money to people. J.P. Morgan became wealthy
Big Business and Organized labor Big Business and Organized labor
– Growth of Big Business
• Monopoly is a company that controls most or all business in a particular industry
• Andrew Carnegie entered the steel industry and eventually owned most of the steel in
the US.
Big Business and Organized labor Big Business and Organized labor • John D. Rockefeller
formed the Standard Oil Trust. A trust is a group of corporations run by a single board of directors.
• Free enterprise is a system in which privately owned businesses compete freely.
Big Business and Organized laborBig Business and Organized labor
• Social Darwinism– Charles Darwin-
Survival of the fittest in nature
– Businesses used this was used to limit competition
Big Business and Organized labor Big Business and Organized labor
– Changes in the Workplace
• Women and children worked in sweatshops, most children did NOT go to school
• There were dangerous conditions
Big Business and Organized labor Big Business and Organized labor
– Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
• A fire broke out in a New York sweatshop on March 25, 1911
• Hundreds of workers ran for the exits but found they were locked-The owners did it
• 150 People died in this fire
Big Business and Organized labor Big Business and Organized labor – Workers organize
• Knights of Labor was formed in 1869, used to win support for workers and against business owners
• American Federation of Labor was formed by Samuel Gompers in 1886– He believed in using
collective bargaining to win improvements
• Women– Mary Harris Jones
worked campaigning for unions and giving support to striking miners
• Strikes
Cities Grow and Change Cities Grow and Change
– Rapid Growth of Cities
• By 1890, the cities became Urbanized
• There was public transportation which made people move to the suburbs
Cities Grow and Change Cities Grow and Change
• The first skyscraper was built in 1880 in Chicago, it was 10 stories high– By 1897. the first
electric subway ran under the streets of Boston
– Problems of Urban Life
Cities Grow and Change Cities Grow and Change • Tenement life in
downtown slums– Tenements were
buildings divided into many tiny apartments
– Many people lived in a one room apartment and many families shared a bathroom
• In 1889, Jane Addams opened the Hull House, which was a settlement house in the slums of Chicago
Cities Grow and Change Cities Grow and Change – The excitement of City
life• Departments Stores
contained lots of different goods in the same store but different sections
• Leisure activities changed with the cities, people would now go to museums, the orchestra, art galleries, the theatre, circuses, parks, the zoo, gardens
• Sports became popular, the most popular were Baseball, Basketball, and Football
New Immigrants New Immigrants
– A Fresh Start• Immigration
– Religious freedom
– Farming
– Jobs
– Political unrest
• The new immigrants– Mostly Protestants
or Catholics from Northern and Western Europe
New Immigrants New Immigrants
– Starting a New Life• Immigrants were
crammed below decks in steerage which were large compartments that usually held cattle
• There were many immigrant neighborhoods
New Immigrants New Immigrants
– Becoming American• Assimilation is the
process of becoming part of another culture– Languages and
traditions
• Contributions – Many immigrants
opened small shops and influenced American life
New Immigrants New Immigrants
– A new Wave of Nativism
• Many United States Natives did not like all of the immigrants; they associated the immigrants with crime, violence and anarchy. – Anarchist is a
person who opposes all forms of government
Education and Culture Education and Culture
– Before 1870, less then half of American children attended school.
• Compulsory education was instituted fully by 1918. – It was not until 1950
that the majority of Americans of high school age were high school graduates
Education and Culture Education and Culture – The typical school
day lasted from 8 am to 4 pm. • The students
read McGuffey’s Eclectic Readers
• Taught poetry, stories, moral values and the Christian religion
• Carnegie gave money to towns to build libraries.
• They offered books, magazines and speakers
Education and Culture Education and Culture – American writers
• Realism- authors emphasized the harsh side of life
• Mark Twain-Huckleberry Finn- His real name was Samuel Clemens- – At the time people
complained that this book was a bad effect on children
• It is now one of the greatest American novels
Education and Culture Education and Culture • By 1900, half the
newspapers in the world were printed in the US– The spread of
education led to the growth of the newspaper
– In 1883- Joseph Pulitzer bought the New York World
• He included color comics such as the Yellow kid
• Yellow Journalism-like a tabloid