Industry and Urban Growth Chapter 18. A New Industrial Revolution –Why Industry Boomed As the...

Industry and Urban Industry and Urban GrowthGrowthChapter 18Chapter 18

A New Industrial Revolution A New Industrial Revolution

– Why Industry Boomed

• As the nation expanded, deposits of coal, iron, lead and copper were found.

• Government gave businesses

subsidies.


• The Bessemer process made stronger steel at lower cost. This replaced Iron. Pittsburgh became the steel capital

• In 1859, oil was found when workers dug into the ground and black liquid came up. This was eventually called “Black Gold.”

• Railroads improved by adding sleeping and eating cars. There was immense competition between companies.


– Inventors and Inventions

• There were many new inventions, this caused the need for a patent- which is a document giving someone the sold right to make and sell an invention.

A New Industrial Revolution A New Industrial Revolution • Thomas Edison & other

scientists- produced the light bulb, the phonograph, the motion picture camera and hundreds of other devices. – Edison opened the nation’s

first electrical plant in NYC.

• The Telegraph had been used since 1844, when Alexander Graham Bell wanted to hear the human voice. He invented and patented the telephone.


– He eventually organized over 100 local companies into the American Telephone and Telegraph Company

• In 1868, there was the invention of a type-writer, which people could use to type as fast at 60-words per minute.

• In 1888, A light weight camera was invented, it replaced hundreds of pounds of equipment


– Transportation Revolution

• Only about 8,000 Americans owned automobiles in 1900. – Henry Ford

perfected a system to mass produce cars and makes them less

expensive.


– The Assembly line is a manufacturing method in which a product is put together as it moves along a belt.

– By 1917, 4.5 million Americans owned cars

• By 1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright tested a gas-powered airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

Big Business and Organized labor Big Business and Organized labor – New Ways of Doing

business• There were now

Entrepreneurs, which were people who set up new businesses to make a profit.

• Many businesses became corporations, which is a business that is owned by many investors.

• Banks lent huge amounts of money to people. J.P. Morgan became wealthy

Big Business and Organized labor Big Business and Organized labor

– Growth of Big Business

• Monopoly is a company that controls most or all business in a particular industry

• Andrew Carnegie entered the steel industry and eventually owned most of the steel in

the US.

Big Business and Organized labor Big Business and Organized labor • John D. Rockefeller

formed the Standard Oil Trust. A trust is a group of corporations run by a single board of directors.

• Free enterprise is a system in which privately owned businesses compete freely.

Big Business and Organized laborBig Business and Organized labor

• Social Darwinism– Charles Darwin-

Survival of the fittest in nature

– Businesses used this was used to limit competition


– Changes in the Workplace

• Women and children worked in sweatshops, most children did NOT go to school

• There were dangerous conditions


– Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

• A fire broke out in a New York sweatshop on March 25, 1911

• Hundreds of workers ran for the exits but found they were locked-The owners did it

• 150 People died in this fire

Big Business and Organized labor Big Business and Organized labor – Workers organize

• Knights of Labor was formed in 1869, used to win support for workers and against business owners

• American Federation of Labor was formed by Samuel Gompers in 1886– He believed in using

collective bargaining to win improvements

• Women– Mary Harris Jones

worked campaigning for unions and giving support to striking miners

• Strikes

Cities Grow and Change Cities Grow and Change

– Rapid Growth of Cities

• By 1890, the cities became Urbanized

• There was public transportation which made people move to the suburbs

Cities Grow and Change Cities Grow and Change

• The first skyscraper was built in 1880 in Chicago, it was 10 stories high– By 1897. the first

electric subway ran under the streets of Boston

– Problems of Urban Life

Cities Grow and Change Cities Grow and Change • Tenement life in

downtown slums– Tenements were

buildings divided into many tiny apartments

– Many people lived in a one room apartment and many families shared a bathroom

• In 1889, Jane Addams opened the Hull House, which was a settlement house in the slums of Chicago

Cities Grow and Change Cities Grow and Change – The excitement of City

life• Departments Stores

contained lots of different goods in the same store but different sections

• Leisure activities changed with the cities, people would now go to museums, the orchestra, art galleries, the theatre, circuses, parks, the zoo, gardens

• Sports became popular, the most popular were Baseball, Basketball, and Football

New Immigrants New Immigrants

– A Fresh Start• Immigration

– Religious freedom

– Farming

– Jobs

– Political unrest

• The new immigrants– Mostly Protestants

or Catholics from Northern and Western Europe


– Starting a New Life• Immigrants were

crammed below decks in steerage which were large compartments that usually held cattle

• There were many immigrant neighborhoods


– Becoming American• Assimilation is the

process of becoming part of another culture– Languages and

traditions

• Contributions – Many immigrants

opened small shops and influenced American life


– A new Wave of Nativism

• Many United States Natives did not like all of the immigrants; they associated the immigrants with crime, violence and anarchy. – Anarchist is a

person who opposes all forms of government

Education and Culture Education and Culture

– Before 1870, less then half of American children attended school.

• Compulsory education was instituted fully by 1918. – It was not until 1950

that the majority of Americans of high school age were high school graduates

Education and Culture Education and Culture – The typical school

day lasted from 8 am to 4 pm. • The students

read McGuffey’s Eclectic Readers

• Taught poetry, stories, moral values and the Christian religion

• Carnegie gave money to towns to build libraries.

• They offered books, magazines and speakers

Education and Culture Education and Culture – American writers

• Realism- authors emphasized the harsh side of life

• Mark Twain-Huckleberry Finn- His real name was Samuel Clemens- – At the time people

complained that this book was a bad effect on children

• It is now one of the greatest American novels

Education and Culture Education and Culture • By 1900, half the

newspapers in the world were printed in the US– The spread of

education led to the growth of the newspaper

– In 1883- Joseph Pulitzer bought the New York World

• He included color comics such as the Yellow kid

• Yellow Journalism-like a tabloid

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