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Oral Intensity:
Reducing the Risk of Non-Ventilator-Associated Hospital
Acquired Pneumonia (NV-HAP)
Trudy Robertson CNS Fraser Health Neurosurgery &
Dulcie Carter BSc MMedSci, RSLP RCH
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T. Robertson & D. Carter August 2013
Acknowledgments
Fraser Health Department of Evaluation and Research Services (FH DERS)
Team “Oral Intensity” and staff of the Neurosurgical Unit, Royal Columbian Hospital in New Westminster, BC, Canada
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Disclosures
Seed grant funding from the FH DERS to conduct this point of care research (FHREB # 2011-088) Unrestricted modest donation of oral care
supplies was received from SAGE® Products Inc. during the study period
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How This Research All Began
Clinical observation on the RCH Neurosurgical Unit Looked into the literature Point of Care Research Challenge
coincided with a call to action “Team Oral Intensity”
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RCH Neurosurgery Unit
32 beds, 4 bed neuro observation room (NOA) 5 neurosurgeons, trauma service Case mix: Post-operative brain surgery,
TBI, complex spine, intracranial bleed Staff mix- RNs, LPNs, CA, rehab team Limited resources
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Current Oral Hygiene Standards
Current standard: nurse discretion “prn” Current practice: varies, nurse-to-nurse Where are the gaps? Nursing knowledge Variation in practice Nursing workload Lack of formal protocol
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Literature review
Neuroscience literature Nursing literature Critical care Residential, older adult
Medical literature AMMI Canada Guidelines – HAP including
VAP Dysphagia literature Dental literature
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The Research
Defined the research question Design the study Ethics Board application Consent by substitute decision maker BC Privacy Office
Development of tools, staff education
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Purpose
To test the efficacy of a enhanced, prevention-based oral care protocol in reducing NV-HAP in the care-dependent neurosurgical population outside the critical care environment Hypothesis: an enhanced oral care
protocol would decrease the incidence of HAP
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Design
Comparative, quantitative study Key measure: NV-HAP rates between
subjects who received standard oral care (SOC; retrospective group) and those who received an enhanced, prevention-based, oral hygiene protocol (EOC; prospective group) Identified other variables of interest
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Methods
Data collected for both groups for a 6 month period SOC group: retrospective chart review EOC group: eligible neurosurgical patients
who received the enhanced protocol Diagnostic criteria for hospital acquired
pneumonia were determined* Inclusion/exclusion criteria developed Data collection tools were developed
*AMMI Canada Guidelines: Clinical practice guidelines for hospital acquired pneumonia and ventilator associated pneumonia in adults. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol Vol 19 No 1 January/February 2008
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NV-HAP
Diagnosis criteria >48 hours post admission Positive chest x-ray for infiltrates, consolidation, etc And 2 of the following 3 criteria
Presence of fever Positive sputum culture Elevated serum WBC count
Did not rely on physician documentation or health records coding of HAP
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Methods: Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
Table 1. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria
• Adult (>19 years) • Admitted to RCH neuroscience
unit • Primary diagnosis is neurological
(brain injury/insult) • Non-intubated • Dependent for oral care and
unable to direct their own oral care
• <19 years • Off service patients • Intubated, on Bipap or Cpap
(respiratory assistive devices) • Palliative • Capable of directing their own oral
care • Unable to receive oral care due to: oral
tubes, nasal/oral airways, wired jaws, or behaviours such as resistiveness, combativeness, non-compliance, etc.
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Methods: Retrospective Group
Charts were pulled according to Unit Primary diagnosis neurologic Time period
300 charts were identified Care dependency confirmed ICU/HAU days excluded
52 met the inclusion criteria
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Methods: Prospective Group
Screening upon admission to unit Approached TSDM of eligible subjects Upon consent, subject was enrolled in
study, EOC protocol commenced Consented: n=34 Excluded: 2 Withdrawal: 1 (7 days on study)
32 included in analysis
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Study Protocol
Universal handwashing Elevation of head of the bed Teeth brushing twice a day Scheduled inspection, cleaning,
moisturizing mouth, lips every 2-4 hours Oral and tracheostomy suctioning Standardization of oral care supplies,
equipment *Informed by Bopp, 2006; De Riso et al, 1996; Fields, 2008; Grap et al., 2003; Safdar et al, 2005; Shorr & Kollef, 2005.
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Methods: Oral Care Protocol
Table 2. Oral Care Protocol Worksheet
Date: March 7, 2012 Minimum HOB 300 for all Mouth Care
Intervention Write in Time of Care and Initial
Change mouth suction equipment every 24 hours
- - - - -
Mouth assessment every 2-4 hours
Cleanse mouth with toothbrush every 12 hours
- - - -
Cleanse oral mucosa with oral rinse solution every 2-4 hours
Moisturize mouth/lips with swab and standard
mouth moisturizer every 4 hours
Suction mouth and throat as needed
Patient Name
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Data Collection: Both Groups
Demographic information Data collected weekly Incidences of NV-HAP Mode of nutrition Presence of: Tracheostomy Teeth versus dentures Dysphagia
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Findings: Demographic Data
Table 3. Summary of Demographics and Medical Status
SOC Group Retrospective Data (2010)
EOC Group (2012) Prospective Data (2012)
Number of participants 51 32
M:F ratio 27:24 23:9
Age (average) 57 Range: 19-88 years
61 Range: 33-84 years
Tracheostomy 12 (24%) 13 (40%)
Dysphagia 42 (84%) 27 (84%)
HAP events 13 2
Average LOS* 23 days (on unit) 21 days (on study)
Median LOS* 15 days (on unit) 13.5 days (on study)
*Not comparable variables
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Findings: Case Mix
Figure 2. Neurological diagnosis: EOC group
3%9%3%
63%
22%
TBI ICH tumour hydrocephalus other
Figure 1. Neurological diagnosis: SOC group
4%4%8%
70%
14%
TBI ICH tumour hydrocephalus other
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Findings
A statistically significant decrease in the rate of HAP occurred in the prospective group (p<0.05)
Figure 3. HAP rate between groups
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
SOC group EOC group
% HAP % no HAP
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Findings: NV-HAP
Presence of tracheostomy * With trach: 28% Without: 13.8%
Teeth versus dentures** Length of stay*** Mode of nutrition Dysphagia
* p=0.134, 2 sided Fishers Exact test ** p=0.720, 1-sided Fishers exact test *** p=0.044, Mann-Whitney test
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Implications: Patient
An enhanced oral care protocol: Improves health outcomes by decreasing: The risk of infections, inflammatory processes, fever The need for diagnostic tests, treatments, medications,
procedures, NV-HAP complications Length of stay (readiness for rehabilitation)
Improves patient comfort, QOL, family satisfaction Improves overall satisfaction with care
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Implications: Nursing Practice
Important to assess the risk factors for NV-HAP Important to implement preventative care We need to examine nurses’ decision-making &
attitudes towards preventative-based care What are the barriers to prevention-based care? Dispelling myths about workload impact
It takes leadership to advance care practices, to foster a culture of inquiry, improving quality of care, leading change
We need to foster team-based approaches to care Foundational nursing care practices are still
important
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Need for improved continuity in care throughout the care continuum, across settings, sites, sectors
Improved quality of care Improved access to specialty beds Financial impact Decreases transfers to higher level of care Increase supply costs is offset by decreased rates of
NV-HAP Decreased LOS Decreased medical and diagnostic costs
Implications: Systems
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Limitations
Study limited to 1 unit, 1 institution First clinical nursing research study on this unit Small sample size limited analysis of some
variables Documentation limitations Nursing compliance 95%: 32 patients, combined total
of 676 days NV-HAP diagnosis by physicians Confirming care dependency was difficult in the
retrospective group
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Future Studies
Explore further the relationship between NV-HAP and other factors e.g. tracheostomy
Study enhanced oral care protocols in other populations e.g. acute medical patients
Explore nurses’ attitudes and barriers to performing oral care
Economic analysis on the financial impact of enhanced oral care Length of stay, medical and supply costs, nursing
workload
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Publication
Publication: Canadian Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 35(2), 10-17. CANN Codman Award for Excellence in
Neuroscience Nursing Research Nominee for the WFNN Agnes Marshall
Award for best poster, Sept, 2013,Gifu, Japan
T. Robertson & D. Carter August 2013
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Translating Research into Practice
Nurse sensitive adverse event reduction initiaitive Oral care protocol, procedure, and care record
implementation Spread to admitted care-dependent patients in acute
care within Fraser Health On-line education module (in-progress) Independent patient protocol (in discussion)
Incorporate oral care into other care areas Pre-operative preparation e.g. SDC Peri-operative areas ED, Cardiac, Rehab
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In Closing
Basics of nursing practice continue to be fundamental to patient outcomes An ounce of prevention is still worth a
pound of cure Changing nursing practice begins with
critical inquiry and seeking to understand and question why we do what we do
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Contact Information
Thank You !
Trudy Robertson, Clinical Nurse Specialist: Neurosurgery Trudy.Robertson@fraserhealth.ca
Dulcie Carter, Registered Speech Language Pathologist Dulcie.Carter@fraserhealth.ca