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September 2013 ihs.com
IHS Jane’s Capabilities BriefingSyria in focus: fighter aircraft and land-based air-defence systems
© 2013 IHS 2 September 2013
IHS Jane’s Capabilities Briefing | Syria in focus
Cover: The Buk-M2E (SA-17 ‘Grizzly’) self-propelled surface-to-air missile system is the most potent air-defence weapon currently in service with the Syrian Armed Forces.
Debate over the merits of international intervention in Syria in the form of air and missile strikes has flared following the Syrian government’s alleged use of chemical weapons in August 2013. With strong opposition from Russia, a vote for intervention in Syria is unlikely to pass the UN Security Council. Meanwhile, the British parliament’s failure to pass a measure approving military action means the US and France have been left as primary advocates of an air campaign to hobble the Assad regime. While US President Barack Obama has announced that he will let Congress vote on the matter, unilateral strikes by NATO countries cannot be ruled out. This will become even more likely in the event that UN weapons inspectors confirm Syrian government participation in the August chemical attack. IHS Jane’s examines the Syrian air force and air-defence assets that would combat any unilateral or multilateral strikes against the country.
Syria in focus: fighter aircraft and land-based air-defence systemsIHS Jane’s holds a wide variety of geospatially enabled data on military forces as well as terrorism and insurgency events. Accompanying this report, we have created a KML file of the map below, with an added layer detailing all known insurgent attacks and counter-terrorism operations in Syria from March-August 2013. Please contact your account manager if you are interested in receiving this KML file.
KML File Available
*Squadron information based on Syrian air force order of battle circa 2012. Unit deployment and strengths may have changed due to the ongoing conflict.
ShayratSu-22M4 (1 squadron)
ShayratMiG-23MF (1 squadron)
ShayratMiG-25PD (1 squadron)
TiyasMiG-25PD (2 squadrons)
ShayratSu-22M3 (1 squadron)Hamah
MiG-21MF (2 squadrons)Deir ZzorMiG-21MF (1 squadron)
Al QusayrMiG-21bis (2 squadrons)
HamahMiG-29 (1 squadron)
As Suweidaya WestMi-24A (2 squadrons)
TiyasSu-22M4 (1 squadron)
An NasiriyahMiG-23BN (1 squadron)
DumayrSu-22M3 (1 squadron)
DumayrMiG-23MLD (1 squadron)
KhalkhalahMiG-21bis (2 squadrons)
Marj RuhayyilMi-24A (1 squadron)
Marj RuhayyilMiG-23MLD (1 squadron)
MezzeSA 342L (2 squadrons)
SayqalMiG-29 (2 squadrons)
Marj RuhayyilSu-22 (1 squadron)
L-39ZO (1 squadron)
MiG-23MS (1 squadron)
MiG-21MF (1 squadron)
Unknown location
Ground attack
Primary role
Air defence
Airbases under Syrian government control (as of September 2013)
© 2013 IHS: 1459782Source: IHS
SYRIA
TiyasSu-24MK (1 squadron)
© 2013 IHS 3 September 2013
IHS Jane’s Capabilities Briefing | Syria in focus
MiG-21 ‘Fishbed’
Bis/MF
Air defence/attack
AA-2 ‘Atoll’, AA-8 ‘Aphid’
1,098 km*
Variants
Role
Armament
Range * internal fuel only
Source: IHS © 2013 IHS: 1459783
Su-24 ‘Fencer’
MK
Attack
AA-8 ‘Aphid’, AA-11 ‘Archer’
2,092 km*
Variants
Role
Armament
Range
* max fuel high altitude
Source: IHS © 2013 IHS: 1459787
MiG-23 ‘Flogger’
MS/BN/MLD/MF
Air defence
AA-8 ‘Aphid’, AA-7 ‘Apex’, AA-2 ‘Atoll’ AA-11 ‘Archer’ AA-6 ‘Acrid’
1,944 km*
Variants
Role
Armament
Range * max internal use
Source: IHS © 2013 IHS: 1459784
MiG-25 ‘Foxbat’
PD
Air defence
AA-6 ‘Acrid’, AA-8 ‘Aphid’
1,863 km*
Variants
Role
Armament
Range * with max internal fuel
Source: IHS © 2013 IHS: 1459788
Aero L-39 ‘Albatros’
ZO
Trainer/light attack
Cannon
1,352 km*
Variants
Role
Armament
Range* internal fuel, 10% reserves, L-139
Source: IHS © 2013 IHS: 1459789
Mi-24 ‘Hind’
A
Attack helicopter
SA-7 ‘Grail’, SA-14 ‘Gremlin’
450 km*
Variants
Role
Armament
Range* standard internal fuel, Mi-24P
Source: IHS © 2013 IHS: 1459790
MiG-29 ‘Fulcrum’
MiG-29
Air defence/attack
AA-8 ‘Aphid’, AA-10 ‘Alamo’, AA-8 ‘Aphid’
1,500 km*
Variants
Role
Armament
Range * with max internal fuel
Source: IHS © 2013 IHS: 1459785
Su-22 ‘Fitter’
M3/M4
Attack
AA-2 ‘Atoll’, AA-8 ‘Aphid’, A-11 ‘Archer’
2,296 km*
Variants
Role
Armament
Range
* max fuel high altitude
Source: IHS © 2013 IHS: 1459786
© 2013 IHS 4 September 2013
IHS Jane’s Capabilities Briefing | Syria in focus
• Syria operates an integrated air-defence system (IADS) that provides interlaced surface-to-air missile positions backed by numerous anti-aircraft artillery emplacements. As such, the IADS potentially represents a significant risk to low-altitude operations by co-operative targets, helicopters, and cruise missiles prior to network degradation.
• The IADS is highlighted by a limited number of modern, survivable surface-to-air missile assets, specifically the Pantsir-S1 (SA-22 ‘Greyhound’), Buk-M2E (SA-17 ‘Grizzly’), and Pechora-2M. These have not yet been encountered in combat by Western air forces and are likely deployed to protect Syria’s most sensitive military and political infrastructure.
• However, there is a notable overreliance on ageing Soviet-era technology that has already been encountered and exploited by Western air arms. As such, the bulk of the network does not represent a significant threat to modern combat aircraft, although any threat system should be regarded as potentially dangerous.
Land-based air defence assets
Equipment name Buk-M2E (SA-17 ‘Grizzly’)
Role Self-propelled surface-to-air missile system
Effective against Fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft, cruise, ballistic and air-launched missiles
Simultaneous target engagement capability 4
Weaponry 4 x 9M317 missiles
Missile warhead weight 50-70 kg
Missile effective range (general) 45 km
Missile effective altitude (maximum) 25 km
Gun effective range (general) n/a
Gun effective altitude (maximum) n/a
First developed Mid-2000s
Key Syrian land-based air-defence assets
Equipment name Pechora-2M
Role Surface-to-air missile system
Effective against Fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft, cruise and ballistic missiles
Simultaneous target engagement capability 1
Weaponry 2 x 5V27DE missiles
Missile warhead weight Unknown
Missile effective range (general) 32 km
Missile effective altitude (maximum) 20 km +
Gun effective range (general) n/a
Gun effective altitude (maximum) n/a
First developed Late 1990s
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Source: IHS © 2013 IHS
Source: IHS © 2013 IHS
© 2013 IHS 5 September 2013
IHS Jane’s Capabilities Briefing | Syria in focus
Army and air force equipment in serviceSystem Variant Manufacturer Primary Role (General) First Developed
9K38 Igla (SA-18 'Grouse') Konstruktorskoe Bjuro Mashinostroenia Surface-to-air missile system (self-propelled) 1970s
9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 'Gopher') Soviet state factories Surface-to-air missile system (self-propelled) 1970s
9K37 Buk (SA-11 'Gadfly') Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant Surface-to-air missile system (self-propelled) 1970s
9K31 Strela-1 (SA-9 'Gaskin') Soviet state factories Surface-to-air missile system (self-propelled) 1960s
2K12 Kub (SA-6 'Gainful') Soviet state factories Surface-to-air missile system (self-propelled) 1960s
9K33 Osa (SA-8 'Gecko') Almaz / Antei Surface-to-air missile system (self-propelled) 1960s
S-125 (SA-3 'Goa') Almaz / Antei Surface-to-air missile system (static and towed) 1950s
S-75 Dvina (SA-2 'Guideline') Almaz / Antei Surface-to-air missile system (static) 1950s
S-200 (SA-5 'Gammon') Almaz / Antei Surface-to-air missile system (static) 1950s
9K32/9K32M Strela-2/2M (SA-7a/b 'Grail') Konstruktorskoe Bjuro Mashinostroenia Surface-to-air missile system (man-portable) 1960s
9K36 Strela-3 (SA-14 'Gremlin') Konstruktorskoe Bjuro Mashinostroenia Surface-to-air missile system (man-portable) 1970s
9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 'Gimlet') Konstruktorskoe Bjuro Mashinostroenia Surface-to-air missile system (man-portable) 1970s
23 mm ZSU-23-4 (Quad) Soviet state factories Anti-aircraft gun (self-propelled) 1950s
57 mm ZSU-57-2 (Twin) Muromskiy Mashinostroitelnyy Anti-aircraft gun (self-propelled) 1950s
12.7 mm M53 (Quad) Soviet state factories Anti-aircraft gun (towed) 1950s
14.5 mm ZPU-2 (Twin) Soviet state factories Anti-aircraft gun (towed) 1940s
14.5 mm ZPU-4 (Quad) Soviet state factories Anti-aircraft gun (towed) 1940s
20 mm Hispano-Suiza Anti-aircraft gun (towed) 1970s
20 mm (Twin) Hispano-Suiza Anti-aircraft gun (towed) 1970s
23 mm ZU-23-2 (Twin) Soviet state factories Anti-aircraft gun (towed) 1950s
30 mm HS-661 Hispano-Suiza Anti-aircraft gun (towed) n/a
37 mm M1939 Soviet state factories Anti-aircraft gun (towed) 1930s
57 mm S-60 Aleksinskiy Khimicheskiy Kombinat Anti-aircraft gun (towed) 1950s
85 mm KS-12 Soviet state factories Anti-aircraft gun (towed) 1930s
100 mm KS-19 Soviet state factories Anti-aircraft gun (towed) 1940sSource: IHS Jane’s © 2013 IHS
Equipment Name Pantsir-S1 (SA-22 ‘Greyhound’)
Role Self-propelled gun/surface-to-air missile system
Effective against: Fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft, air-launched missiles
Simultaneous target engagement capability: 3
Weaponry:12 x 9M335 missiles 2 x 30 mm 2A38 guns
Missile Warhead Weight: 16 kg
Missile Effective Range (general): 12 km
Missile Effective Altitude (maximum): 5 km
Gun Effective Range (general) 4 km
Gun Effective Altitude (maximum): 3 km
First Developed: Early 1990s
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Additional Syrian land-based air defence assets
Contributors: Alexander von Rosenbach, IHS Jane’s Armed Forces EditorSebastian Boe, IHS Jane’s AnalystNeil Gibson, IHS Jane’s Defence Researcher
This Capability Briefing draws on analysis and data from:• IHS Jane’s Military & Security Assessments (JMSA) Intelligence Centre. To learn more visit www.ihs.com/jmsa• IHS Jane’s Defence, Equipment & Technology (JDET) Intelligence Centre. To learn more, visit www.ihs.com/jdet
Source: IHS © 2013 IHS