Post on 03-Jan-2017
BOOK OF ABSTRACT
BOOK OF ABSTRACT
Compiled by: Nik Nor Suhaida Ali Siti Zubaidah Ismail
Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi
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Parallel Sessions Schedule
Parallel Session 1
Panel 1: International Economic Collaboration/ Public Administration
Room: AV 9
Time & Date: 9.00 - 10.15 a.m. (August 20, 2016)
Chairperson: Dr. Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 1 Malaysia and Its Free Trade Agreements Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi, Nurhaizal Azam Ariff and Mohd Dino Khairri Shariffuddin,Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 2 Attitude Toward Foreign Investment in ASEAN Economic Community/ ASEAN Investment Area: Comparative Study in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam Guido Benny, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
PAPER 3 Articulating the Motions of Reciprocity in China’s Trade Relations with United States and European Union Sivasegaran Nadarajan, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 4 Integrity among Royal Malaysia Police Ahmad Shamil Abu Bakar and Mashitah Mohd Udin, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 5 Administrative Reforms – A Malaysian Perspective Mashitah Mohd Udin, Rusdi Omar, Abd. Rahim Romle and Kamarul Zaman Yusoff, Universiti Utara Malaysia
Compiled by:
Nik Nor Suhaida Ali Siti Zubaidah Ismail
Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi
2
Panel 2: Cross Culture Studies
Room: AV 10
Time & Date: 9.00 - 10.15 a.m. (August 20, 2016)
Chairperson: Dr. Mohd Azwardi Md. Isa, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 1 Masculinity versus Femininity: Its Relationship Towards Conspicious Consumption Behaviour Wan Nurisma Ayu Wan Ismail, Norhayati Zakaria and Asmat Nizam Abdul Talib, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 2 Conceptualization of Influence of Ethnicity in Destination Image Formation and the Choice of Destination Shankar Chelliah, Mohammad Jamal Khan, Mahmood Sabri Haron and Sahrish Ahmed, Universiti Sains Malaysia
PAPER 3 The Influence Factors of Consumer Ethnocentrism on Brand Consideration among Government Servant Mohd Azwardi Md. Isa, Fawad Hussain, Fitratul Huda Abdul Rashid and Mohammad Basir Saud, Universiti Utara Malaysia
3
Panel 3: Logistics and Supply Chain
Room: AV 11
Time & Date: 9.00 - 10.15 a.m. (August 20, 2016)
Chairperson: Dr. Sabariah Yaakub, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 1
Employee’s and Manager’s Capabilities: The Application of Resource-Based View in Evaluating Malaysian Port Competitiveness Salwani Arbak and Aminurraasyid Yatiban, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 2 Classification and Functions of Third Party Logistics Service Providers: A Literature Review Sabariah Yaakub, Universiti Utara Malaysia
4
Parallel Session 2
Panel 1: International Business Strategy
Room: AV 9
Time & Date: 2.00 - 3.15 p.m. (August 20, 2016)
Chairperson: Dr. Mohd Haniff Jedin, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 1 Effect of IFRS Adoption and Corporate Governance Practices on Performance: A Study on Listed Companies in Dubai Abbas Alkhuzaie and Noraza Mat Udin, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 2 Assessing the Impact of Product Factors on the Satisfaction of Smartphone Consumers: Evidence from North Malaysia Norsafinas Saad and Faiz Masnan, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 3 The Influence of Service Marketing Mix (7 P) on Customer Service Satisfaction in Malaysia Edutainment Services Mohd Haniff Jedin and Indra Balachandran, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 4 Pengaruh Kemanjuran Diri (Self-Efficacy) Terhadap Tingkah Laku Innovatif di kalangan Pekerja-Pekerja Eksekutif di Syarikat Multinasional Asing Yang Beroperasi Di Malaysia Hartini Husin, Fakhrorazi Ahmad and Nik Ab Halim Nik Abdullah, Universiti Utara Malaysia
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Panel 2: Peace and Conflict Resolution
Room: AV 10
Time & Date: 2.00 - 3.15 p.m. (August 20, 2016)
Chairperson: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Fuad Othman, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 1 Anti Terrorism Education: An Effort to Enhance Nationalism and Preserving the Unity of Indonesia Aditya Cleverina and Salieg Munestri, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia
PAPER 2 2011 Libyan Uprising and NATO Intervention: A Critical Analysis Basiru Musa, Bayero University Nigeria, Che Mohd Aziz Yaacob and Rusdi Omar, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 3 Ethnicity, Culture and Political Instability in Guinea Conakry Toure Cheick Ahmed Median, Russli Kamaruddin, Sity Daud, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
PAPER 4 Pengurusan Konflik Palestin-Israel: Analisis Perjanjian Damai Rusnawati Ismail, Universiti Utara Malaysia
Paper 5 Model Pengurusan Konflik Parti Politik Ke Arah 1Malaysia Muhammad Fuad Othman, Zaheruddin Othman and Mohd Foad Sakdan, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 6 Kepimpinan Politik Pemangkin Kepada Perkongsian Komprehensif Antara Malaysia-Amerika Syarikat Pasca 9/11 Mas Juliana Mukhtaruddin, Universiti Utara Malaysia
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Panel 3: International Entrepreneurship
Room: AV 11
Time & Date: 2.00 - 3.15 p.m. (August 20, 2016)
Chairperson: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Asmat Abdul Talib, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 1 A One-To-One Ratio between Family Directors and Independent Directors: A View From Malaysia Public-Listed Family Firms and Its Policy Implication Lynn Yew Hua Ling, Curtin University, Malaysia, John Evans, Curtin University, Australia, and Shibley Sadique, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh
PAPER 2 Preferences of Students in Their Buying Decisions of Foreign Products Mohammad Basir Saud, Fawad Hussain, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Khairul Hisham Zainuddin, Kolej Professional MARA Seri Iskandar, Malaysia, and Mohd Azwardi Md Isa, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 3 Entrepreneurial Behavior and Performance: A Study on Students’ Intention at the School of International Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia Mohd Najib Mansor, Abdul Rahim Jaguli and Muhammad Fuad Othman, Universiti Utara Malaysia
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Institutional Panel Session: Selected Issues in International Politics
Room: AV 15
Time & Date: 2.00 - 3.15 p.m. (August 20, 2016)
Chairperson: Dr. Knocks Tapiwa Zengeni, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 1 Accounting Ethics and Its Impact on Corporate Governance in A Globalizing World Denson Muvandi, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
PAPER 2 The Ethical Dilemma on the Imposition of Sanctions as a Deterrent Tool Against a Sovereign State: The Case of Zimbabwe Peter Muchakazi, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, and Michael Tedzani Moyo, National Defence College, Zimbabwe
PAPER 3 The United Nations Force Intervention Brigade: Any Need for Synchronized Peace Support Efforts in the Eastern Congo Recurring Conflict? Engelbert Rugeje, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, and Sadiki Maeresera, Zimbabwe National Defence College’s Institute of Strategic Research and Analysis/ University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
PAPER 4 The SADC Intervention in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo Recurring Conflict: Constraints and Prospect Sadiki Maeresera, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, and Knocks Tapiwa Zengeni, Universiti Utara Malaysia
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Parallel Session 3
Panel 1: Global Business Management
Room: AV 9
Time & Date: 9.00 - 10.30 a.m. (August 21, 2016)
Chairperson: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nik Ab Halim Nik Abdullah, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 1 Knowledge Acquisition through Inter-Firm Collaboration and Firm’s Innovation Performance Tamma Elhachemi, Abdul Rahim Jaguli and Fakhrorazi Ahmad, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 2 Globalization of Trade Firms: Lessons from ASEAN Firms Mohamad Hanapi Mohamad, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 3 The Impact of Workplace Environment and Workplace Diversity on Employee’s Motivation and Firm’s Performance: A Study of a MNC Subsidiary in Malaysia Nik Ab Halim Nik Abdullah, Mazatul Nadiah Sahiri and Fakhrorazi Ahmad, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 4 Factors Influencing the Relationship between Malaysia Exporting SMEs and Export Intermediaries Norliza Hamir Basah and Asmat Nizam Abdul Talib, Universiti Utara Malaysia
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Panel 2: Kelantan Flood Disaster
Room: AV 10
Time & Date: 9.00 - 10.30 a.m. (August 21, 2016)
Chairperson: Dr. Nazariah Osman, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 1 The Roles and Contributions of the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the Post-2014 Kelantan Flood Disaster Nazariah Osman, Norafidah Ismail, Mohamad Zaki Ahmad, Mohamad Hanapi Mohamad and Muhammad Fuad Othman, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 2 Kelantan Flood vs. Hurricane Katrina: Home Building for Disaster Victims During Post-Flood Reconstruction Norafidah Ismail and Nazariah Osman, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 3 Post-Hurricane Katrina Disaster Management Regime: Lesson Learned for Malaysia’s Post-Flood Reconstruction Initiatives Mohamad Zaki Ahmad and Muhammad Fuad Othman, Universiti Utara Malaysia
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Panel 3: Security
Room: AV 11
Time & Date: 9.00 - 10.30 a.m. (August 21, 2016)
Chairperson: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 1 International Organization Against the Islamic State in Iraq: An Neoliberal Institutionalist Analysis Suror Shaba Polus and Guido Benny, National University of Malaysia
PAPER 2 Women as Irregular Migrants: Indonesia’s Challenges for Human Security Karina Utami, Universitas Islam Indonesia
PAPER 3 ISIL Threat and Deradicalisation in Malaysia Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani and Muhammad Saleh Tajuddin, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 4 Perubahan Dasar Pertahanan Malaysia: Era Mahathir Mohamad 1981-2003 Rodziah Md Zin and Mohd Kamarulnizam Abdullah, Universiti Utara Malaysia
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Panel 4: Global Politics
Room: AV 15
Time & Date: 9.00 - 10.30 a.m. (August 21, 2016)
Chairperson: Dr. Rie Nakamura, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 1 Iran’s Strategy in Iraq and Syria Sherko Kimanj, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 2 Why Does Thai Military Intervene into Politics? Sathid Boonmuang, Ahmad Bashawir Abdul Ghani, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Chumphon Kaewsom, Maejo University and Emil Mahyudin, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 3 Understanding Hiep Hoi Giao Vietnam (The Association of Muslim Cham in Vietnam) Rie Nakamura, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 4 Cohabitation in the Occupied Palestine’s Political System Aminurraasyid Yatiban, Ramzi Odah, Sivaperegasam P. Rajenthiran, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 5 The Importance of Building Strategic Alliance Between Indonesia and Malaysia for Countering ISIS Ideology and Movement M. Syafi’i Anwar, Universiti Utara Malaysia
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Parallel Session 4
Panel 1: Maritime and Southeast Asia
Room: AV 9
Time & Date: 2.00 - 3.30 p.m. (August 21, 2016)
Chairperson: Dr. Mohamad Zaki Ahmad, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 1 Securing the Maritime Supply Chains: The Challenge of Piracy and Armed Robbery in Southeast Asian Waters Nik Nor Suhaida Ali and Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 2 Maritime Silk Road: Past Picture and Future Challenges Wahyu Wardhana, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
PAPER 3 The Maritime Security Architecture in Southeast Asia Irawan Jati, Universitas Islam Indonesia
PAPER 4 The Contribution of Track Two to Track One Diplomacy: An Analyzes of Indonesian Efforts in Managing the South China Sea Ignatius Satyawan, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia
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Panel 2: Foreign Policy
Room: AV 10
Time & Date: 2.00 - 3.30 p.m. (August 21, 2016)
Chairperson: Dr. Bakri Mat, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 1 Malaysia-Singapore Relations Under Najib Razak: Malaysian Perspectives Rusdi Omar, Muhammad Muda and Che Mohd Aziz Yaacob, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 2 Yemen-China Relations: History and Development in Bilateral Relations Yahya Yahya Yahya Al-Awd, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 3 Malaysian Peacekeeping Contribution in the Post-Mahathir Era and the Middle Power Motivation Muhammad Afifi Abdul Razak, Kamarul Azman Khamis and Rusdi Omar, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 4 Shiite Ideology and Its Implication for Malaysia’s Domestic and Foreign Policy Nor Azizan Idris, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bakri Mat, Universiti Utara Malaysia, and Zarina Othman, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
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Panel 3: Politics of Malaysia
Room: AV 11
Time & Date: 2.00 - 3.30 p.m. (August 21, 2016)
Chairperson: Dr. Ummu Atiyah Ahmad Zakuan, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 1 Landskap Politik Kampus: Satu Tinjauan di Universiti Utara Malaysia Mohd Dino Khairri Shariffuddin and Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 2 Mahathiriskonomism: Peranan Tun Dr Mahathir Dalam Pengurusan Krisis Ekonomi 1997/98 Md Shukri Shuib, Mohamad Hanapi Mohamad, Nazariah Osman, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 3 Discourse Analysis on the Budgetary Debates among the Female MPs in the 13th Dewan Rakyat: Issues, Motivation and Style of Debating Ummu Atiyah Ahmad Zakuan and Nor Azura A Rahman, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 4 The Process of National Building among the Youth in Malaysia: A Case Study of the National Service Programme (NSP) in Northern Region of Peninsular Malaysia Mohamad Ainuddin Iskandar Lee Abdullah, Yahya Don, Fairol Halim and Sivaperegasam P. Rajanthiran, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 5 Party-Political (In)Congruence and Federal-State Fiscal Relations: The Case of Kelantan and Trengganu (2004-2012) Siti Zubaidah Ismail and Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi, Universiti Utara Malaysia
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Panel 4: The ASEAN Community
Room: AV 15
Time & Date: 2.00 - 3.30 p.m. (August 21, 2016)
Chairperson: Dr. Muhammad Subhan, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 1 ASEAN Community: An Integration Favourable for American’s Pacific Century Salieg Munestri, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia
PAPER 2 ASEAN Summit: A Driver of ASEAN Community-Building? Siti Darwinda Mohamed Pero and Rusdi Omar, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 3 Re-Thinking of ASEAN Regional Integration: People-Oriented Towards Communitarianism Approaches Ahmad Bashawir Abdul Ghani, Mohammad Fajar Ikhsan and Muhammad Subhan Ishak, Universiti Utara Malaysia
PAPER 4 The ASEAN Community: Are the Malaysian Youths Aware and Prepared? Kamarulnizam Abdullah, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Guido Benny, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Yahya Don, Mohd Sofian Omar Fauzee, Universiti Utara Malaysia, and Zahrul Akmal Damin, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
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ABSTRACTS
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PARALLEL SESSION 1
PANEL 1: INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC COLLABORATION/
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
MALAYSIA AND ITS FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS
Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi
Universiti Utara Malaysia (laila@uum.edu.my)
Nurhaizal Azam Ariff
Universiti Utara Malaysia (azam_arif@uum.edu.my)
Mohd Dino Khairri Shariffuddin
Universiti Utara Malaysia (dino@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
Malaysia has signed several free trade agreements with the aim to achieve deeper
liberalization and to gain better access into the global economy. At bilateral level,
Malaysia so far has concluded agreements with Australia, Chile, India, New Zealand,
Pakistan and Turkey. Besides, Malaysia also concluded several free trade agreements
at regional level within the framework of ASEAN such as the ASEAN-China and
ASEAN-Australia/New Zealand. Similarly, Malaysia also participates in several
negotiations as a member state of ASEAN such as the ASEAN-EU free trade
agreement and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. It is suggested that the
concluded free trade agreements also cater the needs of Malaysia in terms of facilitating
strategic economic development and dispersing political values.
Keywords: Free Trade Agreements, Malaysia, Strategic Economic Development
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ATTITUDE TOWARD FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN ASEAN ECONOMIC
COMMUNITY/ ASEAN INVESTMENT AREA: COMPARATIVE STUDY IN
INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, THAILAND AND VIETNAM
Guido Benny
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (guidobenny@ukm.edu.my)
Abstract
ASEAN has set its objective to forge further regional economic integration among
member countries under the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) and ASEAN
Investment Area (AIA) to be established effectively at the end of 2015. Nation and
business leaders have voiced its optimism on this initiative; however, support and
acceptance of the public for this integration or to FDIs has never been revealed. The
main objective of this study was to investigate the opinion of young citizens in Malaysia,
Indonesia, and Vietnam on the AEC and AIA. Data from questionnaires of 1,471 young
professionals, with approximately equal distribution from each country were collected
between June and November 2015. Quantitative methods and statistical tests were
employed to achieve three research objectives. The finding suggests that, firstly, the
respondents had moderate level of awareness on AEC and AIA, perceived that it will be
beneficial to the region and countries, and showed strong support for it. In addition, they
also showed negative sentiment toward foreign investments, but had positive
sentiments towards FDIs from ASEAN countries. Secondly, the study made it evident
the relationship between awareness and perceived benefits; awareness, perceived
benefits and supports; and perceived benefits and sentiments toward FDIs. Finally, the
study found that positive sentiment toward intra-ASEAN investment was positively
influenced by the perception of benefits from AEC/AIA.
Keywords: ASEAN, Foreign Investment, Opinion, Free Trade, ASEAN Investment Area
19
ARTICULATING THE MOTIONS OF RECIPROCITY IN CHINA’S TRADE
RELATIONS WITH UNITED STATES AND EUROPEAN UNION
Sivasegaran Nadarajan Universiti Utara Malaysia
(sivasegaran@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
In general, reciprocity emphasised on the norm of mutual exchange between countries
that will enable common understanding and benefits for each sides. Specific to trade
relations, reciprocity provides the fundamental background for the negotiation of trade
concessions especially in regard to the reduction of protectionism as to promote fair
trade between nations. Stimultaneously, in spite of its core assumption of mutually
beneficial trade relation, reciprocity only serves as a guiding principle rather than a
binding enforcement, it depends on a country’s intention whether to adhere reciprocity
in a good manner or to use it only as a mean of exploiting others for its own benefits.
Augmenting from this, China engagement in global trade has beem categorised as
exploitative, aimed in gaining upper-hand over other nations. Since joining the World
Trade Organization (WTO), China, while in principle agrees to open up its market to
promote fair trade, in practice, its commitmenrt remained questionable. In regard to this,
concerns have been raised by China’s trading partners particularly the United States
(US) and European Union (EU); inquiring its reciprocal commitment in upholding the
WTO’s principle of trade liberalisation. This is because, by being a member of WTO,
China has gained freer access in penetrating the market of these countries while at the
same time limiting the opportunities in its domestic markets through the practice of
currency manipulation, non-tariff barriers applications, and infringement of intellectual
property rights that further resulted in trade deficits and job losses in these countries.
This further provides doubt in the sustainability of reciprocal trade relations involving
China with US and also China with EU. However, deliberating the notion above as the
conventional understanding of reciprocity, this paper intends to demarcate the
comprehension of reciprocity from a broader set of thinking; forwarding that despite
being exploitative, nations will continuously engage in reciprocal commercial activities
regardless of the trade related issues that occur among them. This is because trade
relations by nature are mutually dependenct relationships that coexist between
countries in which one could not successfully participate in global trade without other.
Nevertheless, at the same time, the coexistence of trade relations between countries
are also relied on what each other can offer in order to maintain the longevity of such
relationships in which commercial engagement will continue to reciprocally progress as
long it is beneficial for both sides. Deriving from this, despite the lingering issues in
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trade, the United States and European Union continuously engage in commercial
activities with China due to the abundant supply of resources, and also huge
populations with growing ‘middle-class’ spending power that China could offer. On the
other hand, with a combination of population around 820 million people between the US
and EU, this has provided China the marketplace in meeting their huge supply of
manufactured goods. Furthermore, through the commercial interaction with these
countrues, it also offers China the access toward advanced technology
Keywords: Reciprocity, China-US and China-EU trade relations
21
INTEGRITY AMONG ROYAL MALAYSIA POLICE
Ahmad Shamil Abu Bakar
Universiti Utara Malaysia
Mashitah Mohd Udin Universiti Utara Malaysia (mashitah@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
The Royal Malaysian Police is a centralized police agency within the Government of
Malaysia. This paper explores the contours of police integrity among the Malaysian
serving police officers. It relies on the integrity survey recently conducted. A total of
210 self-administered questionnaires were distributed and the quantitative cross-
section has been used. The final response rate was 93.4% and the data obtained
was being analysed using the Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). We
analyse the results across several measures of police integrity, such as the
respondents’ knowledge of official rules, evaluations of the seriousness of police
misconduct, views about appropriate, expected disciplinary actions and the code of
silence. The results show that most of our respondents recognized behaviours
described in the hypothetical scenarios as rule violating and evaluated them to be
serious. On the other hand, findings also show that only lenient discipline is
appropriate for such forms of misconduct. They mostly expected their police
agencies to mete out lenient disciplinary corrective actions, indicating a relaxed
disciplinary environment within the force. The paper ends with a discussion on the
possible implications and suggestions for future research.
Keywords: Royal Malaysian police, police integrity, survey, misconduct.
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ADMINSTRATIVE REFORMS – A MALAYSIAN PERSPECTIVE
Mashitah Mohd Udin Universiti Utara Malaysia (mashitah@uum.edu.my)
Rusdi Omar
Universiti Utara Malaysia (rusdiomar@uum.edu.my)
Abd. Rahim Romle
Universiti Utara Malaysia
Kamarul Zaman Yusoff Universiti Utara Malaysia (kzaman@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
This paper focuses on Malaysian bureaucracy and the administrative reforms
undertaken by the government in the context of promoting development activities to
achieve Vision 2020, which aims at making Malaysia a developed nation by the year
2020. Malaysian public service is a huge organisation with over 1.4 million
government servants, spreading over a number of Ministries, Departments and
Statutory Bodies with many smaller organisations under them. To understand the
complex relationships between the various elements in development process in
Malaysia, a system approach is adopted in this study. Administrative reforms are
generally grouped into structural, process and behavioural reforms, with a common
objective of improving the efficiency and productivity of the government delivery
system. The paper traces the historical development of administrative reforms vis-a-
vis the development process in Malaysia with a strong emphasis on Abdullah Ahmad
Badawi’s era, a period of strong behavioural administrative reforms and human
capital development. A total of 100 questionnaires were distributed among Malaysian
Civil Service officers working in Putrajaya in 2010. Using the structural equation
modelling approach to process data, our findings show there exists a close
relationship between administrative reforms and government delivery system in
terms of productivity and efficiency with integrity acting as a mediating variable in the
research framework.
Keywords: Administrative Reforms, Bureaucracy, Government Delivery System,
Productivity, Efficiency, Malaysian Civil Service Officers, Integrity.
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PANEL 2 : CROSS CULTURE STUDIES
MASCULINITY VS. FEMININITY:
ITS RELATIONSHIP TOWARDS CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION
BEHAVIOR
Wan Nurisma Ayu Wan Ismail Universiti Utara Malaysia (nurisma@uum.edu.my)
Norhayati Zakaria
Universiti Utara Malaysia (yati@uum.edu.my)
Asmat Nizam Abdul Talib Universiti Utara Malaysia
(asmat@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
This research deals with the influence cultural value of Gen Y consumers toward
consumption behaviour in Malaysia. Gen Y consumers can be classified as a people
with age range between 14-31 years old. Gen Y consumers are become an interest
of researchers. However, not much information are reflect with this generation
cohort especially in the segment of college student Gen Y. Gen Y consumers have
different consumption behaviour compared to the previous generation. This study
attempts to understand the role of masculinity vs. femininity of Gen Y consumers’
toward luxury products. A convenience sample of 275 university students was used
to assess the impact of these values toward conspicuous consumption behaviour.
Based on the findings, it shows that femininity vs. masculinity play a significant role
towards conspicuous consumption behaviour. This paper helps to generate some
important directions for future research in Gen Y context.
Keywords: Generation Y, Conspicuous Consumption, Attitude toward Luxury Brand,
Values, Culture
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CONCEPTUALIZATION OF INFLUENCE OF ETHNICITY IN
DESTINATION IMAGE FORMATION AND THE CHOICE OF
DESTINATION
Shankar Chelliah
Universiti Sains Malaysia (shankar@usm.my)
Mohammad Jamal Khan Universiti Sains Malaysia
(jamal.phd.usm@gmail.com)
Mahmood Sabri Haron Universiti Sains Malaysia
(msabri@usm.my)
Sahrish Ahmed Universiti Sains Malaysia
(sahrishjamal24@gmail.com)
Abstract
Fast economic growth of South-East Asian countries leads citizens of this region to
take leisure travel more frequently to outside their countries. However, India in-spite
of geographically and culturally diverse and offer many travel activities to perform,
failed to attract significant number of travelers from south-east Asian regions. This
situation clearly indicates, India is not in their choice set of destinations. Literature
argues that destination image is the most important factor in destination choice
followed by travel motivations. Early literature reveals that motivations and socio-
economic factors have significant role in destination image formation and recently
perceived risk is also considered as another factor. However, authors argue that due
to large social diversity in South-East Asian region ethnicity of population should also
be considered as important factor influence destination image. Population from a
particular ethnic group had close ties with India earlier may hold different image than
other ethnic group and may keep India in different set of choice destination than the
others. After thorough literature review authors argued that apart from travel
motivation and perceived risks, ethnicity of population will also influence destination
image. And later, based on image potential travelers will keep a particular destination
in early choice set and late choice set of destinations.
Keywords: Travel Motivations and Risks, Ethnicity, Destination Image, Early Choice
Set, Late Choice Set
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THE INFLUENCE FACTORS OF CONSUMER ETHNOCENTRISM ON
BRAND CONSIDERATION AMONG GOVERNMENT SERVANT
Mohd Azwardi Md. Isa
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(azwardi@uum.edu.my)
Fawad Husain
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(fawadhussain.fawad@gmail.com)
Fitratul Huda bt Abdul Rashid
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(fitratul@mara.gov.my)
Mohammad Basir Saud
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(basir372@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
The Malaysian automobile consumers are quite versatile in taking their purchasing
decisions. The establishment of choice set from which consumers identify their brand
choices provokes some attention among researchers and practitioners, particularly
within the context of international marketing and domestic Malaysian automobile
market. This paper looks into the construct of consumer ethnocentrism (CE) and its
influence on brand consideration. The objective of this research is to study the brand
preference of Majlis Amanah Rakyat(MARA) staff in Perak Tengah District, two from
Mara Junior Science Colleges (MRSM) Staff in Parit and Kg Gajah and one MARA
Professional College (KPM) Staff and lastly in Mara District Office Staff. A total of 106
questionnaires were distributed among the college staff in order to obtain primary data
for the purpose of the study. A total of 104 questionnaires was used for analysis. Smart
PLS 2 statistical software was used for analysis. A relationship between consumer
ethnocentrism and brand consideration was tested. It was found that there is a
significant relationship with consumer ethnocentrism and brand consideration for
Malaysian made automobiles. The study, therefore, provides a better understanding into
Malaysian consumers’ selection of automobiles as influenced by consumer
ethnocentrism.
Keywords: Consumer Ethnocentrism, Brand Consideration, Malaysian Automobile
Market .
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PANEL 3: LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN
EMPLOYEE’S AND MANAGER’S CAPABILITIES: THE APPLICATION
OF RESOURCE-BASED VIEW IN EVALUATING MALAYSIAN PORT
COMPETITIVENESS
Salwani Arbak Universiti Utara Malaysia
(eswani@gmail.com)
Aminurraasyid Yatiban Universiti Utara Malaysia
(aminurraasyid@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
A great deal of literature applies efficiency measurement methods to investigate port’s competitive advantages. Nevertheless, the competitive characteristics of a port are deeply influenced by port policies of government, the operating strategies of the port, operating facilities, and the loading and unloading efficiencies, etc. Therefore, the measurement of a port’s overall competitiveness requires considering all internal and external factors. This paper is to identify the relationship among those determinants and port performance with special emphasis on employee’s and manager’s capabilities from eight Malaysian ports.
27
CLASSIFICATION AND FUNCTIONS OF THIRD PARTY LOGISTICS
SERVICE PROVIDERS: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Sabariah Yaakub Universiti Utara Malaysia
(y.sabariah@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
On the basis of content analysis, this paper provided a definition of third party logistics
service providers (LSPs) before performing a classification and functions of third party
logistics service providers and the importance that these LSPs play. Although the
common consensus across literature with regards to the function of LSP is that it should
be grounded in the definition of the underlying domain of logistics and its management,
there has been several differing arguments on how to classify these LSPs concerning
their roles or what they do. Drawing on the extant literature in supply chain management
and logistics, this paper strives to demarcate the classifications and functions of these
LSPs to provide a better understanding of third party logistics service providers.
Keywords: Third Party Logistics, Classification and Functions of LSP, Logistics Service
Providers, Supply Chain Management, Logistics, Literature Review
28
PARALLEL SESSION 2
PANEL 1: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY
EFFECT OF IFRS ADOPTION AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
PRACTICES ON PERFORMANCE: A STUDY ON LISTED COMPANIES
IN DUBAI
Abbas Alkhuzaie
Universiti Utara Malaysia (abbasrse@yahoo.com)
Noraza Mat Udin
Universiti Utara Malaysia (nora896@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
This study has been conducted on the financial market of Dubai. The purpose of the
study is to understand the effect of IFRS adoption along with corporate governance
characteristics over the financial performance of listed companies in Dubai. The study
has taken return on assets as the measurement of performance, while IFRS adoption,
board independence, board size, and audit quality as the measurement of CG. Firm
size and leverage have been taken as control variables. The data has been collected
from the annual reports and websites of the companies. Regression analysis is
employed to understand the effect of each independent variable on performance. The
study has identified that IFRS adoption; board independence, board size, and audit
quality have a significant effect over financial performance of companies listed in Dubai
stock market. The major contribution of the study is the combined effect of variables, as
in the available literature all these variables have not yet been studied collectively.
Keywords: IFRS, Corporate Governance, Board of Director Committees, Firm Size,
ROA
29
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF PRODUCT FACTORS ON THE
SATISFACTION OF SMARTPHONE CONSUMERS: EVIDENCE FROM
NORTH MALAYSIA
Norsafinas Md. Saad
Universiti Utara Malaysia (safinas@uum.edu.my)
Faiz Masnan
Universiti Utara Malaysia (faiz_masnan@yahoo.com)
Abstract
For many years, smartphone adoption and usage has been an area of interest in
consumer and marketing research. Taking the notion of how consumers attach
importance to smartphones, this study sets out to investigate the product factors
affecting the satisfaction of smartphone consumers and to understand better the current
dynamics of smartphone market from the perspective of end consumers in North
Malaysia. Data were gathered via survey, resulting in 382 completed questionnaires
being returned. The results indicate that product judgment, product feature and brand
image have a significant positive impact on the satisfaction on smartphone consumers.
Keywords: Smartphone, Product Judgment, Product Feature, Brand Image, Consumer
Satisfaction
30
THE INFLUENCE OF SERVICE MARKETING MIX (7 P) ON CUSTOMER
SERVICE SATISFACTION IN MALAYSIAN EDUTAINMENT SERVICES
Mohd Haniff Jedin Universiti Utara Malaysia (mdhaniff@uum.edu.my)
Indra Balachandran
Universiti Utara Malaysia (indira_balachandran@yahoo.com)
Abstract
Marketing mix is a foundation to marketing managers to make decision particularly to
meet the expectations and needs of customers. Addtionally, it is also a means to
acquire customer’s satisfaction through high reputation products or services. In this
respect, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of the service marketing
mix elements with customer service satisfaction in Malaysian edutainment industry. A
survey methodology was used by applying mall intercept methods. 123 useable
responses were received from customers especially parents and their children who
have used the edutainment services in three selected malls in the Klang Valley that
near to the edutainment service providers. The study reveal that price, physical and
product/service quality have significant relationship on customer service satisfaction.
Keywords: Marketing Mix, Customer Service Satisfaction, Edutainment Services
31
PENGARUH KEMANJURAN DIRI (SELF-EFFICACY) TERHADAP
TINGKAH LAKU INNOVATIF DI KALANGAN PEKERJA-PEKERJA
EKSEKUTIF DI SYARIKAT MULTINASIONAL ASING YANG BEROPERASI
DI MALAYSIA
Hartini Husin
Universiti Utara Malaysia (h.hartini@uum.edu.my)
Fakhrorazi Ahmad
Universiti Utara Malaysia (fakhrorazi@uum.edu.my)
Nik Ab Halim Nik Abdullah
Universiti Utara Malaysia (abdhalim@uum.edu.my)
Abstrak
Elemen kemanjuran-diri atau lebih dikenali sebagai self-efficacy di dalam bahasa Inggeris
merupakan satu elemen motivasi yang sangat penting di dalam mempengaruhi tingkah
laku seseorang, seperti apa yang telah dinyatakan di dalam teori kognitif sosial. Bagi
menilai pengaruh kemanjuran-diri terhadap tingkah laku inovatif, satu kajian terperinci
telah dijalankan di beberapa syarikat terpilih di negara ini. Syarikat-syarikat terbabit adalah
syarikat-syarikat MNC asing yang beroperasi di Malaysia di dalam sektor elektrik dan
elektronik. Sebanyak 304 responden dari pelbagai syarikat dan latar belakang dari seluruh
Malaysia telah memberi maklum balas ke atas soalan soalan soal selidik yang telah
diedarkan. Data yang diperolehi kemudiannya dianalisa secara langsung dengan
menggunakan varian-based SEM dengan program Smart-PLS v2. Kajian mendapati
bahawa kemanjuran-diri memberi kesan yang sangat besar terhadap tingkahlaku inovatif
pekerja. Dapatan kajian ini juga selari dengan kenyataan di dalam teori kognitif sosial.
Secara kesimpulan, bagi memacu tingkah laku inovatif di kalangan pekerja ke tahap yang
lebih tinggi di dalam sesuatu organisasi, tahap kemanjuran-diri bagi setiap pekerja perlu
dipertingkatkan. Jika perlu, latihan yang khusus berkaitan kemanjuran-diri perlu diberikan
kepada setiap pekerja di dalam sesebuah organisasi.
Katakunci: Inovasi, Kemanjuran-diri, Tingkah Laku Innovatif, Motivasi, Teori Kognitif Sosial
32
PANEL 2: PEACE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION
ANTI TERRORISM EDUCATION: AN EFFORT TO ENHANCE
NATIONALISM AND PRESERVING THE UNITY OF INDONESIA
Aditya Cleverina Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia
(adityacleverina@gmail.com)
Salieg Munestri Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia
(salieglukim@gmail.com)
Abstract
This paper identifies lack of an urgency of the government to tackle the terrorism threat from the early detection. That is why terrorism attacks mostly done by the youth. The idea of giving an interactive course for university student would be much beneficial explained by three reasons. First, the formal education would give a standard perspective on how student of university would sense, understand, and define about anti terrorism action. Second, the youth is the right target merely because in age between 16 - 25 is the most critical, curious, and labile stage which need more attention and control. Third, through formal education, but would give easier detection and evaluation if it finds indications about terrorism or misinterpretation. This paper uses qualitative method with collecting data as the primary source. This paper offers a reference that can be used as a solution called Anti Terrorism Education; an interactive formal education which contains a proper material about anti terrorism integrated with material of nationalism, inter faith dialog among religions, and moral for student of university. This scheme consist of two main ways to deliver the material, first is a proper explanation and material about anti terrorism. Second, an interactive discussion which will be the media provided in class to have check and balance and raising the awareness of preventing the terrorism itself. Keywords: Terrorism, Anti Terrorism, Education, Nationalism, Indonesia
33
2011 LIBYAN UPRISING AND NATO INTERVENTION: A CRITICAL
ANALYSIS
Basiru Musa Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
(basirumusa01@gmail.com)
Che Mohd Aziz Yaacob Universiti Utara Malaysia (cmaziz@uum.edu.my)
Rusdi Omar
Universiti Utara Malaysia (rusdiomar@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
The paper critically evaluated the impact of NATO’s military intervention in the 2011 Libyan
uprising. Specifically, it was intended to protect innocent civilians by imposing a no-fly
zone over Libya ordered by a United Nations Security Council Resolution: 1973 or it was
carried out to further the global hegemonic interests of the United States of America
through the employment of NATO’s military might. The work utilised a theoretical
framework of Collective Security, developed by A.F.K. Organski in 1958, and relied on
documentary method of data collection and qualitative method as its tool or yardstick for
data analysis. It was found out that the imposition and enforcement of a no-fly zone over
the Libyan airspace did not protect innocent civilians, but resulted in toppling of Muammar
Gaddafi and his 42 year old regime (1st September, 1969-20th October, 2011), worsening
insecurity, fragile and unstable government, exacerbation of human rights abuses,
humanitarian crisis, resurgence of Islamic radicalism, weapons proliferation in Libya and
its neighbours, such as Mali and Egypt, Diplomatic failure, Loss of Libya’s internal and
external sovereignty, aiding the rebels to victory over Gaddafi, decimation of the hitherto
stable Libyan society and plunging it into utter anarchy, shattering of the Libyan economy
and its endowed oil wealth. Therefore, this brings to the fore, the apparent need for a truly
autonomous, robust and impartial Global Authority to check the excesses of the super-
ordinate states, such as the U.S., France, Britain and their allies in order to protect the
weaker states in the International System from the catastrophic drawbacks of an
unnecessary military intervention, which has an ulterior imperialist motive. Libya is today a
shadow of its former prosperous and stable self under Gaddafi and the hope of stability,
peace and sustainable human development continues to fade.
Keywords: Libya, Uprising, NATO, Intervention
34
PENGURUSAN KONFLIK PALESTIN-ISRAEL:
ANALISIS PERJANJIAN DAMAI
Rusnawati Ismail
Universiti Utara Malaysia (rusnawati@uum.edu.my)
Abstrak
Konflik boleh berlaku pada bila-bila masa dan yang pastinya ianya mempunyai
pemangkin, pendorong dan faktor yang boleh menggerakkan kepada tercetusnya konflik.
Antara faktor yang boleh membawa kepada konflik termasuklah faktor biologi, psikologi,
geografi, demografi, ideologi, budaya dan sosioekonomi. Kewujudan aspek propaganda
dan kemajuan hubungan komunikasi pada masa kini juga menjadi aspek utama kepada
pertambahan kewujudan konflik masa kini. Huntington melalui kritikannya mengatakan
bahawa konflik akan terus berlaku selagi semangat nasionalisme dan etnik menguasai
pemikiran manusia. Hal ini sejajar dengan situasi pada masa kini kerana setiap negara
lebih mementingkan kepentingan masing-masing berdasarkan faktor geografi seperti barat
dengan timur. Terdapat satu konsep untuk mengelakkan konflik daripada berlaku iaitu
konsep “incrementalisme” yang mana proses yang menjurus kepada pembaharuan serta
pembangunan dalam sesuatu hubungan yang dijalinkan secara berperingkat-peringkat
(fasa). Namun konflik tidak dapat dielakkan kerana kecenderungan manusia dalam
bermasyarakat dan adakalanya konflik wujud sejak berabad dulu seperti yang terjadi di
Asia Barat. Sehingga kini, kebanyakkan masalah yang timbul di Asia Barat telah
mencetuskan konflik yang seringkalinya berkisarkan kepada masalah Palestin. Konflik ini
dapat dibendung sekiranya mendapat komitmen daripada daripada masyarakat
antarabangsa. Dengan itu, perlu usaha untuk menilai sejauhmana konflik yang berlaku
dapat ditangani dan seterusnya menjalankan usaha untuk memastikan konflik dapat
diselesaikan sekaligus mewujudkan keadaan yang stabil di Timur Tengah yang dapat
menjamin kestabilan masyarakat dunia secara keseluruhannya.Konflik diantara Israel dan
Palestin memperlihatkan jalan penyelesaian dengan termeterinya perjanjian damai antara
Israel dan Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) pada 13 September 1993 di
Washington D.C. Dengan ini penyelidikan berterusan telah dijalankan dalam pelbagai
aspek untuk melihat dan mencari penyelesaian yang paling sesuai dalam memastikan
konflik ini reda demi kepentingan pihak bertelagah, perantara dan masyarakat dunia
amnya.
35
MODEL PENGURUSAN KONFLIK PARTI POLITIK KE ARAH 1 MALAYSIA
Muhammad Fuad Othman
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(mfuad@uum.edu.my)
Zaheruddin Othman
Universiti Utara Malaysia
Mohd Foad Sakdan
Universiti Utara Malaysia
Abstract
Malaysia dikenali sebagai sebuah negara yang berjaya menguruskan masyarakt berbilang
kaum sehingga mencapai kestabilan politik. Kekuatan Barisan Nasional, pakatan tiga
belas parti-parti politik perkauman and bukan perkauman, yang mengungguli
pemerintahan kerajaan Malaysia sejak lebih 50 tahun yang lampau menarik perhatian
ramai pengkaji. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam mengecap keamanan ini, amalan
permintaan dan proses tawar-menawar politik antara kaum di negara ini telah wujud dan
amalan ini cenderung mengakibatkan parti politik sentiasa dirundund keluh-kesah politik
dan konflik. Artikel ini adalah berdasarkan kepada satu kajian yang telah dilaksanakan di
bawah geran RAGS di bawah Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia. Objektif kajian ini
adalah untuk, menukur nilai kompetensi emosi terhadap barisan kepimpinan parti UMNO,
menilai gaya kepimpinan dan pengurusan barian kepimpinan UMNO dan mengenal pasti
kaedah pengurusan konflik di kalangan barisan kepimpinan UMNO. Kajian ini
menggunakan data primer yang telah diperolehi melalui temu bual secara bersemuka
dengan responden berdasarkan soal selidik yang telah disediakan. Responden untuk
kajian ini telah dipilih secara purposive dan maklumat mengenai responden in telah
diperolehi dari pejabat UMNO di setiap daerah, Seramai 132 orang digunakan dalam
membuat analisis data. Dapatan kajian mendapati bahawa kepimpinan UMNO telah
menggunakan pelbagai kaedah dalam mengurus konflik dalaman seperti pengelakan,
penundaan dan kerjasama.
36
KEPIMPINAN POLITIK PEMANGKIN KEPADA PERKONGSIAN
KOMPREHENSIF ANTARA MALAYSIA-AMERIKA SYARIKAT PASCA
9/11
Mas Juliana Mukhtaruddin
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(mas@uum.edu.my)
Abstrak
Cabaran dalam hubungan politik antara Amerika Syarikat dan negara barat terhadap
dunia Islam telah menjadi kritikal selepas berlakunya tragedi 11 September 2001.
Sekaligus ia telah merubah landskap perhubungan politik antarabangsa. Dalam situasi
dunia yang saling kebergantungan, tidak dapat dinafikan setiap negara mempunyai
hubungan dengan Amerika Syarikat dalam pelbagai skala. Maka, bagi setiap hubungan
politik, kesan ini mewujudkan ketegangan antara negara serta menjejaskan interaksi
ekonomi. Oleh itu, hubungan politik antara Malaysia dan Amerika Syarikat juga tidak
terkecuali. Kertas kerja ini bertujuan untuk membincangkan hubungan politik Malaysia-
Amerika Syarikat pasca 9/11 dengan menganalisa kepimpinan politik Malaysia sebagai
salah satu faktor yang menyumbang kepada hubungan dua hala yang progresif.
Kerjasama kepimpinan politik antara Kuala lumpur dan Washington telah membawa
hubungan dua hala Malaysia-Amerika Syarikat kepada tahap perkongsian komprehensif.
Katakunci: Malaysia, Amerika Syarikat, Kepimpinan Politik, Perkongsian Komprehensif
dan 9/11
37
PANEL 3: INTERNATIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP
A ONE-TO-ONE RATIO BETWEEN FAMILY DIRECTORS AND
INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS: A VIEW FROM MALAYSIA PUBLIC-LISTED
FAMILY FIRMS AND ITS POLICY IMPLICATION
Lynn Yew Hua Ling Curtin University, Malaysia
(yh.ling@curtin.edu.my)
John Evans
Curtin University, Australia
(John.Evans@curtin.edu.au)
Shibley Sadique
University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh
(sadique@ru.ac.bd)
Abstract
Corporate governance has been a continuous global concern. It is well perceived that a
good corporate governance practice induce good company performance and value. Good
corporate governance practices are especially important to protect the interest of minority
shareholders from companies with concentrated shareholdings. In Malaysia, major
companies that constitute to concentrated shareholdings in public listed companies are
family firms. Such phenomenon is further asserted by The World Bank Group. This leads
to the motivation of further scrutinization on the significance role of the board of family
firms in corporate governance. This paper aims to shed further light in this area by
examining the effect of family directors on family firms’ performance, within the context of
corporate acquisition and its wealth effect. Findings suggest that a 1:1 ratio of family
representatives to independent directors on the board should be introduced into the best
practices of corporate governance in Malaysia public listed family firms. Such best practice
should be upheld by the management or implemented by policy makers to induce better
company value and performance for public-listed Malaysian family firms. This finding is
derived based on a sample of 267 corporate acquisitions made by public-listed Malaysian
family firms over the ten-year period of 2002-2011.
Keywords: Board Corporate Governance, Family Firm Value, Malaysian Family Firms,
Family Directors, Corporate Acquisitions
38
PREFERENCES OF STUDENTS IN THEIR BUYING DECISIONS OF
FOREIGN PRODUCTS
Mohammad Basir Saud Universiti Utara Malaysia (basir372@uum.edu.my)
Fawad Hussain
Universiti Utara Malaysia (fawadhussain@gmail.com)
Khairul Hisham Zainudin
Kolej Professional MARA Seri Iskandar, Malaysia (khisham@kpmsi.edu.my)
Mohd Azwardi Md. Isa
Universiti Utara Malaysia (azwardi@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
Nowadays customers are very conscious about choosing specific products for their own
consumption whether local made or foreign made. Therefore, this paper will look into
factors that most influence their decision of buying foreign products specifically sport
footwear among higher institution’s students. This paper identified the factors as country of
origin, product quality, brand image, and price and what are their priorities or preferences
among those four factors in their buying decision. A total of 500 questionnaires were
distributed to KPM’s Seri Iskandar’s students who currently enrolled and 300 were used for
data analysis using Smart Partial Least Square (Smart-PLS3). The finding shows that
brand image and price play a significant role in influencing student’s sports footwear
purchase preferences. For future research it is recommended to use cultural and social
norms factors as an independent variables to see the impact on students purchasing
preference. It is hope that the findings will help manufacturers or producers to better
understand and aware of the preferences preferred among the young generations,
especially Generation Y and Z in their buying decision of foreign products.
Keywords: Country of Origin, Product Quality, Brand Image, Price, Purchase Preferences
39
ENTREPRENEURIAL BEHAVIOR AND PERFORMANCE: A STUDY
ON STUDENTS’ INTENTIONS AT THE SCHOOL OF
INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA
Mohd Najib Mansor Universiti Utara Malaysia (matnajib@uum.edu.my)
Abdul Rahim Jaguli
Universiti Utara Malaysia (abdrahim@uum.edu.my)
Muhammad Fuad Othman
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(mfuad@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
This conceptual paper is to examine the relationship between entrepreneurial self-
efficacy, entrepreneurial need for achievement and locus of control of students with
entrepreneurial performance at the School of International Studies, Universiti Utara
Malaysia. Data from 150 students will be analyzed using multiple regression
analysis. With various entrepreneurship programs that have been exposed to the
students, the results of this study hopefully will reveal the relationship of their
intentions to become an entrepreneur with their entrepreneurial performance.
Keywords: Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy; Student Entrepreneurs; Entrepreneurial Performance
40
INSTITUTIONAL PANEL SESSION: SELECTED ISSUES IN
INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
ACCOUNTING ETHICS AND ITS IMPACT ON CORPORATE
GOVERNANCE IN A GLOBALISING WORLD
Denson Muvandi
University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
(703240@gmail.com)
Abstract
In recent years, the Accounting Profession has been engulfed by a considerable
number of issues related to unprofessionalism. There have been numerous stories in
the media about the systematic misconduct within the accounting profession which
sometimes lead to the bankruptcy and ultimate collapse of companies, organisations
and government institutions. This paper makes an analysis of accounting ethics and
its impact on corporate governance in a globalising world. It will be argued that
ineffective and unsustainable institutional support (both bottom up and top down)
from the relevant arms of central government have devastating effects on the central
government in a globalising world. Strategic policy and scholarly recommendations
will be proffered on how enhance accounting ethics in order to enhance corporate
governance in a globalising world.
Keywords: Accounting Ethics, Corporate Governance, Globalising World ,
Unsustainable Institutional Support
41
THE ETHICAL DILEMMA ON THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS AS
A DETERRENT TOOL AGAINST A SOVEREIGN STATE: THE CASE OF
ZIMBABWE
Peter Muchakazi
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Republic of South Africa
Michael Tedzani Moyo National Defence College, Zimbabwe
Abstract
The imposition of sanctions is based on Chapter VII, Article 41 of the United Charter which
stipulates that the UNSC can apply economic and diplomatic measures against a state
that interrupts peace and security in the world. Sanctions are usually understood as a
means of avoiding war and its costs. The quest for the lifting of sanctions is regarded as
an incentive for the delinquent state. Besides the incentive of lifting of sanctions, it is also
presumed that sanctions will exert pressure domestically and internationally to those who
are in governance of the targeted country. The imposition of sanctions against Iraq actually
resulted in a catastrophic humanitarian situation whereby the majority of the ordinary
citizens lost their lives due to hunger, disease and political instability. A question that
arises is whether economic sanctions have a deterrent effect or that they create a situation
of a catastrophic humanitarian crisis? This article argues that the imposition of sanctions
against a legitimate sovereign state does not help to create a situation of international
peace and security, rather such a practice undermines the ethic of humanitarianism, thus
posing a threat to peace and security in the world.
Keywords: Ethical Dilemma, Economic Sanctions, Deterrent Tools, Sovereign State
42
THE UNITED NATIONS FORCE INTERVENTION BRIGADE: ANY
NEED FOR SYNCRONIZED PEACE SUPPORT EFFORTS IN THE
EASTERN CONGO RECURRING CONFLICT?
Engelbert Rugeje
University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (rugejea@gmail.com)
Sadiki Maeresera
Zimbabwe National Defence College’s Institute of Strategic Research and Analysis and
University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (sadikimm@yahoo.com and maesera@ukzn.ac.za)
Abstract
From the time it deployed in the eastern DRC in 2013 up to the first quarter of 2016,
arguably no much tangible progress has been made by the United Nations Force
Intervention Brigade. The security situation in the eastern Congo continues to be
unstable. This instability continues to pause serious direct security threats and
spillover effects to respective neighbouring countries that are either part of the East
African Community (EAC) and the Southern African Development Community
(SADC) or both. This is a conflict that falls within the two sub regions’ areas of peace
support responsibility. What constraints are encountered by the Force in the context
of regional and international political and strategic dynamics with specific reference
to eastern Congo conflict? With the support of the African Union and the UN, what
impact would be made of personnel comprising this Force are made up of those from
the East African and SADC Standby Forces? What impact would such synchronised
regional and international peace support efforts have on the effectiveness of the
Force in undertaking its mandate? To what extent would such an initiative have on
the respective political will and commonality of interests among member nations of
the SADC and EAC in respect of peace support efforts to the eastern Congo
recurring conflict?
Keywords: The United Nations Intervention Brigade, Synchronised Peace Support
Efforts, East African Community, Southern African Development Community,
Political and Strategic Dynamics, Political Will, Commonality of Interests
43
THE SADC INTERVENTION IN THE EASTERN DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF CONGO RECURRING CONFLICT: CONSTRAINTS
AND PROSPECT
Sadiki Maeresera University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
(sadikimm@yahoo.com and maesera@ukzn.ac.za)
Knocks Tapiwa Zengeni Universiti Utara Malaysia
Abstract
Conflict recurrence in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) provides a
litmus test to the Southern African Development Community (SADC)’s capacity to
sustainably resolve the conflict and build peace. The surrender of the March 23
(M23) rebels, followed by overtures to incorporate the same into the Congolese
military and political institutions, seem not to have made much significant impact on
the security stability in the eastern part of the country. Armed activities by militia
groups such as the Democratic Liberation Forces of Rwanda (FDLR), Allied
Democratic Forces (ADF), the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), and various MayiMayi
groups are likely to cause a recurrence of a fully fledged armed conflict in the
eastern Congo. Whilst the UN Mission for the Stabilisation of Congo (MONUSCO),
along with its Intervention Brigade continue to make efforts to support the Congolese
government to address the security situation in the country, this article presents a
critical analysis on the prospects and constraints of SADC to sustainably resolve the
conflict and build peace in the context of conflict recurrence. For purposes of conflict
resolution and peacebuilding, the DRC falls within SADC’s area of sub-regional
responsibility, which overlaps into that of the International Conference of the Great
Lakes Region (ICGLR). The paper looks at the political/diplomatic and
military/security initiatives that SADC can take to complement the current efforts of
critical role players such as MONUSCO and the ICGLR in sustainably resolving the
recurring conflict and building peace. It also analyses the prospects of such sub-
regional initiatives. Considering the conflict matrix of the eastern Congo conflict with
specific reference to its recurrence, an examination of the likely constraints that
SADC could encounter in trying to resolve the eastern Congo conflict will be
presented. Policy suggestions will be proffered on what can be done to encounter
such constraints. The research adopted a qualitative approach premised on
interviews. Secondary sources, including key policy documents and statements of
the SADC, AU, ICGLR and UN, were utilised. As complementing primary sources,
structured opportunity interviews were conducted at seminars and workshops with
academics and senior political and security analysts conversant with SADC conflict
and peace dynamics.
44
PARALLEL SESSION 3
PANEL 1: GLOBAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION THROUGH INTER-FIRM
COLLABORATION AND FIRM’S INNOVATION PERFORMANCE
Tamma Elhachemi
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(elhachemi.im@gmail.com)
Abd Rahim Jaguli
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(abdrahim@uum.edu.my)
Fakhrorazi Ahmad
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(fakhrorazi@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
In order to strengthen their competitive positions, emerging market firms establish
inter-organizational collaborations actively for acquiring new knowledge, where
learning and knowledge acquisition from the foreign parent is thought to be
particularly critical. Nevertheless, the learning potential from these collaborations
may not be realized due to the difficulties, risks and conflicts that arise during the
course of collaborations. Although research on knowledge acquisition in inter-firm
collaboration is increasing, yet the understanding of its antecedents and
consequences remains unclear. Furthermore, the more recent studies typically
undertake careful disaggregation and provide a detailed analysis of knowledge
processes at a very high level of granularity. While such studies answer the call for
building knowledge processes up from their micro foundations, it remarked a
corresponding lack of studies that integrate the various levels of analysis. Due to the
aforementioned interactions, this conceptual paper will utilize bottom-up approach.
Namely, managing knowledge process is affected by both individual level
characteristics and higher-level determinants. To that end, we draw conceptual
framework by suggesting the influence of HRM practices and change readiness to
knowledge acquisition with the moderating role of absorptive capacity. We, in turn
relate assessment of knowledge acquisition to firm ‘innovation performance.
45
Keywords: Multinational Corporations (MNC), Technology and Knowledge Transfer,
Absorptive Capacity, Knowledge Acquisition, Firm’s Innovation Performance.
46
GLOBALIZATION OF TRADE FIRMS: LESSONS FROM ASEAN
FIRMS
Mohamad Hanapi Mohamad Universiti Utara Malaysia (mm177@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
In the last 50 years, the debate on the development of international business
remained unsettled, especially concerning the establishment of multinational firms
from developing countries. Using OLI Model this paper examined the formation of
multinational firms from ASEAN countries. We found positive similarities in the
advancing of firm’s specific-ownership advantages such as skills, management
know-how, R&D and technological capabilities. Unlike the firms from developed
countries, the firms from developing countries adopted local elements in their
products and services.
47
THE IMPACT OF WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENT AND WORKPLACE
DIVERSITY ON EMPLOYEE’S MOTIVATION AND FIRM’S
PERFORMANCE: A STUDY OF AN MNC SUBSIDIARY IN MALAYSIA
Nik Ab Halim Nik Abdullah
Universiti Utara Malaysia (abdhalim@uum.edu.my)
Mazatul Nadiah Sahiri
Universiti Utara Malaysia
Fakhrorazi Ahmad Universiti Utara Malaysia (fakhrorazi@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
Employees working in the subsidiary of multinational firms may experience different
working environment and they might also have to work with people from diverse
background in terms of their nationality, race or culture. Thus, this study is conducted
with the objective is to identify the impact of MNC’s workplace environment and
workplace diversity on the employee’s motivation and the firm’s performance. The
study is conducted at the subsidiary of a Japanese based firms located in Ipoh,
Perak, Malaysia. A quantitative research design were employed and data were
collected using self-administered survey questionnaires. A total of 161 employees
from various department and demographic background were randomly selected as a
sample for this study. Hypothesis testing was conducted using the Partial Least
Square (PLS) Regression Analysis. Result of the data analysis shows that the
different working environment and workforce diversity that exists in this MNC do
have a positive significant relationship with the employee’s motivation. In addition,
employee’s motivation also positively influence the firm’s performance. It can be
concluded that different working environment and worforce diversity which exist in
MNC did not create difficulties to the employees but instead, both factors increase
their motivation and eventually leads towards a better firm’s performance.
Keywords: Workplace Environment, Workplace Diversity, Employee Motivation,
Firm’s Performance
48
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
MALAYSIAN EXPORTING SMES AND EXPORTER
INTERMEDIARIES
Norliza Hamir Basah
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(hnorliza@uum.edu.my)
Asmat Nizam Abdul Talib Universiti Utara Malaysia
(asmat@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
Building a relationship alone between SME exporters and intermediaries is not
sufficient to achieve high export performance. Thus, creating a quality relationship is
highly encouraged for SMEs which are commonly known to have limited resources.
The relational factors such as trust, commitment and cooperation has been proposed
in this study as factors that could influence the relationship between the exporter and
intermediary while facilitating the internationalisation process. Quality is a crucial
component in developing relationship between SME exporter and exporter
intermediaries which has been highlighted as a significance role of relationship
capabilities in enhancing performance of small businesses in foreign markets.
Further, in order to support the development of such relationships, cultural similarity
is suggested to be fundamental in the process due to the belief that companies
would perform better in foreign markets when they have cultural similarity. In
addition, the similarities of culture between two parties help to a great extent to
reduce the psychic distance between the home and host countries in respect of
business approaches, language, marketing infrastructure, as well as legal and
political systems. This study integrates the resource based view (RBV) and Social
Capital Theory to examine the synergistic effect of several constructs on export
performance within the context of Malaysian exporting SMEs and exporter
intermediaries.
49
PANEL 2: KELANTAN FLOOD DISASTER
THE ROLES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs) IN THE POST-2014 KELANTAN FLOOD
DISASTER
Nazariah Osman
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(nazariah@uum.edu.my)
Norafidah Ismail
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(norafidah@uum.edu.my)
Mohamad Zaki Ahmad
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(mohdzaki@uum.edu.my)
Mohd Hanapi Mohamad
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(mhm177@uum.edu.my)
Muhammad Fuad Othman
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(mfuad@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
The post-flood aftermath or locally known as “bah kuning” witnessed a
massive NGOs’ engagement in assisting the flood victims in most affected areas,
namely in Kuala Krai, Gua Musang, Kota Bharu, Pasir Mas, Tanah Merah, Tumpat
and Machang . Among those NGOs involved in restoring and rebuilding the affected
zones were MERCY or Medical Relief Society Malaysia, IKRAM Malaysia, Islamic
Relief, DarulHijrah, Khazanah Yayasan (linked to Khazanah Nasional), Pertubuhan
Bantuan Bencana (BBNGO) and few other international NGOs. Kelantan received a
high volume of relief and assistance in the forms of food, cloth, shelters, cash
donation, volunteers, experts, local and international donors including multinational
corporations (MNCs) and individual countries (government-to-government relations)
which includes Thailand, Indonesia, Japan, China United Kingdom etc. Yet, criticism
arose on matters related to the distributing process of flood relief and assistance:
50
uneven distribution of aid to the victims. One of the many reason was a lack of
coordination among those NGOs, which actively involved helping the flood victims to
lessen the impacts of flood disaster. The NGOs worked independently without a
proper order and guideline in distributing aid to the victims. There were incidents
where victims had claimed that in some areas goods and aid were distributed
abundantly whereas in other places these assistances had been delayed. Indeed,
the late receiving of critical goods, such as food and clothing, was due to a
handicapped delivery of information between the NGOs and government agencies.
Another factor was a sudden increase of water level, which led to road closure. This
situation made it impossible for the rescue teams and NGOs to reach those flooded
locations. In this manner, the researchers would strongly recommend for all NGOs to
work hand-in-hand with both state and federal governments should this worst flood
ever struck in the future. To date, despite all the problems and difficulties faced by
those NGOs involved not only during and aftermath the mega flood, NGOs do play a
very significant role in the reconstruction of Kelantan in its post flood stage. This
paper examines the roles and contributions played by the Non-Governmental
Organisations (NGOs) in the Post-2014 Kelantan Flood Disaster. Furthermore, a
plan or strategy to manage, uplift as well as enhance their efficiency and
performances in case if such a huge magnitude of flood ever occurred in future will
also be highlighted.
Keywords: Kelantan, Flood, Non-Governmental Organization
51
KELANTAN FLOOD vs. HURRICANE KATRINA: HOME BUILDING
FOR DISASTER VICTIMS DURING POST-FLOOD
RECONSTRUCTION
Norafidah Ismail
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(norafidah@uum.edu.my)
Nazariah Osman
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(nazariah@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
A massive flood in Kelantan at the end of 2014 has greatly caused a terrible
catastrophe to the flood victims. Thousands of houses have been affected by the
heavy flow of water including some 2000 houses along Lebir and Galas rivers.
Helping the flood victims rebuilding their lives, the Federal Government has broadly
agreed to allocate RM500 million for developing new homes and RM10,000 for
repairing each household’s home: it is an ultimate responsibility of the Federal
Government to build new homes for disaster survivors. The State Government, in
unison, has spent RM5 million – a sum donated to Tabung Amanah Bencana Banjir
Negeri Kelantan- to build and repair house and infrastructure for flood victims.
Repairing and rebuilding homes involve an array of institutions including thousands
of volunteers and non-governmental Organization (NGOs) members. The Post-flood
Recovery Unit’s record shows that 2,200 houses across Kelantan need to be built. At
least, eight areas are designated for developing permanent homes: Kota Bharu,
Chenulang (in Kuala Krai), Dabong (in Kuala Krai), Simpang Tiga Pulai, Bertam
Baru, Tanah Putih, Limau Kasturi and Lebir (in Gua Musang). The research
conclusions concerning housing efforts (during post-flood reconstruction in Kelantan)
speak about unprecedented cooperation between the Federal and State
governments; “I am not the land owner”; a lengthy and confusing registration process
for new permanent homes; unlikely change of new home project schedule; and
home building by NGOs which produces different designs and different specification.
Considering some serious constraints in housing effort, the paper has two underlying
aims: to assess the development of housing effort in Kelantan’s flood aftermath; and
to evaluate a possibility of developing effective disaster housing approaches based
on American National Disaster Housing Strategy (NDHS). As a blueprint of Federal
Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) responses to Hurricane Katrina
implications on sheltering, NDHS reveals the way the American nation providing
home for disaster victims.
Keywords: FEMA, Kelantan Flood, New Orleans, Home Building, Post-Flood
Reconstruction
52
POST-HURRICANE KATRINA DISASTER MANAGEMENT REGIME:
LESSON LEARNED FOR MALAYSIA’S POST-FLOOD
RECONSTRUCTION INITIATIVES
Mohamad Zaki Ahmad
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(mohdzaki@uum.edu.my)
Muhammad Fuad Othman
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(mfuad@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
The massive flooding that hit Malaysia’s east coast states of Kelantan and
Terengganu in 2014 was viewed as the worst in the history of the two states. This
unprecedented event has forced the federal, state, municipal and local emergency
community in the country to rethink and reexamine the existing strategies, policies,
plans, and programs for post-disaster management and reconstruction. Recurring
problems of restoring physical environment and constructing infrastructure, along
with a myriad of challenges in providing expedited emergency humanitarian services
and recovery in the affected areas necessitate the need for the Malaysian authorities
to learn from the developed countries. Malaysia can learn, review and if possible,
implement emergency management models, operational measures and rebuilding
strategies adopted by the United States government in the aftermath of Hurricane
Katrina in 2005. In response to the widely perceived failure of the country’s federal
government to carry out humanitarian assistance during and after Hurricane Katrina,
US government have embarked several initiatives to improve the country’s
legislative, policy and institutional framework for effective natural disaster and post-
disaster management. One of these initiatives includes major functional and
structural reform for its main federal agency responsible in disaster management -
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Hence, the aim of this paper is to
examine a range of policies, strategies, plans and programs adopted by US
government for post-disaster management and disaster risk reduction immediately
after the Hurricane Katrina from which Malaysia can learn and adopt for its post-flood
disaster management regime, particularly on the reconstruction efforts.
Keywords: Flood, FEMA, Hurricane Katrina, Malaysia, Post-Flood Reconstruction,
Kelantan
53
PANEL 3: SECURITY
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION AGAINST THE ISLAMIC STATE
IN IRAQ: AN NEOLIBERAL INSTITUTIONALIST ANALYSIS
Suror Shaba Polus
National University of Malaysia (srorhammaze@yahoo.com)
Guido Benny
National University of Malaysia (guidobenny@ukm.edu.my)
Abstract
The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria/the Levant (ISIS/ISIL) has threatened human and national security of Iraq and Syria, as well as the rest of the world, as its influence spreads in forms of terrorism in many parts in the world such as Yemen, Libya, Sinai, Mali, Somalia, North-Eastern Nigeria, Pakistan, and some parts of Southeast Asia and Europe. USA has called for a formation of a new international coalition to confront ISIS in Iraq to provide a support for the Iraqi government institutions to impose the sovereignty of law and to provide equal opportunities for the members in federal governmental institutions. Following the declaration from the US President, an international coalition was formed by the USA, British, Bahrain, Jordan and Iraq on 10th September 2014, in addition to the military and humanitarian supports provided by NATO and EU states. A number of international organizations namely the UN and NATO, as well as regional organizations namely the Arab League and EU, have moved to contain the development of ISIS, but the results were limited and inconclusive. Using neoliberal institutionalist perspective, the study argues that an effective international organization is required to solve the crisis caused by ISIS in Iraq and the shortcoming in solving ISIS crisis is caused by the non-existence of a unitary international organization. The study firstly identifies the current operating role of those international and regional organizations in response to ISIS in responding and preventing ISIS and its expansion. Secondly, the reasons behind the shortcoming of the current international coalition are discussed. Consequently, the study suggests the formation of a stronger international organization that managed the strategy to fight IS in Iraq.
Keywords: Iraq, ISIS/ISIL, Conflict, Neoliberal Institutionalism, International
Organization
54
WOMEN AS IRREGULAR MIGRANTS: INDONESIA’S CHALLENGES
FOR HUMAN SECURITY
Karina Utami
Universitas Islam Indonesia (karinautamidewi@uii.ac.id)
Abstract
Women is a quintessential part in globalization, and at the same time, are also the
most exposed element to face various challenges that threaten their welfare and
security within the society. Issues such as cultural, social, and economic have made
women vulnerable, particularly those who live in poverty, where women are currently
making up seventy percent of world’s poor population. This situation also one of the
causes on why a significant number of women are involved as irregular migrants,
whether as refugees, economic migrants, and even trafficking. This paper is
choosing Indonesia as a country for the case study on researching the problems and
challenges of women as irregular migrants. It will use the concept of human security
and rise a question on how elements in human security for women as irregular
migrants in Indonesia are being provided by the government. For instance, in terms
of economic and personal security, women are still often being put in a very
vulnerable condition, where sometimes they are being trafficked to be sexual
objects, or have to travel abroad illegally, in order to fulfill their economic needs.
There will be two important points to highlight in this paper. First, it will argue on the
policy of Indonesian government in handling the challenges of human security for
women, especially those with middle and low income, and its impacts that encourage
the increasing number of irregular migrants. Second, this paper will talk about the
importance of the role of government as well as society at large in changing creating
the security for women in Indonesia, and therefore, protecting women as an
important part of the society.
Keywords: Irregular Migrants, Human Security, Indonesia, Women
55
ISIL THREAT AND DERADICALISATION IN MALAYSIA
Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia
(azizuddin@uum.edu.my)
Muhammad Saleh Tajuddin Universiti Utara Malaysia
Abstract
The emergence of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has shocked the
international community after the release of gruesome beheading videos of western
journalists via the internet. The violence methods used by ISIL militants were
considered as crimes and absolutely argued to be contradicted with the Islamic
teachings. ISIL manages to attract many supporters and sympathisers including
Malaysians to join them in Iraq and Syria. As a Muslim majority country, the influence
of ISIL in Malaysia is considered as a threat to national security and stability. The
concern now is the spread of ISIL extreme ideology especially through social media
to Malaysian youth which is hostile to Muslims and non-Muslims in Malaysia. If it fails
to be contained pre-emptively, it can also harm the multireligious Malaysian society
through terrorism activities. This presentation focuses on ISIL threat in Malaysia and
how does it attracted Malaysians particularly youths to voluntarily join the militant
group. It also looks at the deradicalisation efforts by the government to counter the
ISIL threats. This presentation will also highlight a ground-breaking or first ever
empirical research conducted by Universiti Utara Malaysia’s researchers about the
influence of ISIL at the local institutions of higher learning. This will enlighten many
regarding the impact of ISIL threat to society in Malaysia.
56
PERUBAHAN DASAR PERTAHANAN MALAYSIA : ERA
MAHATHIR MOHAMAD 1981-2003
Rodziah Md Zin Universiti Utara Malaysia (rodzyah@uum.edu.my)
Mohd Kamarulnizam Abdullah
Universiti Utara Malaysia (kamarulnizam@uum.edu.my)
Abstrak
Dasar Pertahanan Negara merupakan satu manifestasi matlamat yang
bertanggungjawab untuk melindungi keselamatan dan kepentingan strategik sesebuah
negara. Dalam konteks Malaysia, tiga asas utama yang menjadi teras utama Dasar
Pertahanan iaitu kepentingan strategik negara, prinsip pertahanan dan konsep
pertahanan adalah bertujuan untuk mengekalkan keamanan dan kestabilan negara.
Semenjak 1957, Malaysia telah membangunkan aspek pertahanan negara bagi
memastikan keselamatan dan kedaulatan terjamin. Secara umumnya, Dasar
pertahanan yang dibangunkan pada era Tunku Abdul Rahman 1957 sehingga 1970
adalah pro barat (dependency). Ketika ancaman konfrontasi dari Indonesia misalnya
Malaysia mendapat sokongan dari semua anggota AMDA dan sekaligus mendapat
bantuan ketenteraan dari AMDA. Manakala ketika era pemerintahan Tun Razak pada
tahun 1970 sehingga 1976 dan Tun Hussin Onn pada tahun 1976 sehingga 1980 dasar
pertahanan berubah kepada berkecuali. Dalam interaksinya dengan dunia antrabangsa
Malaysia mengadakan hubungan bilateral dan multilateral serta bersahabat dengan
semua negara tanpa mengambilkira fahaman politik negara tersebut. Sewaktu
pentadbiran era Mahathir dasar pertahanannya lebih kepada self reliance berbanding
pentadbiran sebelumnya yang pro west yang bergantung kepada barat serta neutraliti.
Dasar Pertahanan Malaysia era Tun Mahathir (1981-2003) merupakan era perubahan
yang drastik kepada sebuah negara yang lebih berdikari (self reliance). Perubahan
dasar pertahanan Mahathir dapat dilihat dalam Precument persenjataan beliau yang
telah memberi kesan kepada Malaysia sebagai negara membangun yang begitu
lantang dan berani bersuara. Di gelanggang antarabangsa suaranya begitu bergema
bagi menyuarakan aspirasi Negara Dunia Ketiga dan komitmen yang ditunjukkan
melebihi pemimpin yang lain. Dasar yang dilaksanakan oleh Mahathir agak
menyimpang daripada dasar yang diketengahkan oleh ketiga-tiga pemimpin negara
yang terdahulu, terutama dasar yang tidak berpaksikan barat. Terdapat faktor-faktor
dalaman dan faktor-faktor luaran yang mempengaruhi Dasar Pertahanan Malaysia era
Mahathir. Implikasinya, sudah tentu memberi impak kepada keselamatan dan
pertahanan negara. Self reliance di bawah pentadbiran Tun Mahathir menjadikan
57
aspek pertahanan Malaysia bertambah moden sehingga Tun Mahathir menjadi rujukan
dan perhatian diseluruh dunia terutamanya Negara Dunia Ketiga.
Keywords: Pertahanan, Keselamatan, Kepentingan Strategik, Kestabilan, Self Reliance (berdikari).
58
PANEL 4: GLOBAL POLITICS
IRAN’S STRATEGY IN IRAQ AND SYRIA
Sherko Kirmanj
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(kirmanj@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
This article examines the roles of Iran in post-2003 Iraq and in the ongoing Syrian
conflict. It also investigates and analyses Iran’s strategy in both countries. The aim is to
assess Iran’s foreign policy and its use of proxy warfare in Iraq and Syria in order to
identify Iran’s strategic goals in the two countries and in the Middle East in general. The
article seeks a better understanding of the underlying causes and motives behind Iran’s
use of proxy warfare as a key element of its foreign policy. It also attempts to analyse
actions and reactions by Iran’s regional rivals such as Saudi Arabia and Qatar. The
article argues that Syrian regime’s religious affiliation and its strategic location
connecting Iran to Hezbollah are the most significance driving force behind Iran’s
involvement in Syrian conflict. It also asserts that the significance of Iraq to Iran lies in
the fact that Iraq is a vital conduit connecting Iran with Syria and Hezbollah. Also, this
article argues that, Iraq is a political tool used by Iran to advance its regional power
ambition in order to keep the balance of power in the Middle East. In this way, Iraq
occupies a better position than Syria in the Iran’s geopolitical calculation in the Middle
East.
59
WHY DOES THAI MILITARY INTERVENE INTO POLITICS?
Sathid Boonmuang Universiti Utara Malaysia
(bsathid@gmail.com)
Ahmad Bashawir Abdul Ghani Universiti Utara Malaysia (bashawir@uum.edu.my)
Chumphon Kaewsom
Maejo University, Thailand (dekjo_67@hotmail.com)
Emil Mahyuddin
Universiti Utara Malaysia (emil@hotmail.com)
Abstract
This article provides an insight into the reasons that the Royal Thai Army intervenes in
the political system of Thailand. Over the years, senior Thai army officers have been
blamed for using the Royal Thai Army as their vehicle to intervene in the political system
of Thailand by staging various coup d'etat to unseat the elected government. However,
more recent evidences have indicated that the intervention draw flak from many
quarters and did not go down well with the majority of people of Thailand as well as
from foreign government including The United States of America and The European
Union. On May 22, 2014, the Royal Thai Army, led by General Prayuth Chan-ocha,
Commander in Chief, launched a coup d'état against the caretaker government of
Thailand, following six months of political crisis. The military established a junta called
National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) to govern the nation. This article aim at
to examine the causes of Thai military coup regarding intervention on politic in the post
Thaksin era. This study is purely a qualitative research. The methodological orientation
of this study is based on two methods of data collection. The methods of data collection
employed including interviews and documentary consultation. This study found that the
root cause of military intervention was to uproot Thaksin regime that influence in Thai
politics for the past 13 year.
Keywords: Coup D’état, Thai Army, Thaksin Era, Thai Politics, Democracy in Thailand
60
UNDERSTANDING HIEP HOI CHAM HOI GIAO VIETNAM
(THE ASSOCIATION OF MUSLIM CHAM IN VIETNAM)
Rie Nakamura
Universiti Utara Malaysia (rnakamura23@gmail.com)
Abstract
The proposed paper aims to understand the Association of Muslim Cham in Vietnam
and their activities. It was the government recognized organization of the Cham ethnic
minority group in 1960s. This association was needed to assist Cham people who had
migrated into Saigon, seeking employments and escaping from the war. They also
needed to have an organization to identify them as Cham ethnic minority to prevent
them from being conscribed. Upon establishment of the Association, it carried out
various activities to assert their ethnic identity as Cham based on the religion of Islam.
Since the Association was recognized by the former Saigon government, current
Vietnamese scholars see it as a product of the US puppet regime. There are only
limited number of research carried out and those studies are quite sketcy and some
facts are mixed up. The proposed paper is based on the interview accounts of former
officials of the association and some archive records to re-evaluate meaning of the
Association. It argues that the Association of Muslim Cham in Vietnam can be
understood as earliest attempt to unify the Cham ethnic minority scattered in the
southern part of Vietnam through religion of Islam and to build Pan-Cham ethnic
identity. The paper also discusses the Cham Muslim community’s relationship to to
International Muslim communities especially the Malay communities in Malaysia.
Relating to this issue, the paper examines the process of introduction of the new sect of
Islam called “Muda” (young group) from Malaysia.
Keywords: Cham, Muslim, Ethnicity
61
COHABITATION IN THE OCCUPIED PALESTINE’S POLITICAL
SYSTEM
Aminurraasyid Yatiban Universiti Utara Malaysia
(aminurraasyid@gmail.com)
Ramzi Odah Universiti Utara Malaysia
(ramzi_odah@yahoo.com)
Sivaperegasam P. Rajenthiran Universiti Utara Malaysia
(sivaperegasam@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
This paper attempts to investigate the impact of the mixed electoral system on the
creation of the state of cohabitation that occurred in the Palestinian political system after
the second legislative elections in 2006, viewed through a theoretical framework based
on the idea of divided societies. This study employed quantitative and qualitative
research methods together. This study found several important results regarding this
relationship. Firstly, cohabitation is more likely to occur when there is low rate of party
fractionalization (more polarization) produced in mixed electoral system. Second, the
strategic voting in this election was sensitive to the divided attitudes about the Israeli
occupation. Third, the mixed electoral system did not greatly reduce the small parties
punishment caused by the pluralistic system, which increased opportunities for creating
a state of cohabitation.
Keywords: Cohabitation, Mixed Electoral System, Consensus Democracy, Occupied
Palestine
62
THE IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING STRATEGIC ALLIANCE BETWEEN
INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA FOR COUNTERING ISIS IDEOLOGY AND
MOVEMENT
M. Syafi’i Anwar
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(syafii@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
The development of ISIS ideology and movement in Indonesia and Malaysia is
alarming. It can be seen from its efforts of spreading its ideology and movement in the
two countries, particularly to the young generations, students, civil servants, and others.
Developing strategy and strong networking as well as maintaining hidden recruitment
processes through social media, prisons, mosques, and campuses, ISIS’ ideology and
movement have been spread widely in the two countries. Not surprisingly that from its
base in al Shadadi, Syria, members of ISIS from Indonesia and Malaysia has
established an institution namely Khatibah Nusantara, which translates and publishes
ISIS propaganda in Malay language. One of the most serious ISIS propaganda is to
propagate apocalyptic ideology based on “theology of dead”, which promotes
misleading interpretation of jihad (holy war) and the final battle to attack what they
describe as “enemies of Islam” both in Indonesia and Malaysia. To counter this
development, both Indonesia and Malaysia as moderate Muslim countries need to build
a strong strategic alliance not only between the two governments and state actors, but
also mobilizing support from the non-state actors such as religious organizations, civil
society movements, and the media. This paper will demonstrate the importance of
building strategic alliance between Indonesia and Malaysia in refuting ISIS ideology and
movement.
63
PARALLEL SESSION 4
PANEL 1: MARITIME AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
SECURING THE MARITIME SUPPLY CHAINS: THE CHALLENGE OF
PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN WATERS
Nik Nor Suhaida Ali Universiti Utara Malaysia
(niksuhaida@uum.edu.my)
Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi Universiti Utara Malaysia
(laila@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
According to United Nation Conference on Trade and Development (UNTAD, 2014),
maritime transport is a key economic sector that underpins international trade, with
some 50 percent of trade volumes are carried out by sea. It provides the low-cost,
efficient and reliable long distance transportation of commodities and merchandise.
However, the scourge of modern maritime piracy and armed robbery is expensive for
the international maritime community. The loss of ships and cargoes, seafarer abuse,
injury, and death, the need for premium compensation, the payment of ransom, high
fuel cost, delayed cargo delivery etc. are an inevitable cost of the global supply chain
operations. Therefore, this paper aims to frame the risk of maritime piracy and armed
robbery towards the security of maritime supply chains, particularly in the Southeast
Asian waters. This paper also will review the regional policy and strategies in mitigating
the risk of piracy towards supply chains in this region. Thus, the discussion of this paper
will provide a hindsight view of security of supply chains in this region.
64
MARITIME SILK ROAD: PAST PICTURE AND FUTURE CHALLENGES
Wahyu Wardhana Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
(wahyu_w016@yahoo.com)
Abstract
Eleven centuries ago, around 900 to 1400 AD, maritime trade brought commercial
changes and increased maritime links among civilization around maritime Silk Road.
This maritime trade route stretched from China to South Asia and Middle East through
Southeast Asia. It brought wealth and prosperity was secured by convoy merchant
fleets to dissuade pirates or another threat. In today 21st century and in the globalized
economy, China as emerging maritime power in international level has published its
21st century maritime silk road. A congruent trade route with ancient maritime trade
route which transport oil, energy, and other material for Chinese industry and also a
trade route to distributed Chinese product around the globe. This trade route essential
for China to be secured by its naval forces with its string of pearls strategy. A Strategy
to dissuade other extra regional naval great power, such as US pivots in the Asia Pacific
and India naval modernization. By describing narrative of maritime history and
neighboring countries were linked of trade route at 900 to 1400 in Southeast Asia with
comparative maritime history methodology, this paper will mapping past history to
current development. This paper argues that based on historical narrative, current
emerging contour of maritime landscape of regional affairs will challenges many nation
in Southeast Asia, due to thier geostrategic location with vital sea lines of
communications (SLOCs) which important among emerging maritime great power.
Keywords: Maritime Silk Road, Maritime History, Southeast Asia, Emerging Maritime
Power, Maritime Trade Route
65
THE MARITIME SECURITY ARCHITECTURE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Irawan Jati Universitas Islam Indonesia
(irawan.jati@uii.ac.id)
Abstract
Southeast Asia’s waters are one of the most significant water ways in the world. Its
strategic position and natural resources stocks are the basis of economic advantages
and security challenges. The region has crucial sea lanes of international trade and
marine potentials. But it also has plenty of security challenges such as overlapping
borders issues, contraband activities, piracy and armed robbery at sea, and natural
disaster. Above all these, the South China Sea issues and the struggle of primacy
between the United States and China are probably the most latent threats on the
security of the region. The over claim of China on the most part of South China Sea
area has sparked dissenting opinions among the members of ASEAN. Despite the
ongoing ASEAN Regional Forum dialogue, the rivalry between the US and China has
threaten the unity of ASEAN members. Therefore, this paper tries to qualitatively
analyze the question on how these advantages and security challenges contribute to
the maritime architecture in Southeast Asia? And what are the role of ASEAN in this
maritime architecture? The working argument on this paper is that the maritime security
architecture in Southeast Asia is mostly influenced by the presence of Asia Pacific’s
major power, the US and China. While ASEAN’s role is mostly as security forum
organizers.
Keywords: ASEAN, Maritime Security Architecture, South China Sea, the US and China
Rivalry
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THE CONTRIBUTION OF TRACK TWO TO TRACK ONE
DIPLOMACY: AN ANALYZES OF INDONESIAN EFFORTS IN
MANAGING THE SOUTH CHINA SEA
Ignatius Satyawan
Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia (agungsatyawan@staf.uns.ac.id)
Abstract
Conflict in the South China Sea became a flashpoint in Southeast Asia since 1970s.
Located in a strategic area which has important sea lanes and rich in living and non-
living resources, the South China Sea is claimed wholly or partly by six states
namely China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia and Brunei. However, in
that period, there was no formal forum through which the conflict could be handled.
Based on basic tenets of “free and active foreign policy”, Indonesia led Track Two
(non-formal) diplomacy to manage the conflict through a series of meetings entitled
“Workshop on Managing Potential Conflict in the South China Sea” since 1990.
Track Two Diplomacy was applied in order to reduce tension by developing dialogue
among the parties and to pave the way to conduct formal/ Track One Diplomacy.
This study analyzes the process of Track Two Diplomacy initiated by Indonesia in
managing conflict in the South China Sea during the period 1990-2001 and its
impact to the Track One Diplomacy carried-out by formal parties surrounding the
South China Sea. It shows some results of Track Two Diplomacy such as
cooperation activities in marine scientific research was adopted into formal
cooperation among states. It is also noted that some statements released by Track
Two Diplomacy transformed into formal declaration, for instance, ASEAN Declaration
on the South China Sea in 1992 and Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the
South China Sea in 2002. Furthermore, Track Two Diplomacy was able to maintain
peace in the region as indicated by the absence of major military conflict since 1990.
Keywords: Indonesia, South China Sea, Diplomacy, Conflict Management, Foreign
Policy
67
PANEL 2: FOREIGN POLICY
MALAYSIA-SINGAPORE RELATIONS UNDER NAJIB RAZAK:
MALAYSIAN PERSPECTIVES
Rusdi Omar Universiti Utara Malaysia
(rusdiomar@uum.edu.my)
Muhammad Muda Universiti Utara Malaysia (mmuda@uum.edu.my)
Che Mohd Aziz Yaacob Universiti Utara Malaysia (cmaziz@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
Malaysia and Singapore enjoy and share a special relationship due to their
geographical, historical, familial, cultural, political, economic and strategic features.
Their relationship is characterized by competition and interdependence. The
competitive world has brought about a close neighborly cooperation between the two
nations to build resilience and strength. This article will examine the state of bilateral
relations between these two countries under Malaysia's Prime Minister Najib from
Malaysian perspectives, which focusing on political-socio-economic aspects and will
analyze the future prospect of Malaysia and Singapore under his era. Looking at the
history of relations between the two countries, the role of leadership has played
important role in the up and down of relationship. Leaders of both countries play a
significant role in overcoming conflicts and finding solutions to the problems that
besieged the relations between the two countries. If both countries could maintain
the momentum and capitalize the benefits of the initiatives that had been done by
both countries, we foresee that both countries will not enter into troubled
relationships like the previous periods, but it augurs well for strengthened
relationships in the future.
Keywords: Malaysia, Singapore, Bilateral Relations
68
YEMEN-CHINA RELATIONS: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT IN
BILATERAL RELATIONS
Yahya Yahya Yahya Al-Awd
Universiti Utara Malaysia (yahyauum@yahoo.com)
Abstract
Yemen has a long diplomatic relationship with China since the middle of 20th Century. North Yemen established the diplomatic relationship with China in 1956 and South Yemen had diplomatic ties with China in 1967. The diplomatic relationship between Yemen and China well continued even after the unification of North and South as the Republic of Yemen in 1990 in 1990. During Ali Abdullah Saleh (then the Leader of the Republic of Yemen) period from 1990 to 2012, China is interested to make good relations with Yemen in specific and other Arab countries in general due to the old trade exchanges and open market between Yemen and China. Besides that, the strategic location of Yemen and natural resources make the relations stronger. China has many projects in Yemen such as oil, gas and so on. Nevertheless, there has been a very negligible amount of development in Yemen in terms of infrastructure and living standards of the people. From the interviews that have undertaken with many diplomatic people who regarded to work closely with China representing Yemen from 1990-2012. It has been found that, there are many reasons that contributed to weak and slow development in Yemen which can be categorized into internal and external factors. The internal factors comprise corruption in every side of the governmental system, resources management, political instability, internal wars with Al-Qaedah and other insurgent groups (i.e. the Houthis, the Islah Party, the civil war 1994, is one of the more complex events after that the start of the Arab Spring and the southern movement) and tribalism. The external factors are the interventions of some friendly and brotherly countries on the internal affairs of Yemen and the phenomenon of AQAP (Al-Qaedah in Arabian Peninsula). All these internal and external factors participated to make the relationship between Yemen and China unbalanced and affects the development as well. Therefore, in this study, the historical background of the Yemen-China relations and the reasons of weak development in Yemen are presented and investigated.
Keywords: Yemen-China Relations, Development, Factors, Mismanagement, Leader
Strategic, Diplomatic and Economic
69
MALAYSIAN PEACEKEEPING CONTRIBUTION IN THE POST-
MAHATHIR ERA AND THE MIDDLE POWER MOTIVATION
Muhammad Afifi Abdul Razak
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(afifi@uum.edu.my)
Kamarul Azman Khamis
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(kazman@uum.edu.my)
Rusdi Omar
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(rusdiomar@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
As a UN member, Malaysia is considered as one of the prominent participant and troop
contributor to peacekeeping operations. The country peacekeeping began in 1960s in
Congo. In the Mahathir era, Malaysian peacekeeping contribution reached its peak.
However, in the post-Mahathir era, Malaysian peacekeeping contribution had
undergone a dramatic change. The number of UN missions participated and troop
contributed were decreased to almost half compared to the previous era. Meanwhile,
Malaysian government under the current prime minister, Najib Razak, in its capacity as
a non-permanent member in the UNSC and also a Chairman of ASEAN for 2015, had
expressed its un-ending support to the UN and its peacekeeping initiatives. This
includes a pledge to promote peacekeeping at the UNSC, supporting the establishment
of an ASEAN Peacekeeping Force (APF) and a contributing of 800 troops, mostly
police, to UN peacekeeping forces. This paper examines the Malaysian peacekeeping
contribution in the post-Mahathir era. It attempts to identify and explain the primary
factors which underlie the Malaysian peacekeeping motivations in the period under
study. It uses the middle power concept as its framework of analysis. This paper
proceeds in four major sections. The first section explains the concepts of
peacekeeping and middle power. The second section explains the background and
history of Malaysian peacekeeping contribution since 1960s to the present time. The
third section identifies and explains the Malaysian middle power approach and the role
UN peacekeeping in the post-Mahathir era. Finally, this paper concludes that the
Malaysian peacekeeping contributions in the post-Mahathir era are highly motivated by
70
the desire to become a middle power country. It further argues that, by acquiring this
status, Malaysia will be able to play a bigger role in global affairs.
Keywords: Malaysia, Foreign Policy, United Nations, Peacekeeping Operations, Post-
Mahathir Era, Najib Razak, Middle Power.
71
SHIITE IDEOLOGY AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR MALAYSIA’S
DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICY
Nor Azizan Idris
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Bakri Mat
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(bakri@uum.edu.my)
Zarina Othman
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
(zaiothman2@gmail.com)
Abstract
Iran’s nuclear program has been hotly debated by the international community. The
United States charges that it is a threat to the stability of the region, labelling Iran as one
of the Axis of Evils and a threat to her national interests in the Middle East. Iran’s
nuclear program which was started in the 1950s was supported by the United States but
was briefly abandoned when Ayatollah Khomeini led the revolution and came to power
in 1979. The revolution gained supports from almost all Muslim countries throughout the
world. Khomeini was seen as Mullah who brought back Islam to Iran, specifically Shiite
Islam. This article is neither designed to explain Iran’s nuclear threat nor designed to
discuss about Shiite ideology from Ulama’s perspectives. Rather the article proposed
that at least two important events in Iran – namely Iran’s Revolution and Iran’s nuclear
power – have overshadowed our understanding of Shiite ideology, which may have
serious implication to a Muslim Sunni country like Malaysia. To explain the
phenomenon, this article has collected both secondary and primary data. Secondary
data was gathered from published academic articles and books. While primary data was
partly mainly collected from interviews which is important to validate the research.
Preliminary findings suggest that Shiite ideology is very complex and a long overdue
issue yet it is important for Malaysia’s domestic and foreign policy.
Keywords: Foreign Policy, Iran, Nuclear Program, Shiite, Security
72
PANEL 3: POLITICS OF MALAYSIA
LANDSKAP POLITIK KAMPUS: SATU TINJAUAN DI UNIVERSITI
UTARA MALAYSIA
Mohd Dino Khairri Shariffuddin
Universiti Utara Malaysia (dino@uum.edu.my)
Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi
Universiti Utara Malaysia (laila@uum.edu.my)
Abstrak
Tinjauan terhadap politik kampus amnya di Universiti Awam (UA) dan khususnya di
Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) merupakan satu tinjauan yang penting kerana ianya
bukan setakat akan melantik perwakilan mahasiswa namun keputusannya akan
dinantikan oleh pelbagai pihak seperti Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi, pihak
Pengurusan Universiti, mahasiswa, ahli politik dan pemberita kerana keputusan
Pemilihan Majlis Perwakilan Pelajar (PMPP) seringkali dikait dengan pengaruh parti
politik dan isu-isu nasional. Perjuangan kumpulan atau individu yang bertanding dalam
PMPP pasti akan mewujudkan keadaan yang harmoni atau tegang berikutan daripada
perbezaan manifesto yang diperjuangkan. Kempen kumpulan-kumpulan dan individu-
individu yang bertangding pada ketika ini ditinjau semakin rancak seperti kempen
pilihanraya national memandangkan pelbagai method telah digunapakai termasuklah
dengan adanya jentera pilihanraya, cybertrooper dan pemakaian baju atau logo lencana
semasa hari pengundian. Pemasangan poster calon juga digantung dikawasan
pengundian demi menarik pengundi disamping terhadapnya tempat ucap kepada calon-
calon untuk menyampaikan manifesto setiap calon.
73
MAHATHIRISKONOMISM: PERANAN TUN DR MAHATHIR
DALAM PENGURUSAN KRISIS EKONOMI 1997/98
Md Shukri Shuib
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(shukrishuib@gmail.com)
Mohd Hanapi Mohamad
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(mhm177@uum.edu.my)
Nazariah Osman
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(nazariah@uum.edu.my)
Abstrak
Krisis ekonomi 1997/98 belaku secara mengejut bagi Malaysia dan menerusi proses
pemulihan dilaksanakan kerajaan, ia berjaya dilakukan dengan pantas kerana wujudnya
polisi yang dijanakan oleh pengurusan Malaysia sendiri. Tekanan memuncak krisis
ekonomi yang melanda Malaysia adalah pada Ogos 1998 di mana berlakunya
penurunan tertinggi kadar tukaran matawang bagi ringgit Malaysia, tekanan ke atas
rizab asing dan juga kenaikan kadar faedah pada paras yang tinggi. Kemelut ekonomi
yang berlaku sejak Julai 1997 dengan berpunca dari kejatuhan nilai ringgit telah dilihat
menjadi antara punca ketegangan politik di antara Tun Dr. Mahathir dan Timbalan
Perdana Menteri ketika itu, Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim sehingga menyebabkan
hubungan politik kedua pemimpin itu semakin renggang di tambah pula oleh tindakan
pemecatan Anwar sebagai anggota kabinet dan keahlian UMNO pada September 1998
sehingga di sabitkan kesalahan penyalahgunaan kuasa oleh Mahkamah
kemudiaannya. Ketegangan antara dua pemimpin itu telah kemudiaannya merebakkan
gerakan Reformasi yang dipelopori oleh Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim yang dilihat seperti
yang turut berlaku di Indonesia, dan gerakan Reformasi tersebut telah kehilangan
taringnya setelah keadaan ekonomi Malaysia kembali pulih di bawah pemerintahan Tun
Dr. Mahathir Mohamad. Krisis ekonomi yang berlaku memberikan impak terhadap
Malaysia dengan menjejaskan wawasan serta perancangan pembangunan ekonomi
serta menyebabkan gangguan terhadap perancangan untuk mencapai kemajuan yang
disasarkan kerajaan. Krisis ekonomi 1997/98 memberikan kesan besar kepada
kebanyakan bank dan sektor korporat, dan ini merunsingkan pihak kerajaan. Dalam
proses menangani kegawatan ekonomi dan melaksanakan pemulihan ekonomi,
kerajaan semasa pemerintahan Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad telah berjaya bertindak
74
balas terhadap krisis tersebut dan memperkenalkan sistem yang berlawanan seperti
yang dipraktikkan oleh Thailand dan Indonesia yang menerima bantuan IMF.
Penubuhan Majlis Tindakan Ekonomi Negara (MTEN) pada 7 Januari 1998 untuk
menguruskan krisis ekonomi dan mengurangkan jurang antara sektor kerajaan dan
swasta. Langkah MTEN yang diperkenalkan oleh tindakan kepimpinan Tun Dr. Mahathir
Mohamad dengan penghasilan satu kerangka tindakan di namakan sebagai Pelan
Pemulihan Ekonomi Negara (PPEN) yang diwujudkan berasaskan orientasi ke arah
penstabilan nilai Ringgit di pasaran mata wang antarabangsa telah memberikan kesan
positif iaitu ia telah terbukti berjaya mengembalikan keyakinan pelabur terhadap
pasaran dan kedudukan ekonomi Malaysia, selain itu MTEN menerusi PPEN yang juga
berorientasikan kepada usaha mengekalkan kestabilan kewangan, mengukuhkan asas
ekonomi dan ekuiti di dapati berjaya dilaksanakan dengan berkesan. Kertas kerja ini
akan melihat secara khusus pengamalan dan pendekatan serta peranan dimainkan Tun
Dr Mahathir dalam penyelesaian krisis ekonomi 1997/98 dengan konsep dinamakan
sebagai Mahathiriskonomism. Secara jelas, Tun Dr Mahathir memainkan peranan dan
pembinaan “ism” berasaskan corak pemikiran dan model kepimpinan beliau membantu
Malaysia keluar dari kemelut kegawatan krisis ekonomi tersebut tanpa memerlukan
bantuan asing yang membelenggu sistem politik dan ekonomi negara.
75
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON THE BUDGETARY DEBATES AMONG
THE FEMALE MPS IN THE 13TH DEWAN RAKYAT: ISSUES,
MOTIVATION AND STYLE OF DEBATING
Ummu Atiyah Ahmad Zakuan
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(atiyah@uum.edu.my)
Nor Azura A Rahman
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(nrazura@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
This paper analyses the budgetary debates among the female MPs in the 13th
Dewan Rakyat (the present one). Budget session reckons as one of the most
important sessions in the parliament as it is the blueprint for a country’s
socioeconomic policies each fiscal year. It is therefore the fundamental indicator of
what government wanted to do and for what purposes. Thus, it is therefore crucial to
examine what issues have been raised by the female MPs during the budgetary
sessions. Previous literature suggests that female MPs exerts more issues that are
women friendly than the male MPs. Using critical discourse analysis and supported
by primary content analysis, this paper also tried to understand the motivation behind
each issues proposed by the female MPs as well as the syle of debating of the
female MPs. This paper provides insights into the Dewan Rakyat as an avenue for
female MPs to exert dominance over feminist and social issues as well as a platform
to display style of debating. This paper contributes to the literature on the use of
critical discourse analysis in examining the issues raised during the budgetary
sessions, its motivation and the style of the debating among the female MPs.
76
THE PROCESS OF NATIONAL BUILDING AMONG YOUTH IN
MALAYSIA: A CASE STUDY OF THE NATIONAL SERVICE
PROGRAMME (NSP) IN NORTHERN REGION OF PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA
Mohamad Ainuddin Iskandar Lee Abdullah
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(ainuddin@uum.edu.my)
Yahya Don
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(d.yahya@uum.edu.my)
Fairol Halim
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(fairol@uum.edu.my)
Sivaperegasam P. Rajanthiran
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(sivaperegasam@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
The implementation of National Service Programme (NSP) is one of the tools to
achieve nation-building goals among Malaysian youth. The objectives of NSP are to
build good personality and develop the spirit of nationalism among adolescents,
improve national integration and increase positive attitude towards the programs.
This study aims to provide an understanding of the problems that led to the
establishment of nation-building in Malaysia. This study is important for the
government to evaluate the effectiveness of a nation-building approach among youth
groups. More importantly, this research will identify the uses of the NSP as a tool in
achieving nation-building goals. The findings show the effectiveness of implementing
the NSP and the impacts of NSP towards the trainee were positive. Besides, the
study also able to overcome the various challenges in the NSP. In addition, all these
aspects will provide several fresh dimensions to examine the process of nation-
building among the youth in Malaysia. This study able to contribute to the existing
literature on the politics of nation-building in Malaysia, and add to the existing
knowledge about the NSP in general.
Keywords: National Service Programme (NSP), Effectiveness, Nation-Building
77
PARTY-POLITICAL (IN) CONGRUENCE AND FEDERAL-STATE FISCAL
RELATIONS: THE CASE OF KELANTAN AND TERENGGANU (2004-12)
Siti Zubaidah Ismail
Universiti Utara Malaysia (szubaidah@uum.edu.my)
Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi
Universiti Utara Malaysia (laila@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
In the 12th general election of 8 March 2008, the National Front did not only lose its two-
third majority in parliament; it also lost control of five of the 13 states. There have been
various follow-on developments since then. Among them is the restructuring of federal-
state fiscal relations. This article argues that the changes in political party strength due
to the changing voting pattern and the transformation of the political opposition have
potential to alter federal-states relations especially in terms of fiscal federalism. In the
case of Malaysia, centralisation offers the federal government considerable scope to
treat those states that are governed by the party that dominates the centre differently
from those that are in the hands of other parties. This article thus seeks to use the state
of Kelantan and Terengganu to examine how party-political incongruence impacts on
the fiscal relations between the federal government and constituent states specifically in
terms of non-discretionary federal transfers.
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PANEL 4: THE ASEAN COMMUNITY
ASEAN COMMUNITY: AN INTEGRATION FAVOURABLE FOR
AMERICA’S PACIFIC CENTURY
Salieg Munestri
Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia (salieglukim@gmail.com)
Abstract
A well-established, stable, prosperous and rich region, Southeast Asia has so far
received less attention than other regions. The region is a battlefield for the rivalry
between the United States and the People‘s Republic of China (PRC). Both have
started to deepen their relations with each of the states in the region and signed various
agreements with the regional association to win the race. China-ASEAN Free Trade
Area (CAFTA) has shown tremendous impacts on the development of China‘s
economic condition these five years. The US-ASEAN Trade and Investment Framework
Agreement signed in 2006, Treaty of Amity and Cooperation that Obama signed in
2009, US annual presence in the East Asia Summit and US position as one of ASEAN
Dialogue Partners with resident ambassador to ASEAN have shown the US continuing
commitment to enhanced engagement with ASEAN. Moreover, America‘s Pacific
century has decided that pivot of the future will be in Asia. Trade liberalization in the
region provides the US abundant opportunities for trade, investment and technology to
help America‘s economic recovery at home. Opportunely, ASEAN members have
agreed to build a fully integrated community that involve political, security, economy and
social realms by the end of 2015. By applying the concept of geopolitics, ASEAN
Community is seen strongly favorable for American interests, especially to strengthen
American influence in the region and to help to pertain American leadership. Hence, the
paper will focus on the importance of ASEAN Community for the US and how the US
supports the development of ASEAN Community. For ASEAN has so far been a US
strategic bilateral partner in Southeast Asia, the deeper ASEAN member countries are
integrated, the more benefits the US may obtain for the pursuit of maintaining its
primacy.
Keywords: America’s Pacific Century, ASEAN Community, CAFTA
79
ASEAN SUMMIT: A DRIVER OF ASEAN COMMUNITY-BUILDING?
Siti Darwinda Mohamed Pero Universiti Utara Malaysia (darwinda@uum.edu.my)
Rusdi Omar
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(rusdiomar@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
Article 7.2 (b) of the ASEAN Charter (2008, p. 10) states that ‘ASEAN Summit shall be the supreme-policy making body of ASEAN’. This indicates the central importance of ASEAN Summit in ASEAN decision-making processes as well as in the development of an ASEAN Community. This paper argues that ASEAN Summit is either a driver of, or, an impediment to ASEAN regional community-building efforts. It seeks to analyse the significance of ASEAN Summit meetings in steering the pace of ASEAN community-building. It provides a working definition of summitry, before an examination on the significant role of summit in regional community-building can be carried out. In doing so, this paper utilises both primary and secondary documents related with ASEAN Summit such as declarations, reports, data published by ASEAN Secretariat, leaders’ speeches, journals, and newspaper articles.
Keywords: ASEAN Summit, ASEAN Community, Historical-Instutionalist Approach
80
RE-THINKING OF ASEAN REGIONAL INTEGRATION: PEOPLE-
ORIENTED TOWARDS COMMUNITARIANISM APPROACHES
Ahmad Bashawir Abdul Ghani Universiti Utara Malaysia (bashawir@uum.edu.my)
Mohammad Fajar Ikhsan Universiti Utara Malaysia (ok.isan@yahoo.co.nz)
Muhammad Subhan Ishak
Universiti Utara Malaysia (msubhan@uum.edu.my)
Abstract
The discussions on regional integration at the level of Southeast Asian (SEA) countries
or ASEAN at this time has a specific purpose which is to run the collective agenda
called ASEAN Community, which is have goals to create a multilateral program. The
program was divided into three sectors which are ASEAN Economic Community,
ASEAN Political-Security Community, and ASEAN Socio-Culture Community. I
assumed that, there are three internal actors in ASEAN that really involved in the
organization’s program. First we have political actors (governments, political elite, who
get benefits from security cooperation to avoid conflict among SEA states , etc.),
second, business actors (economy elite, corporation, who run business and get benefits
from trade agreements made by ASEAN integration), third, people actors (society,
communities, who should receive direct benefits from ASEAN integration). By looking at
the three groups above, the first and second groups have felt the direct benefits from
ASEAN integration, but for the third group, it can be seen that they are in the class of
grassroots (middle and low level) that does not understand what is meant by ASEAN,
and what are the benefits and functions given by ASEAN to them, which shows there is
a missing-link between states and people understanding. This paper is aim to discuss,
how relevant the concept of communitarianism that bring ideas about the importance of
the role of communities in term of political aspects, especially to create a real regional
community and regional identity. Another purpose of this paper is to discuss how the
ASEAN’s idea of people-oriented can be implemented by using the communitarianism
approach. Next purpose of the study is to discuss how states-oriented integration can
81
move to people-oriented integration. This paper will focus on conceptual study, which is
expected to provide an alternative understanding in making community integration.
Keywords: Regional Integration, ASEAN's Regional Identity, Communitarianism
82
THE ASEAN COMMUNITY: ARE THE MALAYSIAN YOUTHS AWARE
AND PREPARED?
Kamarulnizam Abdullah
Universiti Utara Malaysia
(kamarulnizam@uum.edu.my)
Guido Benny
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Yahya Don
Universiti Utara Malaysia
Mohd Sofian Omar Fauzee
Universiti Utara Malaysia
Zahrul Akmal Damin
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Abstract
The ASEAN Community, which also consists of the Community blueprints – ASEAN
Economic Community (AEC), ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC), and
ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC), is finally launched in 2016 after years of
conceptualization, discussion, and debates about the viability of regional community
formation in Southeast Asia. Yet, critics argue that the Southeast Asia’s regional
formation is a top-down process, where the idea of community identity is not shared by
the majority of people. What’s more important is, whether the younger generation could
understand and even aware about the impending establishment of ASEAN Community.
Henceforth, this article seeks to answer some pertinent questions regarding Malaysian
youth’s understanding, attitudes, awareness, and preparedness to the ASEAN
Community. A survey was conducted between August and September 2015, to
ascertain the Malaysian youth perception on the Community by testing four major
variables: understanding, attitudes, awareness, and preparedness. The survey was
conducted on 5, 032 Malaysian youths in six different zones: the north, south, central
and eastern region of the peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak. The survey
reveals some important findings. Firstly, the knowledge and understanding of the
ASEAN Community among the Malaysian youths are still minimal. Secondly, Malaysian
youths have a good perception of the relevancy and benefits of ASEAN Community.
Although their level of awareness was low, they show some supports to the ASEAN
Community. Finally, the finding suggests that the government needs to embark upon
83
various youth-inclusive programs to better socialize this new generation to the idea and
concept of the ASEAN Community and, to prepare them for a closer regional
integration.
Keywords: Regional Community Building, ASEAN Community, Malaysian Youth,
Awareness Survey