ICIS2016 Book of Abstract

BOOK OF ABSTRACT

BOOK OF ABSTRACT

Compiled by: Nik Nor Suhaida Ali Siti Zubaidah Ismail

Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi

1

Parallel Sessions Schedule

Parallel Session 1

Panel 1: International Economic Collaboration/ Public Administration

Room: AV 9

Time & Date: 9.00 - 10.15 a.m. (August 20, 2016)

Chairperson: Dr. Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 Malaysia and Its Free Trade Agreements Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi, Nurhaizal Azam Ariff and Mohd Dino Khairri Shariffuddin,Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 2 Attitude Toward Foreign Investment in ASEAN Economic Community/ ASEAN Investment Area: Comparative Study in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam Guido Benny, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

PAPER 3 Articulating the Motions of Reciprocity in China’s Trade Relations with United States and European Union Sivasegaran Nadarajan, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 4 Integrity among Royal Malaysia Police Ahmad Shamil Abu Bakar and Mashitah Mohd Udin, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 5 Administrative Reforms – A Malaysian Perspective Mashitah Mohd Udin, Rusdi Omar, Abd. Rahim Romle and Kamarul Zaman Yusoff, Universiti Utara Malaysia

Compiled by:

Nik Nor Suhaida Ali Siti Zubaidah Ismail


2

Panel 2: Cross Culture Studies

Room: AV 10


Chairperson: Dr. Mohd Azwardi Md. Isa, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 Masculinity versus Femininity: Its Relationship Towards Conspicious Consumption Behaviour Wan Nurisma Ayu Wan Ismail, Norhayati Zakaria and Asmat Nizam Abdul Talib, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 2 Conceptualization of Influence of Ethnicity in Destination Image Formation and the Choice of Destination Shankar Chelliah, Mohammad Jamal Khan, Mahmood Sabri Haron and Sahrish Ahmed, Universiti Sains Malaysia

PAPER 3 The Influence Factors of Consumer Ethnocentrism on Brand Consideration among Government Servant Mohd Azwardi Md. Isa, Fawad Hussain, Fitratul Huda Abdul Rashid and Mohammad Basir Saud, Universiti Utara Malaysia

3

Panel 3: Logistics and Supply Chain

Room: AV 11


Chairperson: Dr. Sabariah Yaakub, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1

Employee’s and Manager’s Capabilities: The Application of Resource-Based View in Evaluating Malaysian Port Competitiveness Salwani Arbak and Aminurraasyid Yatiban, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 2 Classification and Functions of Third Party Logistics Service Providers: A Literature Review Sabariah Yaakub, Universiti Utara Malaysia

4

Parallel Session 2

Panel 1: International Business Strategy

Room: AV 9

Time & Date: 2.00 - 3.15 p.m. (August 20, 2016)

Chairperson: Dr. Mohd Haniff Jedin, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 Effect of IFRS Adoption and Corporate Governance Practices on Performance: A Study on Listed Companies in Dubai Abbas Alkhuzaie and Noraza Mat Udin, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 2 Assessing the Impact of Product Factors on the Satisfaction of Smartphone Consumers: Evidence from North Malaysia Norsafinas Saad and Faiz Masnan, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 3 The Influence of Service Marketing Mix (7 P) on Customer Service Satisfaction in Malaysia Edutainment Services Mohd Haniff Jedin and Indra Balachandran, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 4 Pengaruh Kemanjuran Diri (Self-Efficacy) Terhadap Tingkah Laku Innovatif di kalangan Pekerja-Pekerja Eksekutif di Syarikat Multinasional Asing Yang Beroperasi Di Malaysia Hartini Husin, Fakhrorazi Ahmad and Nik Ab Halim Nik Abdullah, Universiti Utara Malaysia

5

Panel 2: Peace and Conflict Resolution

Room: AV 10


Chairperson: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Fuad Othman, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 Anti Terrorism Education: An Effort to Enhance Nationalism and Preserving the Unity of Indonesia Aditya Cleverina and Salieg Munestri, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

PAPER 2 2011 Libyan Uprising and NATO Intervention: A Critical Analysis Basiru Musa, Bayero University Nigeria, Che Mohd Aziz Yaacob and Rusdi Omar, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 3 Ethnicity, Culture and Political Instability in Guinea Conakry Toure Cheick Ahmed Median, Russli Kamaruddin, Sity Daud, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

PAPER 4 Pengurusan Konflik Palestin-Israel: Analisis Perjanjian Damai Rusnawati Ismail, Universiti Utara Malaysia

Paper 5 Model Pengurusan Konflik Parti Politik Ke Arah 1Malaysia Muhammad Fuad Othman, Zaheruddin Othman and Mohd Foad Sakdan, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 6 Kepimpinan Politik Pemangkin Kepada Perkongsian Komprehensif Antara Malaysia-Amerika Syarikat Pasca 9/11 Mas Juliana Mukhtaruddin, Universiti Utara Malaysia

6

Panel 3: International Entrepreneurship

Room: AV 11


Chairperson: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Asmat Abdul Talib, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 A One-To-One Ratio between Family Directors and Independent Directors: A View From Malaysia Public-Listed Family Firms and Its Policy Implication Lynn Yew Hua Ling, Curtin University, Malaysia, John Evans, Curtin University, Australia, and Shibley Sadique, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh

PAPER 2 Preferences of Students in Their Buying Decisions of Foreign Products Mohammad Basir Saud, Fawad Hussain, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Khairul Hisham Zainuddin, Kolej Professional MARA Seri Iskandar, Malaysia, and Mohd Azwardi Md Isa, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 3 Entrepreneurial Behavior and Performance: A Study on Students’ Intention at the School of International Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia Mohd Najib Mansor, Abdul Rahim Jaguli and Muhammad Fuad Othman, Universiti Utara Malaysia

7

Institutional Panel Session: Selected Issues in International Politics

Room: AV 15


Chairperson: Dr. Knocks Tapiwa Zengeni, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 Accounting Ethics and Its Impact on Corporate Governance in A Globalizing World Denson Muvandi, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa

PAPER 2 The Ethical Dilemma on the Imposition of Sanctions as a Deterrent Tool Against a Sovereign State: The Case of Zimbabwe Peter Muchakazi, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, and Michael Tedzani Moyo, National Defence College, Zimbabwe

PAPER 3 The United Nations Force Intervention Brigade: Any Need for Synchronized Peace Support Efforts in the Eastern Congo Recurring Conflict? Engelbert Rugeje, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, and Sadiki Maeresera, Zimbabwe National Defence College’s Institute of Strategic Research and Analysis/ University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa

PAPER 4 The SADC Intervention in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo Recurring Conflict: Constraints and Prospect Sadiki Maeresera, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, and Knocks Tapiwa Zengeni, Universiti Utara Malaysia

8

Parallel Session 3

Panel 1: Global Business Management

Room: AV 9


Chairperson: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nik Ab Halim Nik Abdullah, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 Knowledge Acquisition through Inter-Firm Collaboration and Firm’s Innovation Performance Tamma Elhachemi, Abdul Rahim Jaguli and Fakhrorazi Ahmad, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 2 Globalization of Trade Firms: Lessons from ASEAN Firms Mohamad Hanapi Mohamad, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 3 The Impact of Workplace Environment and Workplace Diversity on Employee’s Motivation and Firm’s Performance: A Study of a MNC Subsidiary in Malaysia Nik Ab Halim Nik Abdullah, Mazatul Nadiah Sahiri and Fakhrorazi Ahmad, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 4 Factors Influencing the Relationship between Malaysia Exporting SMEs and Export Intermediaries Norliza Hamir Basah and Asmat Nizam Abdul Talib, Universiti Utara Malaysia

9

Panel 2: Kelantan Flood Disaster

Room: AV 10


Chairperson: Dr. Nazariah Osman, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 The Roles and Contributions of the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the Post-2014 Kelantan Flood Disaster Nazariah Osman, Norafidah Ismail, Mohamad Zaki Ahmad, Mohamad Hanapi Mohamad and Muhammad Fuad Othman, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 2 Kelantan Flood vs. Hurricane Katrina: Home Building for Disaster Victims During Post-Flood Reconstruction Norafidah Ismail and Nazariah Osman, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 3 Post-Hurricane Katrina Disaster Management Regime: Lesson Learned for Malaysia’s Post-Flood Reconstruction Initiatives Mohamad Zaki Ahmad and Muhammad Fuad Othman, Universiti Utara Malaysia

10

Panel 3: Security

Room: AV 11


Chairperson: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 International Organization Against the Islamic State in Iraq: An Neoliberal Institutionalist Analysis Suror Shaba Polus and Guido Benny, National University of Malaysia

PAPER 2 Women as Irregular Migrants: Indonesia’s Challenges for Human Security Karina Utami, Universitas Islam Indonesia

PAPER 3 ISIL Threat and Deradicalisation in Malaysia Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani and Muhammad Saleh Tajuddin, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 4 Perubahan Dasar Pertahanan Malaysia: Era Mahathir Mohamad 1981-2003 Rodziah Md Zin and Mohd Kamarulnizam Abdullah, Universiti Utara Malaysia

11

Panel 4: Global Politics

Room: AV 15


Chairperson: Dr. Rie Nakamura, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 Iran’s Strategy in Iraq and Syria Sherko Kimanj, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 2 Why Does Thai Military Intervene into Politics? Sathid Boonmuang, Ahmad Bashawir Abdul Ghani, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Chumphon Kaewsom, Maejo University and Emil Mahyudin, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 3 Understanding Hiep Hoi Giao Vietnam (The Association of Muslim Cham in Vietnam) Rie Nakamura, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 4 Cohabitation in the Occupied Palestine’s Political System Aminurraasyid Yatiban, Ramzi Odah, Sivaperegasam P. Rajenthiran, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 5 The Importance of Building Strategic Alliance Between Indonesia and Malaysia for Countering ISIS Ideology and Movement M. Syafi’i Anwar, Universiti Utara Malaysia

http://www.uum.edu.my/

http://www.mju.ac.th/

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Parallel Session 4

Panel 1: Maritime and Southeast Asia

Room: AV 9


Chairperson: Dr. Mohamad Zaki Ahmad, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 Securing the Maritime Supply Chains: The Challenge of Piracy and Armed Robbery in Southeast Asian Waters Nik Nor Suhaida Ali and Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 2 Maritime Silk Road: Past Picture and Future Challenges Wahyu Wardhana, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

PAPER 3 The Maritime Security Architecture in Southeast Asia Irawan Jati, Universitas Islam Indonesia

PAPER 4 The Contribution of Track Two to Track One Diplomacy: An Analyzes of Indonesian Efforts in Managing the South China Sea Ignatius Satyawan, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia

http://www.uum.edu.my/

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Panel 2: Foreign Policy

Room: AV 10


Chairperson: Dr. Bakri Mat, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 Malaysia-Singapore Relations Under Najib Razak: Malaysian Perspectives Rusdi Omar, Muhammad Muda and Che Mohd Aziz Yaacob, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 2 Yemen-China Relations: History and Development in Bilateral Relations Yahya Yahya Yahya Al-Awd, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 3 Malaysian Peacekeeping Contribution in the Post-Mahathir Era and the Middle Power Motivation Muhammad Afifi Abdul Razak, Kamarul Azman Khamis and Rusdi Omar, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 4 Shiite Ideology and Its Implication for Malaysia’s Domestic and Foreign Policy Nor Azizan Idris, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bakri Mat, Universiti Utara Malaysia, and Zarina Othman, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

14

Panel 3: Politics of Malaysia

Room: AV 11


Chairperson: Dr. Ummu Atiyah Ahmad Zakuan, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 Landskap Politik Kampus: Satu Tinjauan di Universiti Utara Malaysia Mohd Dino Khairri Shariffuddin and Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 2 Mahathiriskonomism: Peranan Tun Dr Mahathir Dalam Pengurusan Krisis Ekonomi 1997/98 Md Shukri Shuib, Mohamad Hanapi Mohamad, Nazariah Osman, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 3 Discourse Analysis on the Budgetary Debates among the Female MPs in the 13th Dewan Rakyat: Issues, Motivation and Style of Debating Ummu Atiyah Ahmad Zakuan and Nor Azura A Rahman, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 4 The Process of National Building among the Youth in Malaysia: A Case Study of the National Service Programme (NSP) in Northern Region of Peninsular Malaysia Mohamad Ainuddin Iskandar Lee Abdullah, Yahya Don, Fairol Halim and Sivaperegasam P. Rajanthiran, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 5 Party-Political (In)Congruence and Federal-State Fiscal Relations: The Case of Kelantan and Trengganu (2004-2012) Siti Zubaidah Ismail and Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi, Universiti Utara Malaysia

15

Panel 4: The ASEAN Community

Room: AV 15


Chairperson: Dr. Muhammad Subhan, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 ASEAN Community: An Integration Favourable for American’s Pacific Century Salieg Munestri, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

PAPER 2 ASEAN Summit: A Driver of ASEAN Community-Building? Siti Darwinda Mohamed Pero and Rusdi Omar, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 3 Re-Thinking of ASEAN Regional Integration: People-Oriented Towards Communitarianism Approaches Ahmad Bashawir Abdul Ghani, Mohammad Fajar Ikhsan and Muhammad Subhan Ishak, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 4 The ASEAN Community: Are the Malaysian Youths Aware and Prepared? Kamarulnizam Abdullah, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Guido Benny, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Yahya Don, Mohd Sofian Omar Fauzee, Universiti Utara Malaysia, and Zahrul Akmal Damin, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn

16

ABSTRACTS

17

PARALLEL SESSION 1

PANEL 1: INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC COLLABORATION/

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

MALAYSIA AND ITS FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS


Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Nurhaizal Azam Ariff


Mohd Dino Khairri Shariffuddin


Abstract

Malaysia has signed several free trade agreements with the aim to achieve deeper

liberalization and to gain better access into the global economy. At bilateral level,

Malaysia so far has concluded agreements with Australia, Chile, India, New Zealand,

Pakistan and Turkey. Besides, Malaysia also concluded several free trade agreements

at regional level within the framework of ASEAN such as the ASEAN-China and

ASEAN-Australia/New Zealand. Similarly, Malaysia also participates in several

negotiations as a member state of ASEAN such as the ASEAN-EU free trade

agreement and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. It is suggested that the

concluded free trade agreements also cater the needs of Malaysia in terms of facilitating

strategic economic development and dispersing political values.

Keywords: Free Trade Agreements, Malaysia, Strategic Economic Development

mailto:[email protected]



18

ATTITUDE TOWARD FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN ASEAN ECONOMIC

COMMUNITY/ ASEAN INVESTMENT AREA: COMPARATIVE STUDY IN

INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, THAILAND AND VIETNAM

Guido Benny

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract

ASEAN has set its objective to forge further regional economic integration among

member countries under the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) and ASEAN

Investment Area (AIA) to be established effectively at the end of 2015. Nation and

business leaders have voiced its optimism on this initiative; however, support and

acceptance of the public for this integration or to FDIs has never been revealed. The

main objective of this study was to investigate the opinion of young citizens in Malaysia,

Indonesia, and Vietnam on the AEC and AIA. Data from questionnaires of 1,471 young

professionals, with approximately equal distribution from each country were collected

between June and November 2015. Quantitative methods and statistical tests were

employed to achieve three research objectives. The finding suggests that, firstly, the

respondents had moderate level of awareness on AEC and AIA, perceived that it will be

beneficial to the region and countries, and showed strong support for it. In addition, they

also showed negative sentiment toward foreign investments, but had positive

sentiments towards FDIs from ASEAN countries. Secondly, the study made it evident

the relationship between awareness and perceived benefits; awareness, perceived

benefits and supports; and perceived benefits and sentiments toward FDIs. Finally, the

study found that positive sentiment toward intra-ASEAN investment was positively

influenced by the perception of benefits from AEC/AIA.

Keywords: ASEAN, Foreign Investment, Opinion, Free Trade, ASEAN Investment Area


19

ARTICULATING THE MOTIONS OF RECIPROCITY IN CHINA’S TRADE

RELATIONS WITH UNITED STATES AND EUROPEAN UNION

Sivasegaran Nadarajan Universiti Utara Malaysia

([email protected])

Abstract

In general, reciprocity emphasised on the norm of mutual exchange between countries

that will enable common understanding and benefits for each sides. Specific to trade

relations, reciprocity provides the fundamental background for the negotiation of trade

concessions especially in regard to the reduction of protectionism as to promote fair

trade between nations. Stimultaneously, in spite of its core assumption of mutually

beneficial trade relation, reciprocity only serves as a guiding principle rather than a

binding enforcement, it depends on a country’s intention whether to adhere reciprocity

in a good manner or to use it only as a mean of exploiting others for its own benefits.

Augmenting from this, China engagement in global trade has beem categorised as

exploitative, aimed in gaining upper-hand over other nations. Since joining the World

Trade Organization (WTO), China, while in principle agrees to open up its market to

promote fair trade, in practice, its commitmenrt remained questionable. In regard to this,

concerns have been raised by China’s trading partners particularly the United States

(US) and European Union (EU); inquiring its reciprocal commitment in upholding the

WTO’s principle of trade liberalisation. This is because, by being a member of WTO,

China has gained freer access in penetrating the market of these countries while at the

same time limiting the opportunities in its domestic markets through the practice of

currency manipulation, non-tariff barriers applications, and infringement of intellectual

property rights that further resulted in trade deficits and job losses in these countries.

This further provides doubt in the sustainability of reciprocal trade relations involving

China with US and also China with EU. However, deliberating the notion above as the

conventional understanding of reciprocity, this paper intends to demarcate the

comprehension of reciprocity from a broader set of thinking; forwarding that despite

being exploitative, nations will continuously engage in reciprocal commercial activities

regardless of the trade related issues that occur among them. This is because trade

relations by nature are mutually dependenct relationships that coexist between

countries in which one could not successfully participate in global trade without other.

Nevertheless, at the same time, the coexistence of trade relations between countries

are also relied on what each other can offer in order to maintain the longevity of such

relationships in which commercial engagement will continue to reciprocally progress as

long it is beneficial for both sides. Deriving from this, despite the lingering issues in


20

trade, the United States and European Union continuously engage in commercial

activities with China due to the abundant supply of resources, and also huge

populations with growing ‘middle-class’ spending power that China could offer. On the

other hand, with a combination of population around 820 million people between the US

and EU, this has provided China the marketplace in meeting their huge supply of

manufactured goods. Furthermore, through the commercial interaction with these

countrues, it also offers China the access toward advanced technology

Keywords: Reciprocity, China-US and China-EU trade relations

21

INTEGRITY AMONG ROYAL MALAYSIA POLICE

Ahmad Shamil Abu Bakar

Universiti Utara Malaysia

Mashitah Mohd Udin Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract

The Royal Malaysian Police is a centralized police agency within the Government of

Malaysia. This paper explores the contours of police integrity among the Malaysian

serving police officers. It relies on the integrity survey recently conducted. A total of

210 self-administered questionnaires were distributed and the quantitative cross-

section has been used. The final response rate was 93.4% and the data obtained

was being analysed using the Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). We

analyse the results across several measures of police integrity, such as the

respondents’ knowledge of official rules, evaluations of the seriousness of police

misconduct, views about appropriate, expected disciplinary actions and the code of

silence. The results show that most of our respondents recognized behaviours

described in the hypothetical scenarios as rule violating and evaluated them to be

serious. On the other hand, findings also show that only lenient discipline is

appropriate for such forms of misconduct. They mostly expected their police

agencies to mete out lenient disciplinary corrective actions, indicating a relaxed

disciplinary environment within the force. The paper ends with a discussion on the

possible implications and suggestions for future research.

Keywords: Royal Malaysian police, police integrity, survey, misconduct.


22

ADMINSTRATIVE REFORMS – A MALAYSIAN PERSPECTIVE

Mashitah Mohd Udin Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Rusdi Omar


Abd. Rahim Romle


Kamarul Zaman Yusoff Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract

This paper focuses on Malaysian bureaucracy and the administrative reforms

undertaken by the government in the context of promoting development activities to

achieve Vision 2020, which aims at making Malaysia a developed nation by the year

2020. Malaysian public service is a huge organisation with over 1.4 million

government servants, spreading over a number of Ministries, Departments and

Statutory Bodies with many smaller organisations under them. To understand the

complex relationships between the various elements in development process in

Malaysia, a system approach is adopted in this study. Administrative reforms are

generally grouped into structural, process and behavioural reforms, with a common

objective of improving the efficiency and productivity of the government delivery

system. The paper traces the historical development of administrative reforms vis-a-

vis the development process in Malaysia with a strong emphasis on Abdullah Ahmad

Badawi’s era, a period of strong behavioural administrative reforms and human

capital development. A total of 100 questionnaires were distributed among Malaysian

Civil Service officers working in Putrajaya in 2010. Using the structural equation

modelling approach to process data, our findings show there exists a close

relationship between administrative reforms and government delivery system in

terms of productivity and efficiency with integrity acting as a mediating variable in the

research framework.

Keywords: Administrative Reforms, Bureaucracy, Government Delivery System,

Productivity, Efficiency, Malaysian Civil Service Officers, Integrity.




23

PANEL 2 : CROSS CULTURE STUDIES

MASCULINITY VS. FEMININITY:

ITS RELATIONSHIP TOWARDS CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION

BEHAVIOR

Wan Nurisma Ayu Wan Ismail Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Norhayati Zakaria


Asmat Nizam Abdul Talib Universiti Utara Malaysia

([email protected])

Abstract

This research deals with the influence cultural value of Gen Y consumers toward

consumption behaviour in Malaysia. Gen Y consumers can be classified as a people

with age range between 14-31 years old. Gen Y consumers are become an interest

of researchers. However, not much information are reflect with this generation

cohort especially in the segment of college student Gen Y. Gen Y consumers have

different consumption behaviour compared to the previous generation. This study

attempts to understand the role of masculinity vs. femininity of Gen Y consumers’

toward luxury products. A convenience sample of 275 university students was used

to assess the impact of these values toward conspicuous consumption behaviour.

Based on the findings, it shows that femininity vs. masculinity play a significant role

towards conspicuous consumption behaviour. This paper helps to generate some

important directions for future research in Gen Y context.

Keywords: Generation Y, Conspicuous Consumption, Attitude toward Luxury Brand,

Values, Culture




24

CONCEPTUALIZATION OF INFLUENCE OF ETHNICITY IN

DESTINATION IMAGE FORMATION AND THE CHOICE OF

DESTINATION

Shankar Chelliah

Universiti Sains Malaysia ([email protected])

Mohammad Jamal Khan Universiti Sains Malaysia

([email protected])

Mahmood Sabri Haron Universiti Sains Malaysia

([email protected])

Sahrish Ahmed Universiti Sains Malaysia

([email protected])

Abstract

Fast economic growth of South-East Asian countries leads citizens of this region to

take leisure travel more frequently to outside their countries. However, India in-spite

of geographically and culturally diverse and offer many travel activities to perform,

failed to attract significant number of travelers from south-east Asian regions. This

situation clearly indicates, India is not in their choice set of destinations. Literature

argues that destination image is the most important factor in destination choice

followed by travel motivations. Early literature reveals that motivations and socio-

economic factors have significant role in destination image formation and recently

perceived risk is also considered as another factor. However, authors argue that due

to large social diversity in South-East Asian region ethnicity of population should also

be considered as important factor influence destination image. Population from a

particular ethnic group had close ties with India earlier may hold different image than

other ethnic group and may keep India in different set of choice destination than the

others. After thorough literature review authors argued that apart from travel

motivation and perceived risks, ethnicity of population will also influence destination

image. And later, based on image potential travelers will keep a particular destination

in early choice set and late choice set of destinations.

Keywords: Travel Motivations and Risks, Ethnicity, Destination Image, Early Choice

Set, Late Choice Set





25

THE INFLUENCE FACTORS OF CONSUMER ETHNOCENTRISM ON

BRAND CONSIDERATION AMONG GOVERNMENT SERVANT

Mohd Azwardi Md. Isa


([email protected])

Fawad Husain


([email protected])

Fitratul Huda bt Abdul Rashid


([email protected])

Mohammad Basir Saud


([email protected])

Abstract

The Malaysian automobile consumers are quite versatile in taking their purchasing

decisions. The establishment of choice set from which consumers identify their brand

choices provokes some attention among researchers and practitioners, particularly

within the context of international marketing and domestic Malaysian automobile

market. This paper looks into the construct of consumer ethnocentrism (CE) and its

influence on brand consideration. The objective of this research is to study the brand

preference of Majlis Amanah Rakyat(MARA) staff in Perak Tengah District, two from

Mara Junior Science Colleges (MRSM) Staff in Parit and Kg Gajah and one MARA

Professional College (KPM) Staff and lastly in Mara District Office Staff. A total of 106

questionnaires were distributed among the college staff in order to obtain primary data

for the purpose of the study. A total of 104 questionnaires was used for analysis. Smart

PLS 2 statistical software was used for analysis. A relationship between consumer

ethnocentrism and brand consideration was tested. It was found that there is a

significant relationship with consumer ethnocentrism and brand consideration for

Malaysian made automobiles. The study, therefore, provides a better understanding into

Malaysian consumers’ selection of automobiles as influenced by consumer

ethnocentrism.

Keywords: Consumer Ethnocentrism, Brand Consideration, Malaysian Automobile

Market .





26

PANEL 3: LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN

EMPLOYEE’S AND MANAGER’S CAPABILITIES: THE APPLICATION

OF RESOURCE-BASED VIEW IN EVALUATING MALAYSIAN PORT

COMPETITIVENESS

Salwani Arbak Universiti Utara Malaysia

([email protected])

Aminurraasyid Yatiban Universiti Utara Malaysia

([email protected])

Abstract

A great deal of literature applies efficiency measurement methods to investigate port’s competitive advantages. Nevertheless, the competitive characteristics of a port are deeply influenced by port policies of government, the operating strategies of the port, operating facilities, and the loading and unloading efficiencies, etc. Therefore, the measurement of a port’s overall competitiveness requires considering all internal and external factors. This paper is to identify the relationship among those determinants and port performance with special emphasis on employee’s and manager’s capabilities from eight Malaysian ports.



27

CLASSIFICATION AND FUNCTIONS OF THIRD PARTY LOGISTICS

SERVICE PROVIDERS: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Sabariah Yaakub Universiti Utara Malaysia

([email protected])

Abstract

On the basis of content analysis, this paper provided a definition of third party logistics

service providers (LSPs) before performing a classification and functions of third party

logistics service providers and the importance that these LSPs play. Although the

common consensus across literature with regards to the function of LSP is that it should

be grounded in the definition of the underlying domain of logistics and its management,

there has been several differing arguments on how to classify these LSPs concerning

their roles or what they do. Drawing on the extant literature in supply chain management

and logistics, this paper strives to demarcate the classifications and functions of these

LSPs to provide a better understanding of third party logistics service providers.

Keywords: Third Party Logistics, Classification and Functions of LSP, Logistics Service

Providers, Supply Chain Management, Logistics, Literature Review


28

PARALLEL SESSION 2

PANEL 1: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY

EFFECT OF IFRS ADOPTION AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

PRACTICES ON PERFORMANCE: A STUDY ON LISTED COMPANIES

IN DUBAI

Abbas Alkhuzaie


Noraza Mat Udin


Abstract

This study has been conducted on the financial market of Dubai. The purpose of the

study is to understand the effect of IFRS adoption along with corporate governance

characteristics over the financial performance of listed companies in Dubai. The study

has taken return on assets as the measurement of performance, while IFRS adoption,

board independence, board size, and audit quality as the measurement of CG. Firm

size and leverage have been taken as control variables. The data has been collected

from the annual reports and websites of the companies. Regression analysis is

employed to understand the effect of each independent variable on performance. The

study has identified that IFRS adoption; board independence, board size, and audit

quality have a significant effect over financial performance of companies listed in Dubai

stock market. The major contribution of the study is the combined effect of variables, as

in the available literature all these variables have not yet been studied collectively.

Keywords: IFRS, Corporate Governance, Board of Director Committees, Firm Size,

ROA



29

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF PRODUCT FACTORS ON THE

SATISFACTION OF SMARTPHONE CONSUMERS: EVIDENCE FROM

NORTH MALAYSIA

Norsafinas Md. Saad


Faiz Masnan


Abstract

For many years, smartphone adoption and usage has been an area of interest in

consumer and marketing research. Taking the notion of how consumers attach

importance to smartphones, this study sets out to investigate the product factors

affecting the satisfaction of smartphone consumers and to understand better the current

dynamics of smartphone market from the perspective of end consumers in North

Malaysia. Data were gathered via survey, resulting in 382 completed questionnaires

being returned. The results indicate that product judgment, product feature and brand

image have a significant positive impact on the satisfaction on smartphone consumers.

Keywords: Smartphone, Product Judgment, Product Feature, Brand Image, Consumer

Satisfaction



30

THE INFLUENCE OF SERVICE MARKETING MIX (7 P) ON CUSTOMER

SERVICE SATISFACTION IN MALAYSIAN EDUTAINMENT SERVICES

Mohd Haniff Jedin Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Indra Balachandran


Abstract

Marketing mix is a foundation to marketing managers to make decision particularly to

meet the expectations and needs of customers. Addtionally, it is also a means to

acquire customer’s satisfaction through high reputation products or services. In this

respect, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of the service marketing

mix elements with customer service satisfaction in Malaysian edutainment industry. A

survey methodology was used by applying mall intercept methods. 123 useable

responses were received from customers especially parents and their children who

have used the edutainment services in three selected malls in the Klang Valley that

near to the edutainment service providers. The study reveal that price, physical and

product/service quality have significant relationship on customer service satisfaction.

Keywords: Marketing Mix, Customer Service Satisfaction, Edutainment Services



31

PENGARUH KEMANJURAN DIRI (SELF-EFFICACY) TERHADAP

TINGKAH LAKU INNOVATIF DI KALANGAN PEKERJA-PEKERJA

EKSEKUTIF DI SYARIKAT MULTINASIONAL ASING YANG BEROPERASI

DI MALAYSIA

Hartini Husin


Fakhrorazi Ahmad


Nik Ab Halim Nik Abdullah


Abstrak

Elemen kemanjuran-diri atau lebih dikenali sebagai self-efficacy di dalam bahasa Inggeris

merupakan satu elemen motivasi yang sangat penting di dalam mempengaruhi tingkah

laku seseorang, seperti apa yang telah dinyatakan di dalam teori kognitif sosial. Bagi

menilai pengaruh kemanjuran-diri terhadap tingkah laku inovatif, satu kajian terperinci

telah dijalankan di beberapa syarikat terpilih di negara ini. Syarikat-syarikat terbabit adalah

syarikat-syarikat MNC asing yang beroperasi di Malaysia di dalam sektor elektrik dan

elektronik. Sebanyak 304 responden dari pelbagai syarikat dan latar belakang dari seluruh

Malaysia telah memberi maklum balas ke atas soalan soalan soal selidik yang telah

diedarkan. Data yang diperolehi kemudiannya dianalisa secara langsung dengan

menggunakan varian-based SEM dengan program Smart-PLS v2. Kajian mendapati

bahawa kemanjuran-diri memberi kesan yang sangat besar terhadap tingkahlaku inovatif

pekerja. Dapatan kajian ini juga selari dengan kenyataan di dalam teori kognitif sosial.

Secara kesimpulan, bagi memacu tingkah laku inovatif di kalangan pekerja ke tahap yang

lebih tinggi di dalam sesuatu organisasi, tahap kemanjuran-diri bagi setiap pekerja perlu

dipertingkatkan. Jika perlu, latihan yang khusus berkaitan kemanjuran-diri perlu diberikan

kepada setiap pekerja di dalam sesebuah organisasi.

Katakunci: Inovasi, Kemanjuran-diri, Tingkah Laku Innovatif, Motivasi, Teori Kognitif Sosial




32

PANEL 2: PEACE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION

ANTI TERRORISM EDUCATION: AN EFFORT TO ENHANCE

NATIONALISM AND PRESERVING THE UNITY OF INDONESIA

Aditya Cleverina Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

([email protected])

Salieg Munestri Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

([email protected])

Abstract

This paper identifies lack of an urgency of the government to tackle the terrorism threat from the early detection. That is why terrorism attacks mostly done by the youth. The idea of giving an interactive course for university student would be much beneficial explained by three reasons. First, the formal education would give a standard perspective on how student of university would sense, understand, and define about anti terrorism action. Second, the youth is the right target merely because in age between 16 - 25 is the most critical, curious, and labile stage which need more attention and control. Third, through formal education, but would give easier detection and evaluation if it finds indications about terrorism or misinterpretation. This paper uses qualitative method with collecting data as the primary source. This paper offers a reference that can be used as a solution called Anti Terrorism Education; an interactive formal education which contains a proper material about anti terrorism integrated with material of nationalism, inter faith dialog among religions, and moral for student of university. This scheme consist of two main ways to deliver the material, first is a proper explanation and material about anti terrorism. Second, an interactive discussion which will be the media provided in class to have check and balance and raising the awareness of preventing the terrorism itself. Keywords: Terrorism, Anti Terrorism, Education, Nationalism, Indonesia



33

2011 LIBYAN UPRISING AND NATO INTERVENTION: A CRITICAL

ANALYSIS

Basiru Musa Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria

([email protected])

Che Mohd Aziz Yaacob Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Rusdi Omar


Abstract

The paper critically evaluated the impact of NATO’s military intervention in the 2011 Libyan

uprising. Specifically, it was intended to protect innocent civilians by imposing a no-fly

zone over Libya ordered by a United Nations Security Council Resolution: 1973 or it was

carried out to further the global hegemonic interests of the United States of America

through the employment of NATO’s military might. The work utilised a theoretical

framework of Collective Security, developed by A.F.K. Organski in 1958, and relied on

documentary method of data collection and qualitative method as its tool or yardstick for

data analysis. It was found out that the imposition and enforcement of a no-fly zone over

the Libyan airspace did not protect innocent civilians, but resulted in toppling of Muammar

Gaddafi and his 42 year old regime (1st September, 1969-20th October, 2011), worsening

insecurity, fragile and unstable government, exacerbation of human rights abuses,

humanitarian crisis, resurgence of Islamic radicalism, weapons proliferation in Libya and

its neighbours, such as Mali and Egypt, Diplomatic failure, Loss of Libya’s internal and

external sovereignty, aiding the rebels to victory over Gaddafi, decimation of the hitherto

stable Libyan society and plunging it into utter anarchy, shattering of the Libyan economy

and its endowed oil wealth. Therefore, this brings to the fore, the apparent need for a truly

autonomous, robust and impartial Global Authority to check the excesses of the super-

ordinate states, such as the U.S., France, Britain and their allies in order to protect the

weaker states in the International System from the catastrophic drawbacks of an

unnecessary military intervention, which has an ulterior imperialist motive. Libya is today a

shadow of its former prosperous and stable self under Gaddafi and the hope of stability,

peace and sustainable human development continues to fade.

Keywords: Libya, Uprising, NATO, Intervention




34

PENGURUSAN KONFLIK PALESTIN-ISRAEL:

ANALISIS PERJANJIAN DAMAI

Rusnawati Ismail


Abstrak

Konflik boleh berlaku pada bila-bila masa dan yang pastinya ianya mempunyai

pemangkin, pendorong dan faktor yang boleh menggerakkan kepada tercetusnya konflik.

Antara faktor yang boleh membawa kepada konflik termasuklah faktor biologi, psikologi,

geografi, demografi, ideologi, budaya dan sosioekonomi. Kewujudan aspek propaganda

dan kemajuan hubungan komunikasi pada masa kini juga menjadi aspek utama kepada

pertambahan kewujudan konflik masa kini. Huntington melalui kritikannya mengatakan

bahawa konflik akan terus berlaku selagi semangat nasionalisme dan etnik menguasai

pemikiran manusia. Hal ini sejajar dengan situasi pada masa kini kerana setiap negara

lebih mementingkan kepentingan masing-masing berdasarkan faktor geografi seperti barat

dengan timur. Terdapat satu konsep untuk mengelakkan konflik daripada berlaku iaitu

konsep “incrementalisme” yang mana proses yang menjurus kepada pembaharuan serta

pembangunan dalam sesuatu hubungan yang dijalinkan secara berperingkat-peringkat

(fasa). Namun konflik tidak dapat dielakkan kerana kecenderungan manusia dalam

bermasyarakat dan adakalanya konflik wujud sejak berabad dulu seperti yang terjadi di

Asia Barat. Sehingga kini, kebanyakkan masalah yang timbul di Asia Barat telah

mencetuskan konflik yang seringkalinya berkisarkan kepada masalah Palestin. Konflik ini

dapat dibendung sekiranya mendapat komitmen daripada daripada masyarakat

antarabangsa. Dengan itu, perlu usaha untuk menilai sejauhmana konflik yang berlaku

dapat ditangani dan seterusnya menjalankan usaha untuk memastikan konflik dapat

diselesaikan sekaligus mewujudkan keadaan yang stabil di Timur Tengah yang dapat

menjamin kestabilan masyarakat dunia secara keseluruhannya.Konflik diantara Israel dan

Palestin memperlihatkan jalan penyelesaian dengan termeterinya perjanjian damai antara

Israel dan Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) pada 13 September 1993 di

Washington D.C. Dengan ini penyelidikan berterusan telah dijalankan dalam pelbagai

aspek untuk melihat dan mencari penyelesaian yang paling sesuai dalam memastikan

konflik ini reda demi kepentingan pihak bertelagah, perantara dan masyarakat dunia

amnya.


35

MODEL PENGURUSAN KONFLIK PARTI POLITIK KE ARAH 1 MALAYSIA

Muhammad Fuad Othman


([email protected])

Zaheruddin Othman


Mohd Foad Sakdan


Abstract

Malaysia dikenali sebagai sebuah negara yang berjaya menguruskan masyarakt berbilang

kaum sehingga mencapai kestabilan politik. Kekuatan Barisan Nasional, pakatan tiga

belas parti-parti politik perkauman and bukan perkauman, yang mengungguli

pemerintahan kerajaan Malaysia sejak lebih 50 tahun yang lampau menarik perhatian

ramai pengkaji. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam mengecap keamanan ini, amalan

permintaan dan proses tawar-menawar politik antara kaum di negara ini telah wujud dan

amalan ini cenderung mengakibatkan parti politik sentiasa dirundund keluh-kesah politik

dan konflik. Artikel ini adalah berdasarkan kepada satu kajian yang telah dilaksanakan di

bawah geran RAGS di bawah Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia. Objektif kajian ini

adalah untuk, menukur nilai kompetensi emosi terhadap barisan kepimpinan parti UMNO,

menilai gaya kepimpinan dan pengurusan barian kepimpinan UMNO dan mengenal pasti

kaedah pengurusan konflik di kalangan barisan kepimpinan UMNO. Kajian ini

menggunakan data primer yang telah diperolehi melalui temu bual secara bersemuka

dengan responden berdasarkan soal selidik yang telah disediakan. Responden untuk

kajian ini telah dipilih secara purposive dan maklumat mengenai responden in telah

diperolehi dari pejabat UMNO di setiap daerah, Seramai 132 orang digunakan dalam

membuat analisis data. Dapatan kajian mendapati bahawa kepimpinan UMNO telah

menggunakan pelbagai kaedah dalam mengurus konflik dalaman seperti pengelakan,

penundaan dan kerjasama.


36

KEPIMPINAN POLITIK PEMANGKIN KEPADA PERKONGSIAN

KOMPREHENSIF ANTARA MALAYSIA-AMERIKA SYARIKAT PASCA

9/11

Mas Juliana Mukhtaruddin


([email protected])

Abstrak

Cabaran dalam hubungan politik antara Amerika Syarikat dan negara barat terhadap

dunia Islam telah menjadi kritikal selepas berlakunya tragedi 11 September 2001.

Sekaligus ia telah merubah landskap perhubungan politik antarabangsa. Dalam situasi

dunia yang saling kebergantungan, tidak dapat dinafikan setiap negara mempunyai

hubungan dengan Amerika Syarikat dalam pelbagai skala. Maka, bagi setiap hubungan

politik, kesan ini mewujudkan ketegangan antara negara serta menjejaskan interaksi

ekonomi. Oleh itu, hubungan politik antara Malaysia dan Amerika Syarikat juga tidak

terkecuali. Kertas kerja ini bertujuan untuk membincangkan hubungan politik Malaysia-

Amerika Syarikat pasca 9/11 dengan menganalisa kepimpinan politik Malaysia sebagai

salah satu faktor yang menyumbang kepada hubungan dua hala yang progresif.

Kerjasama kepimpinan politik antara Kuala lumpur dan Washington telah membawa

hubungan dua hala Malaysia-Amerika Syarikat kepada tahap perkongsian komprehensif.

Katakunci: Malaysia, Amerika Syarikat, Kepimpinan Politik, Perkongsian Komprehensif

dan 9/11


37

PANEL 3: INTERNATIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

A ONE-TO-ONE RATIO BETWEEN FAMILY DIRECTORS AND

INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS: A VIEW FROM MALAYSIA PUBLIC-LISTED

FAMILY FIRMS AND ITS POLICY IMPLICATION

Lynn Yew Hua Ling Curtin University, Malaysia

([email protected])

John Evans

Curtin University, Australia

([email protected])

Shibley Sadique

University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh

([email protected])

Abstract

Corporate governance has been a continuous global concern. It is well perceived that a

good corporate governance practice induce good company performance and value. Good

corporate governance practices are especially important to protect the interest of minority

shareholders from companies with concentrated shareholdings. In Malaysia, major

companies that constitute to concentrated shareholdings in public listed companies are

family firms. Such phenomenon is further asserted by The World Bank Group. This leads

to the motivation of further scrutinization on the significance role of the board of family

firms in corporate governance. This paper aims to shed further light in this area by

examining the effect of family directors on family firms’ performance, within the context of

corporate acquisition and its wealth effect. Findings suggest that a 1:1 ratio of family

representatives to independent directors on the board should be introduced into the best

practices of corporate governance in Malaysia public listed family firms. Such best practice

should be upheld by the management or implemented by policy makers to induce better

company value and performance for public-listed Malaysian family firms. This finding is

derived based on a sample of 267 corporate acquisitions made by public-listed Malaysian

family firms over the ten-year period of 2002-2011.

Keywords: Board Corporate Governance, Family Firm Value, Malaysian Family Firms,

Family Directors, Corporate Acquisitions




38

PREFERENCES OF STUDENTS IN THEIR BUYING DECISIONS OF

FOREIGN PRODUCTS

Mohammad Basir Saud Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Fawad Hussain


Khairul Hisham Zainudin

Kolej Professional MARA Seri Iskandar, Malaysia ([email protected])

Mohd Azwardi Md. Isa


Abstract

Nowadays customers are very conscious about choosing specific products for their own

consumption whether local made or foreign made. Therefore, this paper will look into

factors that most influence their decision of buying foreign products specifically sport

footwear among higher institution’s students. This paper identified the factors as country of

origin, product quality, brand image, and price and what are their priorities or preferences

among those four factors in their buying decision. A total of 500 questionnaires were

distributed to KPM’s Seri Iskandar’s students who currently enrolled and 300 were used for

data analysis using Smart Partial Least Square (Smart-PLS3). The finding shows that

brand image and price play a significant role in influencing student’s sports footwear

purchase preferences. For future research it is recommended to use cultural and social

norms factors as an independent variables to see the impact on students purchasing

preference. It is hope that the findings will help manufacturers or producers to better

understand and aware of the preferences preferred among the young generations,

especially Generation Y and Z in their buying decision of foreign products.

Keywords: Country of Origin, Product Quality, Brand Image, Price, Purchase Preferences





39

ENTREPRENEURIAL BEHAVIOR AND PERFORMANCE: A STUDY

ON STUDENTS’ INTENTIONS AT THE SCHOOL OF

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA

Mohd Najib Mansor Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abdul Rahim Jaguli




([email protected])

Abstract

This conceptual paper is to examine the relationship between entrepreneurial self-

efficacy, entrepreneurial need for achievement and locus of control of students with

entrepreneurial performance at the School of International Studies, Universiti Utara

Malaysia. Data from 150 students will be analyzed using multiple regression

analysis. With various entrepreneurship programs that have been exposed to the

students, the results of this study hopefully will reveal the relationship of their

intentions to become an entrepreneur with their entrepreneurial performance.

Keywords: Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy; Student Entrepreneurs; Entrepreneurial Performance




40

INSTITUTIONAL PANEL SESSION: SELECTED ISSUES IN

INTERNATIONAL POLITICS

ACCOUNTING ETHICS AND ITS IMPACT ON CORPORATE

GOVERNANCE IN A GLOBALISING WORLD

Denson Muvandi

University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

([email protected])

Abstract

In recent years, the Accounting Profession has been engulfed by a considerable

number of issues related to unprofessionalism. There have been numerous stories in

the media about the systematic misconduct within the accounting profession which

sometimes lead to the bankruptcy and ultimate collapse of companies, organisations

and government institutions. This paper makes an analysis of accounting ethics and

its impact on corporate governance in a globalising world. It will be argued that

ineffective and unsustainable institutional support (both bottom up and top down)

from the relevant arms of central government have devastating effects on the central

government in a globalising world. Strategic policy and scholarly recommendations

will be proffered on how enhance accounting ethics in order to enhance corporate

governance in a globalising world.

Keywords: Accounting Ethics, Corporate Governance, Globalising World ,

Unsustainable Institutional Support


41

THE ETHICAL DILEMMA ON THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS AS

A DETERRENT TOOL AGAINST A SOVEREIGN STATE: THE CASE OF

ZIMBABWE

Peter Muchakazi

University of KwaZulu-Natal, Republic of South Africa

Michael Tedzani Moyo National Defence College, Zimbabwe

Abstract

The imposition of sanctions is based on Chapter VII, Article 41 of the United Charter which

stipulates that the UNSC can apply economic and diplomatic measures against a state

that interrupts peace and security in the world. Sanctions are usually understood as a

means of avoiding war and its costs. The quest for the lifting of sanctions is regarded as

an incentive for the delinquent state. Besides the incentive of lifting of sanctions, it is also

presumed that sanctions will exert pressure domestically and internationally to those who

are in governance of the targeted country. The imposition of sanctions against Iraq actually

resulted in a catastrophic humanitarian situation whereby the majority of the ordinary

citizens lost their lives due to hunger, disease and political instability. A question that

arises is whether economic sanctions have a deterrent effect or that they create a situation

of a catastrophic humanitarian crisis? This article argues that the imposition of sanctions

against a legitimate sovereign state does not help to create a situation of international

peace and security, rather such a practice undermines the ethic of humanitarianism, thus

posing a threat to peace and security in the world.

Keywords: Ethical Dilemma, Economic Sanctions, Deterrent Tools, Sovereign State

42

THE UNITED NATIONS FORCE INTERVENTION BRIGADE: ANY

NEED FOR SYNCRONIZED PEACE SUPPORT EFFORTS IN THE

EASTERN CONGO RECURRING CONFLICT?

Engelbert Rugeje

University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa ([email protected])

Sadiki Maeresera

Zimbabwe National Defence College’s Institute of Strategic Research and Analysis and

University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa ([email protected] and [email protected])

Abstract

From the time it deployed in the eastern DRC in 2013 up to the first quarter of 2016,

arguably no much tangible progress has been made by the United Nations Force

Intervention Brigade. The security situation in the eastern Congo continues to be

unstable. This instability continues to pause serious direct security threats and

spillover effects to respective neighbouring countries that are either part of the East

African Community (EAC) and the Southern African Development Community

(SADC) or both. This is a conflict that falls within the two sub regions’ areas of peace

support responsibility. What constraints are encountered by the Force in the context

of regional and international political and strategic dynamics with specific reference

to eastern Congo conflict? With the support of the African Union and the UN, what

impact would be made of personnel comprising this Force are made up of those from

the East African and SADC Standby Forces? What impact would such synchronised

regional and international peace support efforts have on the effectiveness of the

Force in undertaking its mandate? To what extent would such an initiative have on

the respective political will and commonality of interests among member nations of

the SADC and EAC in respect of peace support efforts to the eastern Congo

recurring conflict?

Keywords: The United Nations Intervention Brigade, Synchronised Peace Support

Efforts, East African Community, Southern African Development Community,

Political and Strategic Dynamics, Political Will, Commonality of Interests




43

THE SADC INTERVENTION IN THE EASTERN DEMOCRATIC

REPUBLIC OF CONGO RECURRING CONFLICT: CONSTRAINTS

AND PROSPECT

Sadiki Maeresera University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

([email protected] and [email protected])

Knocks Tapiwa Zengeni Universiti Utara Malaysia

Abstract

Conflict recurrence in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) provides a

litmus test to the Southern African Development Community (SADC)’s capacity to

sustainably resolve the conflict and build peace. The surrender of the March 23

(M23) rebels, followed by overtures to incorporate the same into the Congolese

military and political institutions, seem not to have made much significant impact on

the security stability in the eastern part of the country. Armed activities by militia

groups such as the Democratic Liberation Forces of Rwanda (FDLR), Allied

Democratic Forces (ADF), the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), and various MayiMayi

groups are likely to cause a recurrence of a fully fledged armed conflict in the

eastern Congo. Whilst the UN Mission for the Stabilisation of Congo (MONUSCO),

along with its Intervention Brigade continue to make efforts to support the Congolese

government to address the security situation in the country, this article presents a

critical analysis on the prospects and constraints of SADC to sustainably resolve the

conflict and build peace in the context of conflict recurrence. For purposes of conflict

resolution and peacebuilding, the DRC falls within SADC’s area of sub-regional

responsibility, which overlaps into that of the International Conference of the Great

Lakes Region (ICGLR). The paper looks at the political/diplomatic and

military/security initiatives that SADC can take to complement the current efforts of

critical role players such as MONUSCO and the ICGLR in sustainably resolving the

recurring conflict and building peace. It also analyses the prospects of such sub-

regional initiatives. Considering the conflict matrix of the eastern Congo conflict with

specific reference to its recurrence, an examination of the likely constraints that

SADC could encounter in trying to resolve the eastern Congo conflict will be

presented. Policy suggestions will be proffered on what can be done to encounter

such constraints. The research adopted a qualitative approach premised on

interviews. Secondary sources, including key policy documents and statements of

the SADC, AU, ICGLR and UN, were utilised. As complementing primary sources,

structured opportunity interviews were conducted at seminars and workshops with

academics and senior political and security analysts conversant with SADC conflict

and peace dynamics.



44

PARALLEL SESSION 3

PANEL 1: GLOBAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION THROUGH INTER-FIRM

COLLABORATION AND FIRM’S INNOVATION PERFORMANCE

Tamma Elhachemi


([email protected])

Abd Rahim Jaguli


([email protected])

Fakhrorazi Ahmad


([email protected])

Abstract

In order to strengthen their competitive positions, emerging market firms establish

inter-organizational collaborations actively for acquiring new knowledge, where

learning and knowledge acquisition from the foreign parent is thought to be

particularly critical. Nevertheless, the learning potential from these collaborations

may not be realized due to the difficulties, risks and conflicts that arise during the

course of collaborations. Although research on knowledge acquisition in inter-firm

collaboration is increasing, yet the understanding of its antecedents and

consequences remains unclear. Furthermore, the more recent studies typically

undertake careful disaggregation and provide a detailed analysis of knowledge

processes at a very high level of granularity. While such studies answer the call for

building knowledge processes up from their micro foundations, it remarked a

corresponding lack of studies that integrate the various levels of analysis. Due to the

aforementioned interactions, this conceptual paper will utilize bottom-up approach.

Namely, managing knowledge process is affected by both individual level

characteristics and higher-level determinants. To that end, we draw conceptual

framework by suggesting the influence of HRM practices and change readiness to

knowledge acquisition with the moderating role of absorptive capacity. We, in turn

relate assessment of knowledge acquisition to firm ‘innovation performance.




45

Keywords: Multinational Corporations (MNC), Technology and Knowledge Transfer,

Absorptive Capacity, Knowledge Acquisition, Firm’s Innovation Performance.

46

GLOBALIZATION OF TRADE FIRMS: LESSONS FROM ASEAN

FIRMS

Mohamad Hanapi Mohamad Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract

In the last 50 years, the debate on the development of international business

remained unsettled, especially concerning the establishment of multinational firms

from developing countries. Using OLI Model this paper examined the formation of

multinational firms from ASEAN countries. We found positive similarities in the

advancing of firm’s specific-ownership advantages such as skills, management

know-how, R&D and technological capabilities. Unlike the firms from developed

countries, the firms from developing countries adopted local elements in their

products and services.


47

THE IMPACT OF WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENT AND WORKPLACE

DIVERSITY ON EMPLOYEE’S MOTIVATION AND FIRM’S

PERFORMANCE: A STUDY OF AN MNC SUBSIDIARY IN MALAYSIA

Nik Ab Halim Nik Abdullah


Mazatul Nadiah Sahiri


Fakhrorazi Ahmad Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract

Employees working in the subsidiary of multinational firms may experience different

working environment and they might also have to work with people from diverse

background in terms of their nationality, race or culture. Thus, this study is conducted

with the objective is to identify the impact of MNC’s workplace environment and

workplace diversity on the employee’s motivation and the firm’s performance. The

study is conducted at the subsidiary of a Japanese based firms located in Ipoh,

Perak, Malaysia. A quantitative research design were employed and data were

collected using self-administered survey questionnaires. A total of 161 employees

from various department and demographic background were randomly selected as a

sample for this study. Hypothesis testing was conducted using the Partial Least

Square (PLS) Regression Analysis. Result of the data analysis shows that the

different working environment and workforce diversity that exists in this MNC do

have a positive significant relationship with the employee’s motivation. In addition,

employee’s motivation also positively influence the firm’s performance. It can be

concluded that different working environment and worforce diversity which exist in

MNC did not create difficulties to the employees but instead, both factors increase

their motivation and eventually leads towards a better firm’s performance.

Keywords: Workplace Environment, Workplace Diversity, Employee Motivation,

Firm’s Performance



48

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

MALAYSIAN EXPORTING SMES AND EXPORTER

INTERMEDIARIES

Norliza Hamir Basah


([email protected])

Asmat Nizam Abdul Talib Universiti Utara Malaysia

([email protected])

Abstract

Building a relationship alone between SME exporters and intermediaries is not

sufficient to achieve high export performance. Thus, creating a quality relationship is

highly encouraged for SMEs which are commonly known to have limited resources.

The relational factors such as trust, commitment and cooperation has been proposed

in this study as factors that could influence the relationship between the exporter and

intermediary while facilitating the internationalisation process. Quality is a crucial

component in developing relationship between SME exporter and exporter

intermediaries which has been highlighted as a significance role of relationship

capabilities in enhancing performance of small businesses in foreign markets.

Further, in order to support the development of such relationships, cultural similarity

is suggested to be fundamental in the process due to the belief that companies

would perform better in foreign markets when they have cultural similarity. In

addition, the similarities of culture between two parties help to a great extent to

reduce the psychic distance between the home and host countries in respect of

business approaches, language, marketing infrastructure, as well as legal and

political systems. This study integrates the resource based view (RBV) and Social

Capital Theory to examine the synergistic effect of several constructs on export

performance within the context of Malaysian exporting SMEs and exporter

intermediaries.



49

PANEL 2: KELANTAN FLOOD DISASTER

THE ROLES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE NON-GOVERNMENTAL

ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs) IN THE POST-2014 KELANTAN FLOOD

DISASTER

Nazariah Osman


([email protected])

Norafidah Ismail


([email protected])

Mohamad Zaki Ahmad


([email protected])

Mohd Hanapi Mohamad


([email protected])



([email protected])

Abstract

The post-flood aftermath or locally known as “bah kuning” witnessed a

massive NGOs’ engagement in assisting the flood victims in most affected areas,

namely in Kuala Krai, Gua Musang, Kota Bharu, Pasir Mas, Tanah Merah, Tumpat

and Machang . Among those NGOs involved in restoring and rebuilding the affected

zones were MERCY or Medical Relief Society Malaysia, IKRAM Malaysia, Islamic

Relief, DarulHijrah, Khazanah Yayasan (linked to Khazanah Nasional), Pertubuhan

Bantuan Bencana (BBNGO) and few other international NGOs. Kelantan received a

high volume of relief and assistance in the forms of food, cloth, shelters, cash

donation, volunteers, experts, local and international donors including multinational

corporations (MNCs) and individual countries (government-to-government relations)

which includes Thailand, Indonesia, Japan, China United Kingdom etc. Yet, criticism

arose on matters related to the distributing process of flood relief and assistance:






50

uneven distribution of aid to the victims. One of the many reason was a lack of

coordination among those NGOs, which actively involved helping the flood victims to

lessen the impacts of flood disaster. The NGOs worked independently without a

proper order and guideline in distributing aid to the victims. There were incidents

where victims had claimed that in some areas goods and aid were distributed

abundantly whereas in other places these assistances had been delayed. Indeed,

the late receiving of critical goods, such as food and clothing, was due to a

handicapped delivery of information between the NGOs and government agencies.

Another factor was a sudden increase of water level, which led to road closure. This

situation made it impossible for the rescue teams and NGOs to reach those flooded

locations. In this manner, the researchers would strongly recommend for all NGOs to

work hand-in-hand with both state and federal governments should this worst flood

ever struck in the future. To date, despite all the problems and difficulties faced by

those NGOs involved not only during and aftermath the mega flood, NGOs do play a

very significant role in the reconstruction of Kelantan in its post flood stage. This

paper examines the roles and contributions played by the Non-Governmental

Organisations (NGOs) in the Post-2014 Kelantan Flood Disaster. Furthermore, a

plan or strategy to manage, uplift as well as enhance their efficiency and

performances in case if such a huge magnitude of flood ever occurred in future will

also be highlighted.

Keywords: Kelantan, Flood, Non-Governmental Organization

51

KELANTAN FLOOD vs. HURRICANE KATRINA: HOME BUILDING

FOR DISASTER VICTIMS DURING POST-FLOOD

RECONSTRUCTION

Norafidah Ismail


([email protected])

Nazariah Osman


([email protected])

Abstract

A massive flood in Kelantan at the end of 2014 has greatly caused a terrible

catastrophe to the flood victims. Thousands of houses have been affected by the

heavy flow of water including some 2000 houses along Lebir and Galas rivers.

Helping the flood victims rebuilding their lives, the Federal Government has broadly

agreed to allocate RM500 million for developing new homes and RM10,000 for

repairing each household’s home: it is an ultimate responsibility of the Federal

Government to build new homes for disaster survivors. The State Government, in

unison, has spent RM5 million – a sum donated to Tabung Amanah Bencana Banjir

Negeri Kelantan- to build and repair house and infrastructure for flood victims.

Repairing and rebuilding homes involve an array of institutions including thousands

of volunteers and non-governmental Organization (NGOs) members. The Post-flood

Recovery Unit’s record shows that 2,200 houses across Kelantan need to be built. At

least, eight areas are designated for developing permanent homes: Kota Bharu,

Chenulang (in Kuala Krai), Dabong (in Kuala Krai), Simpang Tiga Pulai, Bertam

Baru, Tanah Putih, Limau Kasturi and Lebir (in Gua Musang). The research

conclusions concerning housing efforts (during post-flood reconstruction in Kelantan)

speak about unprecedented cooperation between the Federal and State

governments; “I am not the land owner”; a lengthy and confusing registration process

for new permanent homes; unlikely change of new home project schedule; and

home building by NGOs which produces different designs and different specification.

Considering some serious constraints in housing effort, the paper has two underlying

aims: to assess the development of housing effort in Kelantan’s flood aftermath; and

to evaluate a possibility of developing effective disaster housing approaches based

on American National Disaster Housing Strategy (NDHS). As a blueprint of Federal

Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) responses to Hurricane Katrina

implications on sheltering, NDHS reveals the way the American nation providing

home for disaster victims.

Keywords: FEMA, Kelantan Flood, New Orleans, Home Building, Post-Flood

Reconstruction



52

POST-HURRICANE KATRINA DISASTER MANAGEMENT REGIME:

LESSON LEARNED FOR MALAYSIA’S POST-FLOOD

RECONSTRUCTION INITIATIVES

Mohamad Zaki Ahmad


([email protected])



([email protected])

Abstract

The massive flooding that hit Malaysia’s east coast states of Kelantan and

Terengganu in 2014 was viewed as the worst in the history of the two states. This

unprecedented event has forced the federal, state, municipal and local emergency

community in the country to rethink and reexamine the existing strategies, policies,

plans, and programs for post-disaster management and reconstruction. Recurring

problems of restoring physical environment and constructing infrastructure, along

with a myriad of challenges in providing expedited emergency humanitarian services

and recovery in the affected areas necessitate the need for the Malaysian authorities

to learn from the developed countries. Malaysia can learn, review and if possible,

implement emergency management models, operational measures and rebuilding

strategies adopted by the United States government in the aftermath of Hurricane

Katrina in 2005. In response to the widely perceived failure of the country’s federal

government to carry out humanitarian assistance during and after Hurricane Katrina,

US government have embarked several initiatives to improve the country’s

legislative, policy and institutional framework for effective natural disaster and post-

disaster management. One of these initiatives includes major functional and

structural reform for its main federal agency responsible in disaster management -

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Hence, the aim of this paper is to

examine a range of policies, strategies, plans and programs adopted by US

government for post-disaster management and disaster risk reduction immediately

after the Hurricane Katrina from which Malaysia can learn and adopt for its post-flood

disaster management regime, particularly on the reconstruction efforts.

Keywords: Flood, FEMA, Hurricane Katrina, Malaysia, Post-Flood Reconstruction,

Kelantan



53

PANEL 3: SECURITY

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION AGAINST THE ISLAMIC STATE

IN IRAQ: AN NEOLIBERAL INSTITUTIONALIST ANALYSIS

Suror Shaba Polus

National University of Malaysia ([email protected])

Guido Benny

National University of Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract

The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria/the Levant (ISIS/ISIL) has threatened human and national security of Iraq and Syria, as well as the rest of the world, as its influence spreads in forms of terrorism in many parts in the world such as Yemen, Libya, Sinai, Mali, Somalia, North-Eastern Nigeria, Pakistan, and some parts of Southeast Asia and Europe. USA has called for a formation of a new international coalition to confront ISIS in Iraq to provide a support for the Iraqi government institutions to impose the sovereignty of law and to provide equal opportunities for the members in federal governmental institutions. Following the declaration from the US President, an international coalition was formed by the USA, British, Bahrain, Jordan and Iraq on 10th September 2014, in addition to the military and humanitarian supports provided by NATO and EU states. A number of international organizations namely the UN and NATO, as well as regional organizations namely the Arab League and EU, have moved to contain the development of ISIS, but the results were limited and inconclusive. Using neoliberal institutionalist perspective, the study argues that an effective international organization is required to solve the crisis caused by ISIS in Iraq and the shortcoming in solving ISIS crisis is caused by the non-existence of a unitary international organization. The study firstly identifies the current operating role of those international and regional organizations in response to ISIS in responding and preventing ISIS and its expansion. Secondly, the reasons behind the shortcoming of the current international coalition are discussed. Consequently, the study suggests the formation of a stronger international organization that managed the strategy to fight IS in Iraq.

Keywords: Iraq, ISIS/ISIL, Conflict, Neoliberal Institutionalism, International

Organization



54

WOMEN AS IRREGULAR MIGRANTS: INDONESIA’S CHALLENGES

FOR HUMAN SECURITY

Karina Utami

Universitas Islam Indonesia ([email protected])

Abstract

Women is a quintessential part in globalization, and at the same time, are also the

most exposed element to face various challenges that threaten their welfare and

security within the society. Issues such as cultural, social, and economic have made

women vulnerable, particularly those who live in poverty, where women are currently

making up seventy percent of world’s poor population. This situation also one of the

causes on why a significant number of women are involved as irregular migrants,

whether as refugees, economic migrants, and even trafficking. This paper is

choosing Indonesia as a country for the case study on researching the problems and

challenges of women as irregular migrants. It will use the concept of human security

and rise a question on how elements in human security for women as irregular

migrants in Indonesia are being provided by the government. For instance, in terms

of economic and personal security, women are still often being put in a very

vulnerable condition, where sometimes they are being trafficked to be sexual

objects, or have to travel abroad illegally, in order to fulfill their economic needs.

There will be two important points to highlight in this paper. First, it will argue on the

policy of Indonesian government in handling the challenges of human security for

women, especially those with middle and low income, and its impacts that encourage

the increasing number of irregular migrants. Second, this paper will talk about the

importance of the role of government as well as society at large in changing creating

the security for women in Indonesia, and therefore, protecting women as an

important part of the society.

Keywords: Irregular Migrants, Human Security, Indonesia, Women


55

ISIL THREAT AND DERADICALISATION IN MALAYSIA

Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia

([email protected])

Muhammad Saleh Tajuddin Universiti Utara Malaysia

Abstract

The emergence of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has shocked the

international community after the release of gruesome beheading videos of western

journalists via the internet. The violence methods used by ISIL militants were

considered as crimes and absolutely argued to be contradicted with the Islamic

teachings. ISIL manages to attract many supporters and sympathisers including

Malaysians to join them in Iraq and Syria. As a Muslim majority country, the influence

of ISIL in Malaysia is considered as a threat to national security and stability. The

concern now is the spread of ISIL extreme ideology especially through social media

to Malaysian youth which is hostile to Muslims and non-Muslims in Malaysia. If it fails

to be contained pre-emptively, it can also harm the multireligious Malaysian society

through terrorism activities. This presentation focuses on ISIL threat in Malaysia and

how does it attracted Malaysians particularly youths to voluntarily join the militant

group. It also looks at the deradicalisation efforts by the government to counter the

ISIL threats. This presentation will also highlight a ground-breaking or first ever

empirical research conducted by Universiti Utara Malaysia’s researchers about the

influence of ISIL at the local institutions of higher learning. This will enlighten many

regarding the impact of ISIL threat to society in Malaysia.


56

PERUBAHAN DASAR PERTAHANAN MALAYSIA : ERA

MAHATHIR MOHAMAD 1981-2003

Rodziah Md Zin Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Mohd Kamarulnizam Abdullah


Abstrak

Dasar Pertahanan Negara merupakan satu manifestasi matlamat yang

bertanggungjawab untuk melindungi keselamatan dan kepentingan strategik sesebuah

negara. Dalam konteks Malaysia, tiga asas utama yang menjadi teras utama Dasar

Pertahanan iaitu kepentingan strategik negara, prinsip pertahanan dan konsep

pertahanan adalah bertujuan untuk mengekalkan keamanan dan kestabilan negara.

Semenjak 1957, Malaysia telah membangunkan aspek pertahanan negara bagi

memastikan keselamatan dan kedaulatan terjamin. Secara umumnya, Dasar

pertahanan yang dibangunkan pada era Tunku Abdul Rahman 1957 sehingga 1970

adalah pro barat (dependency). Ketika ancaman konfrontasi dari Indonesia misalnya

Malaysia mendapat sokongan dari semua anggota AMDA dan sekaligus mendapat

bantuan ketenteraan dari AMDA. Manakala ketika era pemerintahan Tun Razak pada

tahun 1970 sehingga 1976 dan Tun Hussin Onn pada tahun 1976 sehingga 1980 dasar

pertahanan berubah kepada berkecuali. Dalam interaksinya dengan dunia antrabangsa

Malaysia mengadakan hubungan bilateral dan multilateral serta bersahabat dengan

semua negara tanpa mengambilkira fahaman politik negara tersebut. Sewaktu

pentadbiran era Mahathir dasar pertahanannya lebih kepada self reliance berbanding

pentadbiran sebelumnya yang pro west yang bergantung kepada barat serta neutraliti.

Dasar Pertahanan Malaysia era Tun Mahathir (1981-2003) merupakan era perubahan

yang drastik kepada sebuah negara yang lebih berdikari (self reliance). Perubahan

dasar pertahanan Mahathir dapat dilihat dalam Precument persenjataan beliau yang

telah memberi kesan kepada Malaysia sebagai negara membangun yang begitu

lantang dan berani bersuara. Di gelanggang antarabangsa suaranya begitu bergema

bagi menyuarakan aspirasi Negara Dunia Ketiga dan komitmen yang ditunjukkan

melebihi pemimpin yang lain. Dasar yang dilaksanakan oleh Mahathir agak

menyimpang daripada dasar yang diketengahkan oleh ketiga-tiga pemimpin negara

yang terdahulu, terutama dasar yang tidak berpaksikan barat. Terdapat faktor-faktor

dalaman dan faktor-faktor luaran yang mempengaruhi Dasar Pertahanan Malaysia era

Mahathir. Implikasinya, sudah tentu memberi impak kepada keselamatan dan

pertahanan negara. Self reliance di bawah pentadbiran Tun Mahathir menjadikan



57

aspek pertahanan Malaysia bertambah moden sehingga Tun Mahathir menjadi rujukan

dan perhatian diseluruh dunia terutamanya Negara Dunia Ketiga.

Keywords: Pertahanan, Keselamatan, Kepentingan Strategik, Kestabilan, Self Reliance (berdikari).

58

PANEL 4: GLOBAL POLITICS

IRAN’S STRATEGY IN IRAQ AND SYRIA

Sherko Kirmanj


([email protected])

Abstract

This article examines the roles of Iran in post-2003 Iraq and in the ongoing Syrian

conflict. It also investigates and analyses Iran’s strategy in both countries. The aim is to

assess Iran’s foreign policy and its use of proxy warfare in Iraq and Syria in order to

identify Iran’s strategic goals in the two countries and in the Middle East in general. The

article seeks a better understanding of the underlying causes and motives behind Iran’s

use of proxy warfare as a key element of its foreign policy. It also attempts to analyse

actions and reactions by Iran’s regional rivals such as Saudi Arabia and Qatar. The

article argues that Syrian regime’s religious affiliation and its strategic location

connecting Iran to Hezbollah are the most significance driving force behind Iran’s

involvement in Syrian conflict. It also asserts that the significance of Iraq to Iran lies in

the fact that Iraq is a vital conduit connecting Iran with Syria and Hezbollah. Also, this

article argues that, Iraq is a political tool used by Iran to advance its regional power

ambition in order to keep the balance of power in the Middle East. In this way, Iraq

occupies a better position than Syria in the Iran’s geopolitical calculation in the Middle

East.


59

WHY DOES THAI MILITARY INTERVENE INTO POLITICS?

Sathid Boonmuang Universiti Utara Malaysia

([email protected])

Ahmad Bashawir Abdul Ghani Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Chumphon Kaewsom

Maejo University, Thailand ([email protected])

Emil Mahyuddin


Abstract

This article provides an insight into the reasons that the Royal Thai Army intervenes in

the political system of Thailand. Over the years, senior Thai army officers have been

blamed for using the Royal Thai Army as their vehicle to intervene in the political system

of Thailand by staging various coup d'etat to unseat the elected government. However,

more recent evidences have indicated that the intervention draw flak from many

quarters and did not go down well with the majority of people of Thailand as well as

from foreign government including The United States of America and The European

Union. On May 22, 2014, the Royal Thai Army, led by General Prayuth Chan-ocha,

Commander in Chief, launched a coup d'état against the caretaker government of

Thailand, following six months of political crisis. The military established a junta called

National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) to govern the nation. This article aim at

to examine the causes of Thai military coup regarding intervention on politic in the post

Thaksin era. This study is purely a qualitative research. The methodological orientation

of this study is based on two methods of data collection. The methods of data collection

employed including interviews and documentary consultation. This study found that the

root cause of military intervention was to uproot Thaksin regime that influence in Thai

politics for the past 13 year.

Keywords: Coup D’état, Thai Army, Thaksin Era, Thai Politics, Democracy in Thailand





60

UNDERSTANDING HIEP HOI CHAM HOI GIAO VIETNAM

(THE ASSOCIATION OF MUSLIM CHAM IN VIETNAM)

Rie Nakamura


Abstract

The proposed paper aims to understand the Association of Muslim Cham in Vietnam

and their activities. It was the government recognized organization of the Cham ethnic

minority group in 1960s. This association was needed to assist Cham people who had

migrated into Saigon, seeking employments and escaping from the war. They also

needed to have an organization to identify them as Cham ethnic minority to prevent

them from being conscribed. Upon establishment of the Association, it carried out

various activities to assert their ethnic identity as Cham based on the religion of Islam.

Since the Association was recognized by the former Saigon government, current

Vietnamese scholars see it as a product of the US puppet regime. There are only

limited number of research carried out and those studies are quite sketcy and some

facts are mixed up. The proposed paper is based on the interview accounts of former

officials of the association and some archive records to re-evaluate meaning of the

Association. It argues that the Association of Muslim Cham in Vietnam can be

understood as earliest attempt to unify the Cham ethnic minority scattered in the

southern part of Vietnam through religion of Islam and to build Pan-Cham ethnic

identity. The paper also discusses the Cham Muslim community’s relationship to to

International Muslim communities especially the Malay communities in Malaysia.

Relating to this issue, the paper examines the process of introduction of the new sect of

Islam called “Muda” (young group) from Malaysia.

Keywords: Cham, Muslim, Ethnicity

mailto:rnakamura23

61

COHABITATION IN THE OCCUPIED PALESTINE’S POLITICAL

SYSTEM

Aminurraasyid Yatiban Universiti Utara Malaysia

([email protected])

Ramzi Odah Universiti Utara Malaysia

([email protected])

Sivaperegasam P. Rajenthiran Universiti Utara Malaysia

([email protected])

Abstract

This paper attempts to investigate the impact of the mixed electoral system on the

creation of the state of cohabitation that occurred in the Palestinian political system after

the second legislative elections in 2006, viewed through a theoretical framework based

on the idea of divided societies. This study employed quantitative and qualitative

research methods together. This study found several important results regarding this

relationship. Firstly, cohabitation is more likely to occur when there is low rate of party

fractionalization (more polarization) produced in mixed electoral system. Second, the

strategic voting in this election was sensitive to the divided attitudes about the Israeli

occupation. Third, the mixed electoral system did not greatly reduce the small parties

punishment caused by the pluralistic system, which increased opportunities for creating

a state of cohabitation.

Keywords: Cohabitation, Mixed Electoral System, Consensus Democracy, Occupied

Palestine




62

THE IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING STRATEGIC ALLIANCE BETWEEN

INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA FOR COUNTERING ISIS IDEOLOGY AND

MOVEMENT

M. Syafi’i Anwar


([email protected])

Abstract

The development of ISIS ideology and movement in Indonesia and Malaysia is

alarming. It can be seen from its efforts of spreading its ideology and movement in the

two countries, particularly to the young generations, students, civil servants, and others.

Developing strategy and strong networking as well as maintaining hidden recruitment

processes through social media, prisons, mosques, and campuses, ISIS’ ideology and

movement have been spread widely in the two countries. Not surprisingly that from its

base in al Shadadi, Syria, members of ISIS from Indonesia and Malaysia has

established an institution namely Khatibah Nusantara, which translates and publishes

ISIS propaganda in Malay language. One of the most serious ISIS propaganda is to

propagate apocalyptic ideology based on “theology of dead”, which promotes

misleading interpretation of jihad (holy war) and the final battle to attack what they

describe as “enemies of Islam” both in Indonesia and Malaysia. To counter this

development, both Indonesia and Malaysia as moderate Muslim countries need to build

a strong strategic alliance not only between the two governments and state actors, but

also mobilizing support from the non-state actors such as religious organizations, civil

society movements, and the media. This paper will demonstrate the importance of

building strategic alliance between Indonesia and Malaysia in refuting ISIS ideology and

movement.


63

PARALLEL SESSION 4

PANEL 1: MARITIME AND SOUTHEAST ASIA

SECURING THE MARITIME SUPPLY CHAINS: THE CHALLENGE OF

PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN WATERS

Nik Nor Suhaida Ali Universiti Utara Malaysia

([email protected])

Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi Universiti Utara Malaysia

([email protected])

Abstract

According to United Nation Conference on Trade and Development (UNTAD, 2014),

maritime transport is a key economic sector that underpins international trade, with

some 50 percent of trade volumes are carried out by sea. It provides the low-cost,

efficient and reliable long distance transportation of commodities and merchandise.

However, the scourge of modern maritime piracy and armed robbery is expensive for

the international maritime community. The loss of ships and cargoes, seafarer abuse,

injury, and death, the need for premium compensation, the payment of ransom, high

fuel cost, delayed cargo delivery etc. are an inevitable cost of the global supply chain

operations. Therefore, this paper aims to frame the risk of maritime piracy and armed

robbery towards the security of maritime supply chains, particularly in the Southeast

Asian waters. This paper also will review the regional policy and strategies in mitigating

the risk of piracy towards supply chains in this region. Thus, the discussion of this paper

will provide a hindsight view of security of supply chains in this region.



64

MARITIME SILK ROAD: PAST PICTURE AND FUTURE CHALLENGES

Wahyu Wardhana Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

([email protected])

Abstract

Eleven centuries ago, around 900 to 1400 AD, maritime trade brought commercial

changes and increased maritime links among civilization around maritime Silk Road.

This maritime trade route stretched from China to South Asia and Middle East through

Southeast Asia. It brought wealth and prosperity was secured by convoy merchant

fleets to dissuade pirates or another threat. In today 21st century and in the globalized

economy, China as emerging maritime power in international level has published its

21st century maritime silk road. A congruent trade route with ancient maritime trade

route which transport oil, energy, and other material for Chinese industry and also a

trade route to distributed Chinese product around the globe. This trade route essential

for China to be secured by its naval forces with its string of pearls strategy. A Strategy

to dissuade other extra regional naval great power, such as US pivots in the Asia Pacific

and India naval modernization. By describing narrative of maritime history and

neighboring countries were linked of trade route at 900 to 1400 in Southeast Asia with

comparative maritime history methodology, this paper will mapping past history to

current development. This paper argues that based on historical narrative, current

emerging contour of maritime landscape of regional affairs will challenges many nation

in Southeast Asia, due to thier geostrategic location with vital sea lines of

communications (SLOCs) which important among emerging maritime great power.

Keywords: Maritime Silk Road, Maritime History, Southeast Asia, Emerging Maritime

Power, Maritime Trade Route


65

THE MARITIME SECURITY ARCHITECTURE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Irawan Jati Universitas Islam Indonesia

([email protected])

Abstract

Southeast Asia’s waters are one of the most significant water ways in the world. Its

strategic position and natural resources stocks are the basis of economic advantages

and security challenges. The region has crucial sea lanes of international trade and

marine potentials. But it also has plenty of security challenges such as overlapping

borders issues, contraband activities, piracy and armed robbery at sea, and natural

disaster. Above all these, the South China Sea issues and the struggle of primacy

between the United States and China are probably the most latent threats on the

security of the region. The over claim of China on the most part of South China Sea

area has sparked dissenting opinions among the members of ASEAN. Despite the

ongoing ASEAN Regional Forum dialogue, the rivalry between the US and China has

threaten the unity of ASEAN members. Therefore, this paper tries to qualitatively

analyze the question on how these advantages and security challenges contribute to

the maritime architecture in Southeast Asia? And what are the role of ASEAN in this

maritime architecture? The working argument on this paper is that the maritime security

architecture in Southeast Asia is mostly influenced by the presence of Asia Pacific’s

major power, the US and China. While ASEAN’s role is mostly as security forum

organizers.

Keywords: ASEAN, Maritime Security Architecture, South China Sea, the US and China

Rivalry


66

THE CONTRIBUTION OF TRACK TWO TO TRACK ONE

DIPLOMACY: AN ANALYZES OF INDONESIAN EFFORTS IN

MANAGING THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

Ignatius Satyawan

Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia ([email protected])

Abstract

Conflict in the South China Sea became a flashpoint in Southeast Asia since 1970s.

Located in a strategic area which has important sea lanes and rich in living and non-

living resources, the South China Sea is claimed wholly or partly by six states

namely China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia and Brunei. However, in

that period, there was no formal forum through which the conflict could be handled.

Based on basic tenets of “free and active foreign policy”, Indonesia led Track Two

(non-formal) diplomacy to manage the conflict through a series of meetings entitled

“Workshop on Managing Potential Conflict in the South China Sea” since 1990.

Track Two Diplomacy was applied in order to reduce tension by developing dialogue

among the parties and to pave the way to conduct formal/ Track One Diplomacy.

This study analyzes the process of Track Two Diplomacy initiated by Indonesia in

managing conflict in the South China Sea during the period 1990-2001 and its

impact to the Track One Diplomacy carried-out by formal parties surrounding the

South China Sea. It shows some results of Track Two Diplomacy such as

cooperation activities in marine scientific research was adopted into formal

cooperation among states. It is also noted that some statements released by Track

Two Diplomacy transformed into formal declaration, for instance, ASEAN Declaration

on the South China Sea in 1992 and Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the

South China Sea in 2002. Furthermore, Track Two Diplomacy was able to maintain

peace in the region as indicated by the absence of major military conflict since 1990.

Keywords: Indonesia, South China Sea, Diplomacy, Conflict Management, Foreign

Policy


67

PANEL 2: FOREIGN POLICY

MALAYSIA-SINGAPORE RELATIONS UNDER NAJIB RAZAK:

MALAYSIAN PERSPECTIVES

Rusdi Omar Universiti Utara Malaysia

([email protected])

Muhammad Muda Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Che Mohd Aziz Yaacob Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract

Malaysia and Singapore enjoy and share a special relationship due to their

geographical, historical, familial, cultural, political, economic and strategic features.

Their relationship is characterized by competition and interdependence. The

competitive world has brought about a close neighborly cooperation between the two

nations to build resilience and strength. This article will examine the state of bilateral

relations between these two countries under Malaysia's Prime Minister Najib from

Malaysian perspectives, which focusing on political-socio-economic aspects and will

analyze the future prospect of Malaysia and Singapore under his era. Looking at the

history of relations between the two countries, the role of leadership has played

important role in the up and down of relationship. Leaders of both countries play a

significant role in overcoming conflicts and finding solutions to the problems that

besieged the relations between the two countries. If both countries could maintain

the momentum and capitalize the benefits of the initiatives that had been done by

both countries, we foresee that both countries will not enter into troubled

relationships like the previous periods, but it augurs well for strengthened

relationships in the future.

Keywords: Malaysia, Singapore, Bilateral Relations




68

YEMEN-CHINA RELATIONS: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT IN

BILATERAL RELATIONS

Yahya Yahya Yahya Al-Awd


Abstract

Yemen has a long diplomatic relationship with China since the middle of 20th Century. North Yemen established the diplomatic relationship with China in 1956 and South Yemen had diplomatic ties with China in 1967. The diplomatic relationship between Yemen and China well continued even after the unification of North and South as the Republic of Yemen in 1990 in 1990. During Ali Abdullah Saleh (then the Leader of the Republic of Yemen) period from 1990 to 2012, China is interested to make good relations with Yemen in specific and other Arab countries in general due to the old trade exchanges and open market between Yemen and China. Besides that, the strategic location of Yemen and natural resources make the relations stronger. China has many projects in Yemen such as oil, gas and so on. Nevertheless, there has been a very negligible amount of development in Yemen in terms of infrastructure and living standards of the people. From the interviews that have undertaken with many diplomatic people who regarded to work closely with China representing Yemen from 1990-2012. It has been found that, there are many reasons that contributed to weak and slow development in Yemen which can be categorized into internal and external factors. The internal factors comprise corruption in every side of the governmental system, resources management, political instability, internal wars with Al-Qaedah and other insurgent groups (i.e. the Houthis, the Islah Party, the civil war 1994, is one of the more complex events after that the start of the Arab Spring and the southern movement) and tribalism. The external factors are the interventions of some friendly and brotherly countries on the internal affairs of Yemen and the phenomenon of AQAP (Al-Qaedah in Arabian Peninsula). All these internal and external factors participated to make the relationship between Yemen and China unbalanced and affects the development as well. Therefore, in this study, the historical background of the Yemen-China relations and the reasons of weak development in Yemen are presented and investigated.

Keywords: Yemen-China Relations, Development, Factors, Mismanagement, Leader

Strategic, Diplomatic and Economic


69

MALAYSIAN PEACEKEEPING CONTRIBUTION IN THE POST-

MAHATHIR ERA AND THE MIDDLE POWER MOTIVATION

Muhammad Afifi Abdul Razak


([email protected])

Kamarul Azman Khamis


([email protected])

Rusdi Omar


([email protected])

Abstract

As a UN member, Malaysia is considered as one of the prominent participant and troop

contributor to peacekeeping operations. The country peacekeeping began in 1960s in

Congo. In the Mahathir era, Malaysian peacekeeping contribution reached its peak.

However, in the post-Mahathir era, Malaysian peacekeeping contribution had

undergone a dramatic change. The number of UN missions participated and troop

contributed were decreased to almost half compared to the previous era. Meanwhile,

Malaysian government under the current prime minister, Najib Razak, in its capacity as

a non-permanent member in the UNSC and also a Chairman of ASEAN for 2015, had

expressed its un-ending support to the UN and its peacekeeping initiatives. This

includes a pledge to promote peacekeeping at the UNSC, supporting the establishment

of an ASEAN Peacekeeping Force (APF) and a contributing of 800 troops, mostly

police, to UN peacekeeping forces. This paper examines the Malaysian peacekeeping

contribution in the post-Mahathir era. It attempts to identify and explain the primary

factors which underlie the Malaysian peacekeeping motivations in the period under

study. It uses the middle power concept as its framework of analysis. This paper

proceeds in four major sections. The first section explains the concepts of

peacekeeping and middle power. The second section explains the background and

history of Malaysian peacekeeping contribution since 1960s to the present time. The

third section identifies and explains the Malaysian middle power approach and the role

UN peacekeeping in the post-Mahathir era. Finally, this paper concludes that the

Malaysian peacekeeping contributions in the post-Mahathir era are highly motivated by




70

the desire to become a middle power country. It further argues that, by acquiring this

status, Malaysia will be able to play a bigger role in global affairs.

Keywords: Malaysia, Foreign Policy, United Nations, Peacekeeping Operations, Post-

Mahathir Era, Najib Razak, Middle Power.

71

SHIITE IDEOLOGY AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR MALAYSIA’S

DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICY

Nor Azizan Idris

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Bakri Mat


([email protected])

Zarina Othman


([email protected])

Abstract

Iran’s nuclear program has been hotly debated by the international community. The

United States charges that it is a threat to the stability of the region, labelling Iran as one

of the Axis of Evils and a threat to her national interests in the Middle East. Iran’s

nuclear program which was started in the 1950s was supported by the United States but

was briefly abandoned when Ayatollah Khomeini led the revolution and came to power

in 1979. The revolution gained supports from almost all Muslim countries throughout the

world. Khomeini was seen as Mullah who brought back Islam to Iran, specifically Shiite

Islam. This article is neither designed to explain Iran’s nuclear threat nor designed to

discuss about Shiite ideology from Ulama’s perspectives. Rather the article proposed

that at least two important events in Iran – namely Iran’s Revolution and Iran’s nuclear

power – have overshadowed our understanding of Shiite ideology, which may have

serious implication to a Muslim Sunni country like Malaysia. To explain the

phenomenon, this article has collected both secondary and primary data. Secondary

data was gathered from published academic articles and books. While primary data was

partly mainly collected from interviews which is important to validate the research.

Preliminary findings suggest that Shiite ideology is very complex and a long overdue

issue yet it is important for Malaysia’s domestic and foreign policy.

Keywords: Foreign Policy, Iran, Nuclear Program, Shiite, Security



72

PANEL 3: POLITICS OF MALAYSIA

LANDSKAP POLITIK KAMPUS: SATU TINJAUAN DI UNIVERSITI

UTARA MALAYSIA

Mohd Dino Khairri Shariffuddin




Abstrak

Tinjauan terhadap politik kampus amnya di Universiti Awam (UA) dan khususnya di

Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) merupakan satu tinjauan yang penting kerana ianya

bukan setakat akan melantik perwakilan mahasiswa namun keputusannya akan

dinantikan oleh pelbagai pihak seperti Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi, pihak

Pengurusan Universiti, mahasiswa, ahli politik dan pemberita kerana keputusan

Pemilihan Majlis Perwakilan Pelajar (PMPP) seringkali dikait dengan pengaruh parti

politik dan isu-isu nasional. Perjuangan kumpulan atau individu yang bertanding dalam

PMPP pasti akan mewujudkan keadaan yang harmoni atau tegang berikutan daripada

perbezaan manifesto yang diperjuangkan. Kempen kumpulan-kumpulan dan individu-

individu yang bertangding pada ketika ini ditinjau semakin rancak seperti kempen

pilihanraya national memandangkan pelbagai method telah digunapakai termasuklah

dengan adanya jentera pilihanraya, cybertrooper dan pemakaian baju atau logo lencana

semasa hari pengundian. Pemasangan poster calon juga digantung dikawasan

pengundian demi menarik pengundi disamping terhadapnya tempat ucap kepada calon-

calon untuk menyampaikan manifesto setiap calon.



73

MAHATHIRISKONOMISM: PERANAN TUN DR MAHATHIR

DALAM PENGURUSAN KRISIS EKONOMI 1997/98

Md Shukri Shuib


([email protected])

Mohd Hanapi Mohamad


([email protected])

Nazariah Osman


([email protected])

Abstrak

Krisis ekonomi 1997/98 belaku secara mengejut bagi Malaysia dan menerusi proses

pemulihan dilaksanakan kerajaan, ia berjaya dilakukan dengan pantas kerana wujudnya

polisi yang dijanakan oleh pengurusan Malaysia sendiri. Tekanan memuncak krisis

ekonomi yang melanda Malaysia adalah pada Ogos 1998 di mana berlakunya

penurunan tertinggi kadar tukaran matawang bagi ringgit Malaysia, tekanan ke atas

rizab asing dan juga kenaikan kadar faedah pada paras yang tinggi. Kemelut ekonomi

yang berlaku sejak Julai 1997 dengan berpunca dari kejatuhan nilai ringgit telah dilihat

menjadi antara punca ketegangan politik di antara Tun Dr. Mahathir dan Timbalan

Perdana Menteri ketika itu, Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim sehingga menyebabkan

hubungan politik kedua pemimpin itu semakin renggang di tambah pula oleh tindakan

pemecatan Anwar sebagai anggota kabinet dan keahlian UMNO pada September 1998

sehingga di sabitkan kesalahan penyalahgunaan kuasa oleh Mahkamah

kemudiaannya. Ketegangan antara dua pemimpin itu telah kemudiaannya merebakkan

gerakan Reformasi yang dipelopori oleh Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim yang dilihat seperti

yang turut berlaku di Indonesia, dan gerakan Reformasi tersebut telah kehilangan

taringnya setelah keadaan ekonomi Malaysia kembali pulih di bawah pemerintahan Tun

Dr. Mahathir Mohamad. Krisis ekonomi yang berlaku memberikan impak terhadap

Malaysia dengan menjejaskan wawasan serta perancangan pembangunan ekonomi

serta menyebabkan gangguan terhadap perancangan untuk mencapai kemajuan yang

disasarkan kerajaan. Krisis ekonomi 1997/98 memberikan kesan besar kepada

kebanyakan bank dan sektor korporat, dan ini merunsingkan pihak kerajaan. Dalam

proses menangani kegawatan ekonomi dan melaksanakan pemulihan ekonomi,

kerajaan semasa pemerintahan Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad telah berjaya bertindak




74

balas terhadap krisis tersebut dan memperkenalkan sistem yang berlawanan seperti

yang dipraktikkan oleh Thailand dan Indonesia yang menerima bantuan IMF.

Penubuhan Majlis Tindakan Ekonomi Negara (MTEN) pada 7 Januari 1998 untuk

menguruskan krisis ekonomi dan mengurangkan jurang antara sektor kerajaan dan

swasta. Langkah MTEN yang diperkenalkan oleh tindakan kepimpinan Tun Dr. Mahathir

Mohamad dengan penghasilan satu kerangka tindakan di namakan sebagai Pelan

Pemulihan Ekonomi Negara (PPEN) yang diwujudkan berasaskan orientasi ke arah

penstabilan nilai Ringgit di pasaran mata wang antarabangsa telah memberikan kesan

positif iaitu ia telah terbukti berjaya mengembalikan keyakinan pelabur terhadap

pasaran dan kedudukan ekonomi Malaysia, selain itu MTEN menerusi PPEN yang juga

berorientasikan kepada usaha mengekalkan kestabilan kewangan, mengukuhkan asas

ekonomi dan ekuiti di dapati berjaya dilaksanakan dengan berkesan. Kertas kerja ini

akan melihat secara khusus pengamalan dan pendekatan serta peranan dimainkan Tun

Dr Mahathir dalam penyelesaian krisis ekonomi 1997/98 dengan konsep dinamakan

sebagai Mahathiriskonomism. Secara jelas, Tun Dr Mahathir memainkan peranan dan

pembinaan “ism” berasaskan corak pemikiran dan model kepimpinan beliau membantu

Malaysia keluar dari kemelut kegawatan krisis ekonomi tersebut tanpa memerlukan

bantuan asing yang membelenggu sistem politik dan ekonomi negara.

75

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON THE BUDGETARY DEBATES AMONG

THE FEMALE MPS IN THE 13TH DEWAN RAKYAT: ISSUES,

MOTIVATION AND STYLE OF DEBATING

Ummu Atiyah Ahmad Zakuan


([email protected])

Nor Azura A Rahman


([email protected])

Abstract

This paper analyses the budgetary debates among the female MPs in the 13th

Dewan Rakyat (the present one). Budget session reckons as one of the most

important sessions in the parliament as it is the blueprint for a country’s

socioeconomic policies each fiscal year. It is therefore the fundamental indicator of

what government wanted to do and for what purposes. Thus, it is therefore crucial to

examine what issues have been raised by the female MPs during the budgetary

sessions. Previous literature suggests that female MPs exerts more issues that are

women friendly than the male MPs. Using critical discourse analysis and supported

by primary content analysis, this paper also tried to understand the motivation behind

each issues proposed by the female MPs as well as the syle of debating of the

female MPs. This paper provides insights into the Dewan Rakyat as an avenue for

female MPs to exert dominance over feminist and social issues as well as a platform

to display style of debating. This paper contributes to the literature on the use of

critical discourse analysis in examining the issues raised during the budgetary

sessions, its motivation and the style of the debating among the female MPs.



76

THE PROCESS OF NATIONAL BUILDING AMONG YOUTH IN

MALAYSIA: A CASE STUDY OF THE NATIONAL SERVICE

PROGRAMME (NSP) IN NORTHERN REGION OF PENINSULAR

MALAYSIA

Mohamad Ainuddin Iskandar Lee Abdullah


([email protected])

Yahya Don


([email protected])

Fairol Halim


([email protected])

Sivaperegasam P. Rajanthiran


([email protected])

Abstract

The implementation of National Service Programme (NSP) is one of the tools to

achieve nation-building goals among Malaysian youth. The objectives of NSP are to

build good personality and develop the spirit of nationalism among adolescents,

improve national integration and increase positive attitude towards the programs.

This study aims to provide an understanding of the problems that led to the

establishment of nation-building in Malaysia. This study is important for the

government to evaluate the effectiveness of a nation-building approach among youth

groups. More importantly, this research will identify the uses of the NSP as a tool in

achieving nation-building goals. The findings show the effectiveness of implementing

the NSP and the impacts of NSP towards the trainee were positive. Besides, the

study also able to overcome the various challenges in the NSP. In addition, all these

aspects will provide several fresh dimensions to examine the process of nation-

building among the youth in Malaysia. This study able to contribute to the existing

literature on the politics of nation-building in Malaysia, and add to the existing

knowledge about the NSP in general.

Keywords: National Service Programme (NSP), Effectiveness, Nation-Building





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PARTY-POLITICAL (IN) CONGRUENCE AND FEDERAL-STATE FISCAL

RELATIONS: THE CASE OF KELANTAN AND TERENGGANU (2004-12)

Siti Zubaidah Ismail




Abstract

In the 12th general election of 8 March 2008, the National Front did not only lose its two-

third majority in parliament; it also lost control of five of the 13 states. There have been

various follow-on developments since then. Among them is the restructuring of federal-

state fiscal relations. This article argues that the changes in political party strength due

to the changing voting pattern and the transformation of the political opposition have

potential to alter federal-states relations especially in terms of fiscal federalism. In the

case of Malaysia, centralisation offers the federal government considerable scope to

treat those states that are governed by the party that dominates the centre differently

from those that are in the hands of other parties. This article thus seeks to use the state

of Kelantan and Terengganu to examine how party-political incongruence impacts on

the fiscal relations between the federal government and constituent states specifically in

terms of non-discretionary federal transfers.



78

PANEL 4: THE ASEAN COMMUNITY

ASEAN COMMUNITY: AN INTEGRATION FAVOURABLE FOR

AMERICA’S PACIFIC CENTURY

Salieg Munestri

Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia ([email protected])

Abstract

A well-established, stable, prosperous and rich region, Southeast Asia has so far

received less attention than other regions. The region is a battlefield for the rivalry

between the United States and the People‘s Republic of China (PRC). Both have

started to deepen their relations with each of the states in the region and signed various

agreements with the regional association to win the race. China-ASEAN Free Trade

Area (CAFTA) has shown tremendous impacts on the development of China‘s

economic condition these five years. The US-ASEAN Trade and Investment Framework

Agreement signed in 2006, Treaty of Amity and Cooperation that Obama signed in

2009, US annual presence in the East Asia Summit and US position as one of ASEAN

Dialogue Partners with resident ambassador to ASEAN have shown the US continuing

commitment to enhanced engagement with ASEAN. Moreover, America‘s Pacific

century has decided that pivot of the future will be in Asia. Trade liberalization in the

region provides the US abundant opportunities for trade, investment and technology to

help America‘s economic recovery at home. Opportunely, ASEAN members have

agreed to build a fully integrated community that involve political, security, economy and

social realms by the end of 2015. By applying the concept of geopolitics, ASEAN

Community is seen strongly favorable for American interests, especially to strengthen

American influence in the region and to help to pertain American leadership. Hence, the

paper will focus on the importance of ASEAN Community for the US and how the US

supports the development of ASEAN Community. For ASEAN has so far been a US

strategic bilateral partner in Southeast Asia, the deeper ASEAN member countries are

integrated, the more benefits the US may obtain for the pursuit of maintaining its

primacy.

Keywords: America’s Pacific Century, ASEAN Community, CAFTA


79

ASEAN SUMMIT: A DRIVER OF ASEAN COMMUNITY-BUILDING?

Siti Darwinda Mohamed Pero Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Rusdi Omar


([email protected])

Abstract

Article 7.2 (b) of the ASEAN Charter (2008, p. 10) states that ‘ASEAN Summit shall be the supreme-policy making body of ASEAN’. This indicates the central importance of ASEAN Summit in ASEAN decision-making processes as well as in the development of an ASEAN Community. This paper argues that ASEAN Summit is either a driver of, or, an impediment to ASEAN regional community-building efforts. It seeks to analyse the significance of ASEAN Summit meetings in steering the pace of ASEAN community-building. It provides a working definition of summitry, before an examination on the significant role of summit in regional community-building can be carried out. In doing so, this paper utilises both primary and secondary documents related with ASEAN Summit such as declarations, reports, data published by ASEAN Secretariat, leaders’ speeches, journals, and newspaper articles.

Keywords: ASEAN Summit, ASEAN Community, Historical-Instutionalist Approach



80

RE-THINKING OF ASEAN REGIONAL INTEGRATION: PEOPLE-

ORIENTED TOWARDS COMMUNITARIANISM APPROACHES

Ahmad Bashawir Abdul Ghani Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Mohammad Fajar Ikhsan Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Muhammad Subhan Ishak


Abstract

The discussions on regional integration at the level of Southeast Asian (SEA) countries

or ASEAN at this time has a specific purpose which is to run the collective agenda

called ASEAN Community, which is have goals to create a multilateral program. The

program was divided into three sectors which are ASEAN Economic Community,

ASEAN Political-Security Community, and ASEAN Socio-Culture Community. I

assumed that, there are three internal actors in ASEAN that really involved in the

organization’s program. First we have political actors (governments, political elite, who

get benefits from security cooperation to avoid conflict among SEA states , etc.),

second, business actors (economy elite, corporation, who run business and get benefits

from trade agreements made by ASEAN integration), third, people actors (society,

communities, who should receive direct benefits from ASEAN integration). By looking at

the three groups above, the first and second groups have felt the direct benefits from

ASEAN integration, but for the third group, it can be seen that they are in the class of

grassroots (middle and low level) that does not understand what is meant by ASEAN,

and what are the benefits and functions given by ASEAN to them, which shows there is

a missing-link between states and people understanding. This paper is aim to discuss,

how relevant the concept of communitarianism that bring ideas about the importance of

the role of communities in term of political aspects, especially to create a real regional

community and regional identity. Another purpose of this paper is to discuss how the

ASEAN’s idea of people-oriented can be implemented by using the communitarianism

approach. Next purpose of the study is to discuss how states-oriented integration can




81

move to people-oriented integration. This paper will focus on conceptual study, which is

expected to provide an alternative understanding in making community integration.

Keywords: Regional Integration, ASEAN's Regional Identity, Communitarianism

82

THE ASEAN COMMUNITY: ARE THE MALAYSIAN YOUTHS AWARE

AND PREPARED?

Kamarulnizam Abdullah


([email protected])

Guido Benny


Yahya Don


Mohd Sofian Omar Fauzee


Zahrul Akmal Damin

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn

Abstract

The ASEAN Community, which also consists of the Community blueprints – ASEAN

Economic Community (AEC), ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC), and

ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC), is finally launched in 2016 after years of

conceptualization, discussion, and debates about the viability of regional community

formation in Southeast Asia. Yet, critics argue that the Southeast Asia’s regional

formation is a top-down process, where the idea of community identity is not shared by

the majority of people. What’s more important is, whether the younger generation could

understand and even aware about the impending establishment of ASEAN Community.

Henceforth, this article seeks to answer some pertinent questions regarding Malaysian

youth’s understanding, attitudes, awareness, and preparedness to the ASEAN

Community. A survey was conducted between August and September 2015, to

ascertain the Malaysian youth perception on the Community by testing four major

variables: understanding, attitudes, awareness, and preparedness. The survey was

conducted on 5, 032 Malaysian youths in six different zones: the north, south, central

and eastern region of the peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak. The survey

reveals some important findings. Firstly, the knowledge and understanding of the

ASEAN Community among the Malaysian youths are still minimal. Secondly, Malaysian

youths have a good perception of the relevancy and benefits of ASEAN Community.

Although their level of awareness was low, they show some supports to the ASEAN

Community. Finally, the finding suggests that the government needs to embark upon


83

various youth-inclusive programs to better socialize this new generation to the idea and

concept of the ASEAN Community and, to prepare them for a closer regional

integration.

Keywords: Regional Community Building, ASEAN Community, Malaysian Youth,

Awareness Survey

ICIS2016 Book of Abstract

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Transcript of ICIS2016 Book of Abstract