Transcript of I. Independence in Latin America, 1800- 1830 A. Roots of Revolution 1. The American and French...
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- I. Independence in Latin America, 1800- 1830 A. Roots of
Revolution 1. The American and French revolutions stirred up
enthusiasm for self-government. 2. Napoleons invasion of Portugal
and Spain led to Latin Americas independence movements. 3. Spanish
patriots fighting the French established a Junta Central committee
to administer the areas they controlled.
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- 4. A vocal minority of wealthy Spanish landowners objected to
this favoring local Juntas. 5. These dissenters argued that they
were subjects of the king, not dependents of the Spanish nation. 6.
These elites established local Juntas but were immediately
suppressed by Spanish officials. 7. Their harsh treatment further
led the rest of the colonists to favor the Juntas of the
elites.
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- B. Spanish South America, 1810-1825 1. In Caracas, a
revolutionary Junta led by creoles declared independence in 1811.
2. Its leaders were large landowners who supported slavery and
opposed citizenship for black and the mixed-race majority. 3. As a
result, thousands of free blacks and slaves joined the loyalists in
defending the Spanish Empire.
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- 4. This narrowed agenda forced the revolutionary movement to
place overwhelming power in the hands of Simn Bolvar. 5. Bolvar was
the son of wealthy Venezuelan planters. 6. Bolvar was initially
opposed to the abolition of slavery but eventually supported
emancipation.
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- 7. Bolvar was defeated on many occasions and between 1813 and
1817 military advantages shifted back and forth. 8. When King
Ferdinand VII accepted a constitutional monarchy his colonial
supporters became divided. 9. After defeating the last Spanish army
in 1824, Bolivar attempted a formal confederation.
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- 10. His first attempt to establish this confederation was by
unifying the nations of Columbia, Venezuela, and Ecuador. 11. With
Bolvars encouragement, the nations of Peru and Bolivia also
experimented with unification. 12. However, all of these
initiatives failed by 1830.
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- C. Mexico, 1810-1823 1. By 1810, New Spain (Mexico) was Spains
richest and most populous colony. 2. Mexico also had the largest
population of Spanish immigrants among the colonies. 3. After
Napoleons invasion of Spain, conservative Spaniards in Mexico City
overthrew the viceroy because he was too sympathetic to the
Creoles.
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- 4. The first stage of revolution against Spain occurred in
central Mexico, aka the valley of Mexico. 5. On September 16, 1810
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla led thousands of rural and urban poor to
attack ranches and mines killing many Peninsulars and Creoles. 6.
He was eventually captured, tried, and executed in 1811.
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- 7. The revolution continued under another priest, Jos Mara
Morelos. 8. Morelos created a formidable fighting force and
convened a congress that declared independence in 1813. 9. Loyalist
forces proved to be too strong and he was defeated and executed by
1815.
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- 10. Small numbers of insurgents continued to wage war
unsuccessfully against Spain until 1820. 11. The military revolt in
Spain that forced Ferdinand VII to accept a constitutional monarchy
unsettled many conservative groups in Mexico. 12. Colonel Agustn
Iturbide forged an alliance with the remaining insurgents with the
request that Mexico would establish a monarchial form of
government. 13. By early 1823, the army overthrew Iturbide and
Mexico became a republic.
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- D. Brazil to 1831 1. After Napoleon invaded Portugal, the
Portuguese royal family escaped to their Brazilian colony in 1808.
2. When Napoleon was finally defeated, the Portuguese government
called for King John VI to return home. 3. By 1821 he returned to
Portugal, leaving his son Pedro in Brazil as regent.
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- 4. Pedro I believed strongly in monarchy and to many liberal
principles such as the constitution of 1824. 5. He was very much
opposed to slavery and worked tirelessly to end it, which created
enemies among the slave- owning regions. 6. Eventually, he was
forced to abdicate his throne to his 5 year old son Pedro II who
served until 1889.
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- E. Canada 1. Unlike its neighbors to the south, British Canada
was divided into separate colonies and territories each with a
distinct government. 2. Each territory had a provincial governor
and appointed councils drawn from the local elite. 3. Elected
assemblies existed but exercised limited power.
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- 4. Agitation to end this type of oligarchic rule led to armed
rebellion in 1837. 5. The British responded by allowing limited
self-rule in the 1840s. 6. By the 1860s, regional leaders saw the
need for national character to protect economic interests and raids
from the U.S. territory into Canada. 7. This led to the
Confederation of 1867, which included the provinces of Ontario,
Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia.
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- II. The Challenge of Economic and Social Change A. The
Abolition of Slavery 1. It has become a forgone conclusion that
anti-slavery sentiments were expressed during struggles for
independence. 2. Revolutionary leaders asserted universal ideas of
freedom and citizenship that contrasted sharply with the reality of
slavery.
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- 3. Abolitionists men and women who wanted to outlaw slavery. 4.
Despite their efforts, slavery survived in much of the hemisphere
until the 1850s. 5. Areas such as the United States, Brazil, and
Cuba, saw the abolition of slavery occur with great difficulty. 6.
Slavery in the United States ended with the 13 th Amendment in 1865
and finally two decades later in Brazil.