Revolutions in RussiaRevolutions in RussiaCauses and Impacts

#1#1 Czars Alexander III &

Nicholas II sought to industrialize & build economic strength.

Russia wants to import western technology, but

block ideals of French Revolution -> anti-czar!

Meiji Japan industrialized faster & better -> Japan whoops Russia in Russo-

Japanese War, 1904-1905.

#2#2 Russian liberals called for a

constitution & reforms that’d

eliminate corruption.

Czars used harsh tactics to

suppress reformSecret police,

jail, sent to Siberia,

executions

#3#3Peasants hurt by

rigid social class system -> too

poor to buy land they worked after they were freed from serfdom

Poverty -> work in factories (long hours, low pay,

poor living conditions)

Want change!

##44

Vast empire and diverse empire included many ethnic minorities: Pockets of

nationalismThese people would want sovereignty:

authority to rule themselves

#5 Bloody Sunday: Revolution #5 Bloody Sunday: Revolution of 1905of 1905

Shot into a peaceful protest -> destroyed

faith & trust in the czarLed to strikes & revoltsLed to limited reforms

October Manifesto: Nicholas II created

Duma, a representative body, which silenced critics; he later removed their

power

##66Limited industry ->

not ready to fight less than adequate weapons & supplies

leads to military losses

Food scarce, many desert

Military defeats, shortage of food, fuel,

housing leads to March Revolution,

1917

#6 March Revolution#6 March Revolution1917 Rioters in St. Petersburg demand bread, soldiers are sympathetic with

them“Down with war &

high prices!” “Down with

starvation!”“Bread for workers!”

Czar abdicates (leaves throne) & taken into

custody

##77

The provisional govt set up failed because:

1) Continued unpopular war against Germany,

draining men & resources

2) Didn’t help the peasants & workers So revolutionary

socialists set up Soviets (councils of wrkrs and

soldiers) in many Russian cities and

begin to plot a takeover

##88V.I. Lenin returns from

exile in Switzerland with help of Germany

after March RevolutionLeon Trotsky & Lenin

both lead the Bolsheviks

“Peace” - end war“Land” - distribute to

peasants“Bread” - end food

shortages

##99

Nov 1917, Bolsheviks led

soldiers, sailors, and factory

workers in an uprising that

overthrew the govt Now called

Communists, they gave land to

peasants & gave workers control of

mines and factories A lot like

communism, but still have a battle

to face.

#10 Treaty of Brest-#10 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Litovsk

Russia loses Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the

Ukraine, Bessarabia & Poland (Baltic

States) to Germany Had to pay $ Lenin hoped

socialist revolution in Germany would occur & reverse some of these

losses.

#11 Civil #11 Civil War!!!War!!!

Reds (Communists)vs. Whites (Czarist &

Aristocratic)Whites were

supported by French, British, Greek, Polish, Czech, Japanese, and

U.S. troopsThey were still fighting Germany

Czar Nicholas II & family executed

(eliminate white’s rallying point)

Reds win; 500,000 die

#1#122

Marx: urban workers (proletariat) would rise to overthrow

capitalist bourgeoisie

Lenin: dual revolution of poor,

land-hungry peasants led by

Bolshevik party of elite, highly-trained, constantly purged revolutionaries to

instruct and lead the masses

Not to be seduced by short-term gains

#13#13

Lenin had given control of factories to workers,

land to peasants Economy in ruins, March

1921 Lenin’s New Economic

Policy (NEP) - govt controlled banks, large

industry, & foreign trade

But allowed some privately owned businesses!!!!!

Not socialism (some capitalism), but

worked! Like Brest-Litovsk – painful, but necessary

#1#144

Lenin dies in 1924, Joseph Stalin takes over after forcing Trotsky into exile -

later killed in Mexico Feared other members were

plotting against him Great Purge -

accused thousands of crimes against

govt. -> executed or sent to forced-labor

camps Centralized his

power!

#15#15 Totalitarian rule:

One-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the

lives of its citizens

#1#166

Promoted Russian history, language,

culture -> sometimes forbid

native cultural practices

Appointed Russians to key posts in govt & secret police

Redrew boundaries of many republics

to ensure non-Russians would not

gain a majority

#17#17 What Communism becomes in practice:

Communist Command Economy:

Govt officials (party members) make all economic decisions Govt controls all

factories, businesses, & farms

Not a lot of incentive to work hard, shortage of

consumer goodsProduce tanks over toilet

paper, guns over butter: (country 1st, consumer

2nd)

#1#177

Capitalist EconomyBusinesses are privately owned &

operated for a profitFree market controls

economic decisions (businesses make

what consumers want)Competition, supply &

demand regulate prices

Innovative; opportunity; incentive to work; quick to meet

consumer needs

#1#188

Stalin’s Five-Year Plans:

Build industry & increase farm

outputEstablish quotas

to be met in 5 year intervals

Invest in heavy industry, build

big thingsForced

Communism

#18 5-Year Plans: Success or #18 5-Year Plans: Success or Failure?Failure?Soviet production

in oil, coal, steel, mining, & military goods increases.

Factories, hydroelectric power, and

railroads built.Most Russians remained poor & endured a lower

standard of livingLess consumer

goods, lower quality goods

#19 #19 CollectivesCollectives

Large, state-owned farms, operated by peasants as a group Govt controlled prices & supplies &

set production quotas.

Plan: grow enough grain to feed city workers, & export

surplus grain, finance industrialization

#2#200

Stalin ruthlessly eliminated oppositionUkrainian kulaks faced forced famine when they tried to

resist collectivizationGovt seized their grain, 6 million die

Russian Revolution Russian Revolution Catchphrase!Catchphrase!

Partner APartner ACzar Nicholas II

5 Year PlansSickle

Bloody SundayAbsolute Monarchy

Partner BPartner BLenin

Peace, Land, BreadBolsheviksProvisional Government

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

PartnerPartner A ACollectivization

UkraineTrotsky

PogromsRussification

Partner BPartner BHammerRasputinRed Army

StalinNew Economic Policy

For All The MarblesFor All The Marbles

Czarina Alexandra