HUMAN ANATOMY

LECTURE ONE

BODY OVERVIEW

ANATOMY TOPICS• Gross or macroscopic: structures examined

without a microscope- Regional: studied by area

- Systemic: studied by system

- Surface: external form and relation to deeper

structures – use of anatomical imaging

- Developmental: changes from conception to maturity

• Microscopic: structures seen with the microscope

- Cytology: cellular anatomy

- Histology: study of tissues

Anatomical Imaging Techniques

• Radiography - shadowy negative images of internal body structures

• Computed Tomography (CT Scan) - computer-analyzed composite of radiograph: shows slices of the body

• Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR) - 3-D version of CT using multiple slices

• Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) – comparison of radiographs with and without dye. Used in blood vessel studies.

• Ultrasound (US) – computer-analyzed sound waves bounced off a structure in the body.

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – uses magnetism and radio waves to look for varying alignment of protons in soft tissues.

• Positive Emission Tomography (PET) – uses radioactively-labeled glucose to calculate metabolic activity of cells.

PHYSIOLOGY TOPICS• Study of processes and functions of living things

1. Understanding and predicting the body’s responses to stimuli

2. Understanding how the body maintain conditions within a changing environment

Divided into:

- Human Physiology: entire person

- Cellular Physiology: cellular processes

- Systemic Physiology: processes of an entire body

system

AREAS ENCOMPASSING ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

• Pathology: structural and functional changes

caused by disease• Exercise Physiology: changes in structure and

function caused by exercise

STRUCTURAL AND FUNTIONAL HEIRARCHY

• Chemical: interactions of atoms• Organelle: performs functions within the cell• Cell: functional unit of life• Tissue: groups of cells with similar structure and

function, also surrounding extracellular material• Organs: two or more tissues performing common

functions• Organ System: groups of organs acting together

ORGAN SYSTEMS

MAPPING THE BODY

Anatomical Positions Facing you (palms up, flat feet)

superior vs inferior

anterior vs posterior

ventral vs dorsal

medial vs lateral

proximal vs distal

superficial vs deep tissue

partiel vs visceral

Anatomical PlanesImaginary lines drawn through

the body

Transverse/cross section – separates top and bottom halves

Frontal/coronal section – separates front and back

Sagittal section – separates left and right

Midsagittal section - directly through middle of body

Medial Section - separating an organ in half

Body Quadrants

Body Cavities

Serous Membranes - line trunk cavities and cover organs within these cavities

• thin, double layer of epithelial and connective tissue

• allows organs to expand and move without friction/damage

• composed of visceral and parietal serosa in continuous sheet

Visceral Serosa - serous membrane covering organ

Parietal Serosa – serous membrane attached to cavity wall

Serous Cavity – fluid filled space in between membranes

Named according to their location:

• Pleura Visceral Pleura – lung

Parietal Pleura – pleural cavity wall

Pleural Cavity – pleural fluid

• Pericardium

Visceral Pericardium - heart

Parietal Pericardium – pericardial cavity

Pericardial Cavity – pericardial fluid

• Peritoneal

Visceral Peritoneum - organs of abdominopelvic region

Parietal Peritoneum – wall of abdominopelvic cavity

* referred to as MESENTARY

* organs lying between abdominal wall and parietal membrane are called RETROPERITONEAL

(kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas)