An Introduction to Anatomy - Napa Valley College 218/01... · 2015-06-08 · Gross anatomy...

C h a p t e r

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An Introduction to Anatomy

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

prepared by Jason LaPres

North Harris College

Houston, Texas

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,

publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Introduction

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

All specific functions are performed by

specific structures.

Structure, therefore, determines function.

Microscopic Anatomy


Microscopic anatomy is defined as structures

that cannot be seen without magnification.

Microscopic anatomy is limited by the

equipment used.

Light microscope

Electron microscope

Cytology—study of cells

Histology—study of tissues

Microscopic Anatomy


Figure 1.1 The Study of Anatomy at Different Scales

Gross Anatomy


Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy) is the study of structures visible to the unaided eye.

Surface anatomy refers to the general form, or

morphology, and superficial anatomical

markings.

Regional anatomy considers all structures in a

specific area of the body, whether they are

superficial or deep.

Systemic anatomy is the study of anatomy one

organ system at a time.

Other Perspectives on Anatomy


Developmental anatomy—examines structural

changes over time

Embryology—study of the first two months of

development

Comparative anatomy—considers different types of

animals

Clinical anatomy—focuses on pathological changes

during illness.



Surgical anatomy—studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures

Radiographic anatomy—involves the study of anatomical structures as they are visualized by x-rays, ultrasound scans, or other specialized procedures performed on an intact body

Cross-sectional anatomy—uses graphs from radiographic techniques like CT and MRI scans to look at cross sections of the body



Figure 1.2a Comparative Anatomy



Figure 1.2b,c Comparative Anatomy

Levels of Organization


Chemical/Molecular

12+ elements in the body

4 of them make up 99% of the body:Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen

Major classes of compounds: Water

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic acids



Cells are the smallest living units in the body.

Tissues are many cells and some surrounding material.

Organs are combinations of tissues.

Organs combine to form organ systems.

The human is composed of 11 organ systems.



The movie reviews the levels of organization

from high to low.


01LevlsOrg_NA_.html

An Introduction to Organ Systems


Responsiveness (irritability) is a change activity based upon a stimulus.

Adaptability is long-term responsiveness.

Growth is the increase in size of an organism.

Differentiation is becoming specialized to perform particular functions.

Reproduction is the production of new generations of the same organism.

Movement is the ability to change the position of something.



Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions in the body.

Anabolism is the bonding of chemicals together.

Catabolism is the breaking of chemical bonds.

Absorption is the process of bringing chemicals into the body.

Respiration is the absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells.

Excretion is the removal of wastes.

Digestion is the processes of catabolism that makes nutrients small enough to be absorbed.



The movie reviews the 11 organ systems.

Organ Systems

01OrganSys_NA.html

The Language of Anatomy


Superficial Anatomy—anatomical landmarks and

correct directional terms help in understanding the

underlying structures.

Anatomical landmarks

Anatomical position is standing upright, arms at sides,

palms facing forward (little fingers by the thigh), feet flat

on the floor, face straight ahead.

Supine is lying down with the face up.

Prone is lying down with the face down.


Figure 1.8a Anatomical Landmarks




Figure 1.9a Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions



Figure 1.9b Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions



Figure 1.9c Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

Figure 1.10 Directional References





Sectional Anatomy

A way to illustrate relationships between parts of three-

dimensional objects

The development of electronic imaging techniques allows

us to see inside the living body without surgery

Planes and sections

Body cavities


Figure 1.11 Planes of Section




Figure 1.12 Sectional Planes and Visualization



Sectional Anatomy

Body cavities:

Organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems are housed in the ventral body cavity.

The diaphragm separates the ventral body cavity.

The ventral body cavity is protected and lubricated by a two-layer membrane system called serous membranes.

Body Cavities


Body Cavities

Figure 1.14 The Ventral Body Cavity


An Introduction to Anatomy - Napa Valley College 218/01... · 2015-06-08 · Gross anatomy...

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