Post on 15-Dec-2015
History of Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Lecture 1.1
The FirstPoint-Contact
Transistor1947
Bell Labs Museum
The FirstJunction Transistor
1951
Bell Labs
Lab model
M1752Outside the Lab
Texas Instrument’s First IC -- 1958
Jack Kilby
Robert NoyceFairchildIntel
Electronics, Volume 38, Number 8, April 19, 1965
Moore's Law(As predicted by Gordon E. Moore in 1965)
1
100
10000
1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
Year
Tra
nsi
sto
rs
Moore's Law(Doubling every 2 years)
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Year
Tra
nsi
sto
rs (
in m
illio
ns
)
8080
286
486 Pentium
Pentium II
Pentium 4
64K
1M
4M
16M
Memory
Microprocessor
Graphical illustration of Moore’s law
1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002
Leading edgechip in 1981
10,000transistors
Leading edgechip in 2002
150,000,000transistors
• Something that doubles frequently grows more quickly than most people realize!– A 2002 chip can hold about 15,000 1981 chips inside itself
This year’s transistors are just twice the size of a virus
Nick TredennickGilder Technology Report
Table 1.2History of Microprocessors
Date Microprocessor Comment1971 Intel 4004 First microprocessor (4 bits)1972 Intel 8008 First 8-bit microprocessor1974 Intel 80801975 Motorola 6800 5 volts only (1 MHz)1976 MOS Technology 6502 Used in Apple II, PET, Atari1977 Motorola 6802 128-byte internal RAM1978 Motorola 6801 Single-chip microcomputer1978 Intel 8086/8088 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)1979 Motorola 68000 68,000 Transistors1979 Motorola 68701 MCU_EPROM–I/O1979 Motorola 6805 Low-cost microcontroller1979 Motorola 6809 Used in TRS-80 color computer1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
Intel 4004
source: Computer Museum
Table 1.2History of Microprocessors
Date Microprocessor Comment1971 Intel 4004 First microprocessor (4 bits)1972 Intel 8008 First 8-bit microprocessor1974 Intel 80801975 Motorola 6800 5 volts only (1 MHz)1976 MOS Technology 6502 Used in Apple II, PET, Atari1977 Motorola 6802 128-byte internal RAM1978 Motorola 6801 Single-chip microcomputer1978 Intel 8086/8088 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)1979 Motorola 68000 68,000 Transistors1979 Motorola 68701 MCU_EPROM–I/O1979 Motorola 6805 Low-cost microcontroller1979 Motorola 6809 Used in TRS-80 color computer1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
http://www.blinkenlights.com/pc.shtml
January 1975cover ofPopular Electronics
The 8080 Microprocessor
• 40-pin chip
• Developed by Intel in 1974
• 16 Address Lines– Can address 216 = 64 Kbytes of memory
• 8 Data Lines
• Required +5V, +12V and -5V
• First microprocessor to become widely used
The 8080 Microprocessor
PSWACEL
BDH
SPPC
Program Status WordPrimary AccumulatorSecondary Accumlators/ Data Counters
Stack PointerProgram Counter
Table 1.2History of Microprocessors
Date Microprocessor Comment1971 Intel 4004 First microprocessor (4 bits)1972 Intel 8008 First 8-bit microprocessor1974 Intel 80801975 Motorola 6800 5 volts only (1 MHz)1976 MOS Technology 6502 Used in Apple II, PET, Atari1977 Motorola 6802 128-byte internal RAM1978 Motorola 6801 Single-chip microcomputer1978 Intel 8086/8088 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)1979 Motorola 68000 68,000 Transistors1979 Motorola 68701 MCU_EPROM–I/O1979 Motorola 6805 Low-cost microcontroller1979 Motorola 6809 Used in TRS-80 color computer1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
The 6800 Microprocessor
• 40-pin chip
• Developed by Motorola in 1975
• 16 address lines and 8 data lines
• Used only +5V
The 6800 MicroprocessorRegisters
A
B
X
PC
SP
CC
Accumulator AAccumulator BIndex register XProgram counterStack pointerCondition code register
1978 – Industrial Holographics
Table 1.2History of Microprocessors
Date Microprocessor Comment1971 Intel 4004 First microprocessor (4 bits)1972 Intel 8008 First 8-bit microprocessor1974 Intel 80801975 Motorola 6800 5 volts only (1 MHz)1976 MOS Technology 6502 Used in Apple II, PET, Atari1977 Motorola 6802 128-byte internal RAM1978 Motorola 6801 Single-chip microcomputer1978 Intel 8086/8088 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)1979 Motorola 68000 68,000 Transistors1979 Motorola 68701 MCU_EPROM–I/O1979 Motorola 6805 Low-cost microcontroller1979 Motorola 6809 Used in TRS-80 color computer1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
The 6502 Microprocessor
• 40-pin chip• Developed by MOS Technology, Inc. in 1976• 16 address lines and 8 data lines• Based on the Motorola 6800• Used in many home computers including the
– Apple II– Commodore PET– Atari
The 6502 MicroprocessorRegisters
A
X
Y
PC
SP
Status
AccumulatorIndex register XIndex register YProgram counterStack pointerStatus register
Table 1.2History of Microprocessors
Date Microprocessor Comment1971 Intel 4004 First microprocessor (4 bits)1972 Intel 8008 First 8-bit microprocessor1974 Intel 80801975 Motorola 6800 5 volts only (1 MHz)1976 MOS Technology 6502 Used in Apple II, PET, Atari1977 Motorola 6802 128-byte internal RAM1978 Motorola 6801 Single-chip microcomputer1978 Intel 8086/8088 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)1979 Motorola 68000 68,000 Transistors1979 Motorola 68701 MCU_EPROM–I/O1979 Motorola 6805 Low-cost microcontroller1979 Motorola 6809 Used in TRS-80 color computer1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
The 6809 Microprocessor
• 40-pin chip
• Developed by Motorola in 1979
• 16 address lines and 8 data lines
• Used in the Radio Shack Color Computer
• Widely used in industrial controllers
Radio Shack Color Computerused 6809 microprocessor
The 6809 MicroprocessorRegisters
A B
Y
S
U
DP
Accumulator A:B = DIndex register XIndex register YSystem stack pointerUser stack pointerProgram counterDirect page registerCondition code register
X
CC
PC
Table 1.2History of Microprocessors
Date Microprocessor Comment1971 Intel 4004 First microprocessor (4 bits)1972 Intel 8008 First 8-bit microprocessor1974 Intel 80801975 Motorola 6800 5 volts only (1 MHz)1976 MOS Technology 6502 Used in Apple II, PET, Atari1977 Motorola 6802 128-byte internal RAM1978 Motorola 6801 Single-chip microcomputer1978 Intel 8086/8088 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)1979 Motorola 68000 68,000 Transistors1979 Motorola 68701 MCU_EPROM–I/O1979 Motorola 6805 Low-cost microcontroller1979 Motorola 6809 Used in TRS-80 color computer1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
The 68000 Microprocessor
• 64-pin chip
• Developed by Motorola in 1979
• 24 address lines – Can address 224 = 16 Mbytes of memory
• 16 data lines
• Used in the original Macintosh Computer
Original Macintosh Computerused 68000 microprocessor
The 68000 MicroprocessorRegisters31 16 15 8 7 0
D0D1D2D3D4D5D6D7
DataRegisters
31 16 15 0A0A1A2A3A4A5A6A7 A7’
AddressRegisters
Program Counter
Status/CCR
Table 1.2History of Microprocessors
Date Microprocessor Comment
1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 80881982 Motorola 680101982 Motorola 680081984 Intel 80286 10 MHz, 130,000 transistors1984 Motorola 68020 32-Bit address and data busses
Integrated Microcontroller1985 Motorola 68HC111986 Motorola 68020 -- 25 MHz1986 Intel 80386 16 MHz, 275,000 transistors1987 Motorola 680301988 Motorola 68030 -- 33 MHz1989 Intel 80486 25 MHz, 1,000,000 transistors1990 Intel 80486 50 MHz1992 Intel Pentium 4,000,000 Transistors1997 Motorola 68HC12 Enhanced 68HC11
1985 – Motorola introduces the 68HC11 microcontroller
RAM CPU EEPROMROM/ EPROM
TIMER
PARALLEL I/O SPI SCI
A/D
68HC11
Motorola introduces the 68HC12 (in 1997) and the HCS12 (in 2002)
RAM CPU12 EEPROMFLASH
EEPROM
TIMER
PARALLEL I/O SPI SCI
A/D68HC12/HCS12
Additional PWM and CAN interfaces
The 68HC12(11) Registers
S X H I N Z V C
A B
D
IX
IY
SP
PC
Accum ulator A
Accum ulator D
Inde x register X
Inde x register Y
Sta ck Pointer
Pro gra m counter
Condition code register
Accum ulator B
Develops WHYP –a subroutine-threaded Forth for the 68HC12
Chuck Moore,the inventor ofForth, reading Haskell’sWHYP book
Learning By Example Using C-- Programming the HCS12 Microcontroller Using CodeWarrior
Richard E. Haskell Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
Copyright 2006. All rights reserved
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