WHAT IS HISTORY?

"History is more or less bunk." Henry Ford

"What experience and history teach is this-that people and governments never have learned anything from

history, or acted on principles deduced from it." G. W. F. Hegel

WHAT IS HISTORY?

"History . . . is indeed little more than the register of the crimes, follies, and misfortunes of mankind."

Edward Gibbon

"The study of history is the best medicine for a sick mind; for in history you have a record of the infinite variety of human experience plainly set out for all to see; and in that record you can find yourself and your country both examples and warnings; fine things to

take as models, base things rotten through and through, to avoid." Livy

WHAT IS HISTORY?

1. A usually chronological record of events, as of the life or development of a people or institution, often including an explanation of or commentary on those events ( a history of the Vikings)2. The branch of knowledge that records and analyzes past events

3.a. The past events relating to a particular thing (The history of their rivalry is full of intrigue)b. The aggregate of past events or human affairs: basic tools used throughout history.

The Free Online Dictionaryhttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/history

A Historical Event

✴ Particular aspect in relation to social and cultural events of the past

✴ Cause – Effect Relationship✴ Being relevant✴ Being placed in a certain context ✴ Being unique✴ Impact on the whole community✴ Happened considerably long ago

Source Analysis

History Sources• Sunday, 14th of October

• ...these people are very simple as regards the use of arms, as your Highnesses will see from the seven that I caused to be taken, to bring home and learn our language and return; unless your Highnesses should order them all to be brought to Castile, or to be kept as captives on the same island; for with fifty men they can all be subjugated and made to do what is required of them....

• Christopher Columbus. Utilizing the Native Labor Force. 1492.

Primary Sources• “A primary source is a document or physical object which

was written or created during the time under study. These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a particular event”.

• http://www.princeton.edu/~refdesk/primary2.html

Diaries

Letters

Photographs

Art

Maps

History Sources• Columbus initially had friendly relations with the Native Americans he

encountered in the West Indies on the first voyage. Beginning with the second voyage, these relations began to sour, with some tribes more than others. The Spanish had come to America as conquerors. In 1492, they had just successfully finished a centuries-long war to evict the Moors from Spain, and the idea of spreading Christianity (in general) and Spanish control (in particular) was central to Spanish culture. The idea that one could arrive at a new country with no strong central government, and not claim such lands for the sovereigns one had sworn to support and defend, was simply unthinkable...

• Keith A. Pickering. Columbus and the destruction of Native peoples. 2004

Secondary Sources• “A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary

sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them”.

• http://www.princeton.edu/~refdesk/primary2.html

History textbooks

Biographies

Published stories

Movies of historical events

• The journey of a modern hero, to the island of Elba / 1814, Great Britain

OPVL

O- originP- purposeV- valueL- limitation

OPVL

• Origin is where the source comes fromWhen was the document created?

Who created it?

Where did it first appear?

Is it a primary or secondary source?

OPVL

• Purpose: What do you think the author was trying to communicate? What ideas/feelings was he/she trying to express/evoke?

Why did the author create the document?

Who is the intended audience?

OPVL• Value is how valuable this source is. Basically it's

linked to the amount of bias in the source: the more bias = the less valuable (usually)What can we tell about the author from the piece?

What can we tell about the time period from the piece?

Under what circumstances was the piece created and how does the piece reflect those circumstances?

What can we tell about any controversies from the piece?

Does the author represent a particular ‘side’ of a controversy or event?

OPVL• Limitations is also linked to bias, each source will be

at least a little biased and thus they are limited by that. If the source has been translated from the original then the language difference will be another source of inaccuracy and a limitation. Does the author have reasons to emphasize certain facts over others to a particular audience? Might the author present the story differently to different audience?

What specific information might the author have chosen to leave out?

Does the author concede a certain point that it is inconvenient for him/her to admit to?

MIDDLE AGESCHURCH, CRUSADES AND SOCIETY

Holy Roman Empire in 1050: the most centralized and best governed territory in Europe

Problems inside the Church

Illiteracy of the priests Immorality of the priests Indifference towards spirituality Simony (selling Church positions)

Reorganization of Church Papal Curia (advisers) was created Canon law (marriage divorce, inheritance

issues) Pope’s diplomats helped to restore Pope’s

authotity “Tithes” were introduced (“10th part of something, paid

as a contribution to a religious organization”) New Religious Orders were created

(Dominicans, Benedictines, Franciscans)

CRUSADES

CRUSADES. WHY? Help Byzantine Empire from possible Muslim attack on

Constantinople Christian pilgrims visiting the holy sites in Jerusalem began

experiencing increased harassment and danger Hope to unite the entire eastern Mediterranean and the

divided Christian faith under the banner of the Latin Church

Possibility to get rid of the Knight fighting each other and disturbing the peace of the kingdoms

For merchants – possibility to control trade routes to India, China

CRUSADES1097 - Pope Urban promises “a place in Heaven”Motivations of the Participants: Men tired of hopeless poverty Adventurers seeking action Merchants looking for new markets Lords whose enlisting serfs had left them laborless Young sons looking for land and social position Sincerely religious individuals wanting to rescue the land of

Christ

CRUSADES The First Crusade (1096-1099) / Capture of

Jerusalem Second Crusade (1147-1149) / Christians

defeated by Saladin, Fall of Jerusalem Third Crusade (1189-1192) / Truce between

Richard the Lion-Hearted and Saladin: Jerusalem under Muslim control

EFFECTS OF CRUSADES Feudalism declines because Feudal lords die or

spend too much money on military, more power to the Kings

Trade and Explorations were enhanced / Spices, cotton, linen, pearls, porcelain, silk, etc.; Improvements – Ships, Maps, Explorers

The influence of the Catholic Church and the position of the pope declined

The Muslim powers, once tolerant of religious diversity, had been made intolerant by attack

MEDIEVAL SOCIETY

AGRICULTUREUse of horses instead of oxen Three-field system

More and Better farm production

Better resistance to diseases / longer life expectancy

Increase in Population

MEDIEVAL SOCIETYCREATION OF GUILDS

Establishment of working conditions, salaries, quality of products

Better products / More money for the Guilds more power over the Government

MEDIEVAL SOCIETYCOMMERCIAL REVOLUTION

Growth of Trade No more self-sufficient societies Growth of the cities More money available Merchants get more power - Burghers

RENAISSANCE

1350 -1600

A time of renewed interest in things of this world (REBIRTH).

Human beings and their conditions Education, art, literature, and science

RENAISSANCE

Why Italy? Existence of city-states (while the majority of

Europe is rural) Heritage of Rome and Greece / Migration of

Greek scholars (fall of Constantinople) Trading center Merchants and Medici (patronage of arts)

RENAISSANCE

Humanism, a system of thought and action concerned with human interests and values

Human beings have dignity and intelligence.

They (we) can change the world and make it a better place for all.

RENAISSANCE

Renaissance man - successful in business, well-mannered, educated, athletic, and brave.

The goal of education became making people well-rounded.

Religion remained important, but the authority and some practices of the church began to be questioned.

RENAISSANCE

PERSPECTIVE

Creates the appearance of three dimensions

REALISM

That painting is the most to be praised which agrees most exactly with the thing imitated.

RENAISSANCE

LEONARDO DA VINCI

1452-1519Painter, Sculptor, Architect, Engineer

RENAISSANCE

Mona Lisa

The Last Supper

Notebooks

Michelangel

o

Sistine Chapel

About a year after creating David, Pope Julius II

summoned Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling

of the Sistine Chapel.

Creation of Eve Creation of Adam

Separation of Light and Darkness

The Last Judgment

La Pieta 1499

Marble Sculpture

Raphael1483-1520

The School of Athens

LITERATURE

Use of Vernacular Language

Writing for self - expression

RENAISSANCE

NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLITHE PRINCE

“One can make this generalization about men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit”

RENAISSANCE

THE PRINCE Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision

making Ruler keeps power by any means necessary The end justifies the means Be good when possible, and evil when

necessary

RENAISSANCE

Rooted in Medieval traditions rather than

Greco-Roman. Very realistic / used ordinary objects to

symbolize religious subjects and truths. Different than Italian Renaissance in that use of oil produced vibrant, rich color allowed painter to create a realistic painting with

overwhelming to create surface realism rather than an emphasis on structure, perspective, and proportions

NORTHERN RENAISSANCE

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

CHRISTIAN HUMANISM

Erasmus (Holland)“The Praise of Folly”: Christianity of the Heart, not of the ceremonies or rules

Thomas More (England)“Utopia”: an imaginary land without greed, anger, corruption and war.

NORTHERN RENAISSANCE

GUTTENBERG BIBLE (1455)

Made information available to a much larger number of the population

Libraries could store greater quantities of information at much lower cost

Facilitation of the dissemination and preservation of knowledge

Spread of new ideas quickly and with greater impact Stimulation of literacy

NORTHERN RENAISSANCE

New Conceptions of Life and the World

(earthly life is worth living for its own sake) Reformed Education (both the Greek and Latin

languages and literatures were now established)

Development of the Vernacular Literatures Impulse to Religious Reforms Questioning political and religious authorities Individual achievements are praised

RENAISSANCE LEGACY

PROtestant reformationCriticism of the Roman Catholic Church that led to a religious

movement and brought changes in religion and politics across

Europe.

catholic church, 16 century

Financial corruptionAbuse of power

Immorality (12-year old bishops)Illiterate priests (no teachers)

Causes of reformation

Renaissance: Interest in humanism and rediscovery of ancient culture.

European rulers challenged the Church as the Supreme PowerEuropean decentralization, rise of nation-states. Breakdown of

medieval centralization under Pope

95 Theses

Belief that selling indulgences is sinful Indulgences had no power to remit sin

Criticism of power of pope, wealth of church

Luther’s main ideas

Pope and Church traditions are false authoritiesPope did not speak for God

Church and priesthood are not necessary for salvationGod’s grace is given to all who seek it

Individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture, Christian practices should come only from

Bible

RESponse to Luther1520, Pope Leo X expelled Luther from the Church

1521, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor Charles V

Edict of Worms (1521) declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic

REsponse to Luther

German Princes, supporting Luther, - Protesting Princes

PROTESTANTS

ANGLICAN CHURCH

1509, Henry VIII became king, age 17Devout Catholic

Wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideasActions won him title “Defender of the Faith”

By 1525, Henry had only one child, Mary

REFORMATION PARLIAMENT

Act of Supremacy

✴ Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to Catherine annulled

✴ Act of Supremacy passed(1534); Henry VIII “Supreme Head of Church of England”

AFter Henry VIII

✴Mary returned England to authority of popeHundreds

burned at state for Protestant beliefs, earning queen title

“Bloody Mary”

✴Elizabeth I / 1559, new Supremacy Act, splitting

England from RomeProtestant priests could marry

and deliver sermons in EnglishElizabeth

persecuted Catholics, secured Church of England

✴The Act of Uniformity (1558) forced people to

attend Sunday service in an Anglican church / a

new version of the Book of Common Prayers

JOHN CALVIN

✴ Doctrine of predestination

✴ Best form of Government - Theocracy

1540’s Geneva’s rule: obligated religious classes, no

bright clothes, no support for other doctrines

Presbyterians (John Knox) in Scotland

reformation in europe

counter reformationJESUITS /1534/ founded by Ignatius of Loyola, Basque nobleman,

former soldierJesuits - military organization, emphasizing obedience to church above

allMain activities:

Focus on Education Convert non Christians to Catholics Fight Protestant (found superb schools over Europe ) (Missionaries around the world)

counter reformation

Popes Paul III and Paul IV (1530’ - 1560’s)COUNCIL OF TRENT ( 1546-1563)

✴ The Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final✴ Faith is not enough for salvation. Need of good works

✴ Bible and Church traditions are both important and powerful authoorities for any Christian

✴ Indulgences are valid expressions of faith

political effects of reformation✴ Rising sense of national identity

✴ Formation of independent states, nations✴ Rulers, merchants both wanted church less involved in state,

business affairs✴ Political power became separated from churches

SOCIAL effects of reformation✴ End of Christian Unity in Europe

✴ Increase in Education (both Protestants and Catholics founded new schools and Universities)

✴ Base for Enlightenment (by challenging the authority and beliefs)

Luther with seven heads; identifying Luther as a doctor, a monk, a Turk, a

preacher, a fanatic, a church visitor and a

wild man with a club.'Septiceps

Lutherus', Leipzig: Valentin Schumann,

1529. (t served as a title-page to a

pamphlet written by Johann Cochleus

(1479-1552)1. Analyze the following

cartoon according to its Origin, Purpose,

value and Limitation. 2. Explain what is

the message of the cartoon

AGE OF DIsCOVERY

CAUSES✤Competition among countries for wealth in Asia

•To Find a direct sea route to India

✤Desire to explore the unknown (Renaissance)

✤Spread Christianity

✤Desire for wealth, new territories

TREATY OF TORDESILLAS

• The Portuguese wanted to protect their monopoly on the trade route to Africa and felt threatened by Columbus discovery

• In 1494 TREATY OF TORDESILLAS was signed, that established an imaginary line running through the mid-Atlantic

EFFECTS

• Finding New World gave new opportunities to Europeans

EFFECTS

• Before 1750

Age of Imperialism

EFFECTSSlave trade

EFFECTSColumbian Exchange

EFFECTSInflux of money and goods

Change of the economic systems in Europe

The Commercial Revolution (establishment of many types of new businesses)

“Enlightened Despots”

Enlightened Monarchs• Frederick II, Prussia• Catherine the Great, Russia• Maria Theresa, Austria• Joseph II, Austria• Gustav III, Sweden• Napoleon I, France

ABSOLUTISM“L’etat, c’est moi (I am the state)” –Louis XIV

Absolutism in Europe

Oscar Alzaga.

Absolutism

Appeal to the “Divine Right” Sovereignty rests within the Monarch Economy has to serve the State

(Mercantilism) Large standing army (professional and

financed by the state)

Absolutism

Nobility with privileges but almost no political power (Control of the land / Tax exempt)

State bureaucracies

Causes of Absolutism

Decline of Catholic Church and its influence kings consolidate power

Decline of Feudal system. Lords lost its power king gained it

Enormous expansion in trade and industry the merchants and industrial ists wanted peace and order

Causes of Absolutism

Territorial and religious disputes created fear and uncertainty among population

The decline of the empire and the Papacy led to the growth of a number of nations where rulers successfully asserted their authority and established absolute rule

Strengths of Absolute Monarchies

EfficiencyDecisions are made by one person

NationalismPromoted a common culture and identity

StabilityThe ruler stays in power until death

Wealth / No resistance means a large and powerful empire

Weaknesses of Absolute Monarchies

Undemocratic

No collaboration of ideas Individual rights

Often violated Stability

If the ruler was poor, it could affect the country for decades

Ways to Increase the Power

TaxesIncrease overall power of the monarch and his power

Strong armies

ABSOLUTISM: PEOPLE

BUILDING ABSOLUTISM

Louis XIII (r. 1610-1643) and Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)

Reduced power of nobility / ordered to take done their fortified castles

Huguenots / forbade protestant cities to have walls

BUILDING ABSOLUTISM

Louis XIII (r. 1610-1643) and Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)

Placed Middle class in position of Authority

Intendants - Governmental Agents, extremely loyal to the king

LOUIS XIV / NOBILITY• THE FRONDE (1648-1653)

The desire of Nobility to limit the power of the king and have more voice in the government

LOUIS XIV✤ Excluded Nobility from Advisory Councils✤ Forces the Court to meet in Versailles, under the kings

control✤ Intendants in power of local affairs (taxes and justice)

instead of Lords

LOUIS XIV / HUGENOTS

Many Protestant places of worship were closed (1659-1664)

1680 prohibition of conversions from Catholicism to Protestantism

From 1681: billeting troops in Protestant homes /Protestant women not being allowed to be midwives / Protestants being forbidden to employ Catholic servants

LOUIS XIV / HUGENOTS

1685 - Edict of Fontainebleau revoking the Edict of Nantes The Edit of Nantes shall be abolished in its entirety The Protestant temples shall be destroyed without

exception The Reformed clergy who do not immediately

renounce, must leave the kingdom within two weeks All Reformed schools shall be dissolved The children born to Reformed parents are to be

baptized Catholic and sent to the Catholic churches

Russia - 1/6 of the land for 1900 1460 - 430 000 km21530 - 2,8 mln km2end of XVI cemtury - 5,5 mln km2

RUSSIA

RUSSIA

✦ Low density of population (6 per km2 / Europe - 40)

Low development of the State and society

✦ Long lasting Serfdorm (untill 1861)

Two totally different words (educated rich nobility / poor, uncivilized peasants)

RUSSIA

✦ Mongol Invasion (1237 - 1480)

“major cause of "the East-West gap" - approximately 200 years delay in introducing major social, political and economical reforms and scientific innovations in Russia”

Russia was not involved in Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, neither succeed to develop a middle class

RUSSIA

✦ Extensive Families / Young marriage

✦ Low level of urbanization

✦ Low level of education / first printed book - 100 years later than in Europe

RUSSIA

IVAN III (1440-1505):

✴ Liberated Russia from the Mongols✴ Conquered new territories✴ Started centralization of government

RUSSIAN GOVERNORS

✦Time of Troubles (1598-1613)Famine (1601-1603) - 1/3 (2 mln) t of population died✦Russia’s occupation by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth✦Civil uprisingsImpostors

1613 – Mikhail Romanov – begining of the Romanov dynasty

RUSSIAN GOVERNORS

REFORMS OF PETER THE GREAT:✴ Westernization of Russia

Beards were shaved off /western clothes were encouraged (for nobility and high urban classes)

Division of society in a group with europeanized culture and the one that saved the traditional lifestyle

PETER THE GREAT

PETER THE GREAT

WESTERNIZATION

✴ Women in the society (populatization of balls and other social events ) / western fashion dresses (before - women - in relative seclusion) Importance of education (technical colleges and academies, school of navigation) First newspaper

PETER THE GREAT

Government✴ Changed his title from “tsar” to “emperor.”✴ Eliminated the duma body, made up of boyars, and replaced it with a Western-style senate (9 closest allies of Peter)the Table of Ranks, which allowed officials to be rewarded for merit and loyalty✴Military Creation of standing army (130 thousand)✴Creation of Baltic Fleet✴ Up to 1725 - 2/3 of the Russian budget spent on military

PETER THE GREAT

Economy✴ Implemented mercantelism (protection and subsidies for national production) / Special customs tariff - high tax on the imported products if the same were produced n Russia✴ About 200 manufactures appeared

✴Religion Abolishment of Patriarch Church under the control of Holy Governing Synod , composed of bishops and bureaucrats appointed by the Emperor

PETER THE GREAT

RUSSIA’S PROBLEMS Russian people did not believe that change wasnecessary.

The Russian Orthodox Church was too strong.

The great landowners had too much power.

The Russian army was untrained and its tactics and weapons were outdated.

Russian society had to change to compete with the modern states of Europe.

To promote education andgrowth, Russia needed aseaport for travel to the West.

The port needed to be built.

The new city needed to be settled

settled.

English monarchy and parliament

JAMES IAuthority—James I believed in divine right and

absolutism; Parliament felt king should be limited by Parliament

Money—James I has to ask Parliament for money to finance government and life style

Religion—Puritans were members of the Anglican Church who wanted all Catholic rituals removed;

Puritans were active members of Parliament ( problem - when James I arranged marriage of

his son (Charles) to a Catholic princes

charles I

Always needed money for warWhen parliament denied money

requests, he dissolved parliament1628, parliament gets back together and asks Charles to sign the Petition of Right

Petition of RightNo imprisonment without due cause

No taxation without parliament’s consent

No putting soldiers in private homesNo martial law during peacetime

Causes of Civil war Charles forces Scotland to follow anglican religion

scots united the army and threatened to invade England Charles calls the parliament to raise money

Parliament raises the laws to limit royal powerCharles raises his army in the loyal to him north of england

Civil war (1642-1649)

War between Cavaliers (Royalists) vs Roundheads (supporters of Parliament)

Civil WarWithout Parliament’s funding, king relied on

contributions to pay armyWealthy nobles called Royalists for allegiance to Charles

Parliament could back its army by voting for fundingSupporters of Parliament called Roundheads for short,

bowl-shaped haircutsRoundheads included Puritans, merchants, some from

upper classes

Civil WarPuritan’s General Oliver Cromwell

1647 - Charles I hold prisoner1649 - Execution of Charles I

COMMONWEALTHCommonwealth was created—type of

government with no king & ruled by Parliament

First Constitution destroyedOliver Cromwell - a military dictator

the Irish revolted against Cromwell and failed – 616,000 Irish were killed by

war, plague and famine

Puritan MoralityCromwell and the Puritans wanted to

improve England’s moralityAbolished all “sinful” things: it was

illegal to go to the theaters & sporting events; “merrymaking” &

“amusement” were illegalCromwell was tolerant of other religions despite his deep Puritan beliefs (EXCEPT

CATHOLICS)

1. Charles I’s supporters were known as the _____ (a.k.a.

Cavaliers).a. Parliamentarians

b. Puritansc. Roundheads

d. Royalists

2. The Petition of Right (1628) included all of the following

except what?a. no taxes without parliament

approvalb. No martial law during

peacetimec. Soldiers could not be

quartered in private homesd. Universal manhood suffrage

3. the period during which the Stuarts were out of power in England (1649-1660) and Cromwell was the one to rules is known as:a. Act of Unionb. Commonwealthc. Puritan Monarchyd. Stuart Succession

4. Cromwell’s New Model Army landed in ____ in 1649, where it forcibly evicted civilians and destroyed food supplies, sparking a large famine.a. Franceb. Irelandc. Scotlandd. wales

5. After Charles I tried to arrest the leaders of Parliament and failed, he fled to the north of England and raised an army.True / False

Restoration1658 - Cromwell dies

1660 - Charles II (on the petition of Parliament) becomes English KIng (1660-

1685)The Habeas Corpus Act 1679 - a writ

ordering a person to be brought before a court or a judge

RestorationJames II (Charles II brother / catholic) -

Possible successor of British throne

Separation of the Parliament

Whigs - opposition Tories - support

Glorious RevolutionJames II (1685-1688)

Appoints Catholics to high positions (against the law)

Dissolves the Parliament

Parliament asks Mary (James daughter) and william of orange (prince of netherlands) to

overthrow james

Glorious RevolutionGB becomes the first Constitutional Monarchy

Bill of Rights (1689)Act of Toleration (1689) / religious toleration, still

restricting Catholicscabinet System

1689 - 1702

Bill of Rights 1689The monarch no longer had powers to change,

enact or suspend laws / could only do so with the approval of Parliament/

the king could no longer raise an army without the consent of Parliament, neither could he levy taxes

Freedom of speech and debate in Parliament.Rights of English subjects to keep arms for their

defense.Rights to trial by jury

Glorious RevolutionThomas Hobbes: People are selfish /

Social Contract John Locke: natural right to defend

“Life, health, Liberty, or Possessions"

Scientific revolution

CAUSESSpirit of Renaissance influenced the spirit of creativity and curiosityReformation made it normal to question old beliefsDiscoveries made people believe there are new truths to be foundNavigational problems of long sea voyages

ASTRONOMY

PTOLEMY: Geocentricism

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543): Heliocentrisim

JOHANNES KEPLER, (1571-1630): Elliptical planetary movement

Galileo GalileiEarly practitioner of the scientific method

Mathematical formula for acceleration of falling objects

Law of inertia

Dark spots on the Moon and the Sun

Supported the theory of Copernicus

Scientific Method

Isaac Newton

“Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” (1687)

Universal Gravitation: every object on Earth attracts other object / the degree of attraction depends on the mass and the distance

Bacon / Descartes• Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

The Inductive Method

Emphasis on practical, useful knowledge

• Rene Descartes (1596- 1650)

Significance of Doubt

The Deductive Method

Scientific Revolution

1590 - First microscope / red blood cells examined

1714 / 1742 - Gabriel Fahrenheit / Anders Celsius - mercury thermometers

A vaccine to prevent smallpox

enlightenment

main ideas✴ A belief in the existence of natural laws -"law like order of the

natural world"

✴ A belief in the natural rights of individuals--including the right to be self-governed

✴  A belief in power of human reason--reason exalted over emotion and divine revelation

✴ Possibility of progressive improvement of human society--through education and development of reason

✴ Political, religious, and economic institutions should be reformed in a social utilitarianism for happiness

John Locke✴ “Concerning Human Understanding”, 1690

• Man is rational and born equal

• Virtue can be learned and practiced

• Environment & experience are the most important shapers of the human condition /the character of people & societies can be changed through education

• This challenges role of divine providence--God has not "fixed" the character of individuals and societies

John Locke✴ “Treatises on Government” 1690  ( justified constitutional

monarchy)

✴ Argued that the universe contained natural laws governing social relations: life, liberty, & property / they are our inalienable natural rights we are born with them, they are not granted by society

✴ Political authority was not divinely ordained, but rather grew out of a "social compact" between the government & the governed

✴ Thus, the consent of governed is necessary to protect natural rights and governments. can be changed thru majority decisions

Montesquieu✴ “On the Spirit of Laws” 1758

✴ Separation of powers within the government / Checks and Balances

✴ Saw 3 forms of government: monarchies [honor], republics [virtue], and despotisms [fear]

✴ Concluded climate, geography, religion, education, etc. account for world’s different types of laws and governments

Rousseau✴ Man is essentially good when in the "state of nature" (before the creation of

civilization and society) / good people are made unhappy and corrupted by their experiences in society.

✴ Society is seen as "artificial" and "corrupt" and the furthering of society results in the continuing unhappiness of man.

✴ “Social Contract” (1762): "The Social Contract" is the "compact" agreed to among men that sets the conditions for membership in society

✴ Questioned the assumption that the will of the majority is always correct. / The goal of government should be to secure freedom, equality, and justice for all within the state, regardless of the will of the majority

✴ Serious attacks on the institution of private property

Voltaire

✴ Religious toleration / Freedom of expression

✴ People are born free and equal

✴ Support of monarchy (without it the nations would fall apart) - government would never succeed (with everyone equal) because everyone would have never-ending power and there would be no structure

✴ Critics of Church (all the power it exercises over the people)

Diderot

✴ Chief editor of the Encyclopédie, intended as a compendium of all knowledge in the arts, sciences, and crafts

✴ Attacked conventional morality

✴ Was summoned to Russia to meet with Catherine the Great, who had become his patron

“Enlightened Despots”

Enlightened Monarchs• Frederick II, Prussia• Catherine the Great, Russia• Maria Theresa, Austria• Joseph II, Austria• Gustav III, Sweden• Napoleon I, France

Impact of the Philosophes Believed the best form of

government was a monarchy in which the ruler respected the people’s rights

Tried to convince monarchs to rule justly

Some thinkers ended up corresponding with or advising European monarchs

Enlightened Despots

Some monarch’s embraced the new ideas and made reforms that reflected the enlightenment ideals

No intention of giving up any powerThe changes they were motivated by the

desire: to make their countries stronger to make their own rule more effective

Frederick the Great of Prussia (1740–1786)

• Enlightened Reforms• Granted religious freedoms• Reduced censorship• Improved education• Reformed the justice

system• Abolished the use of

torture

“The first servant of the state”Considered serfdom wrong but did

nothing to end it since he needed the support of the wealthy landowners

Never tried to changed the existing social order

Frederick the Great of Prussia (1740–1786)

Catherine the GreatRussia (1762–1796)

Determined to keep “westernizing” Russia

Introduced Enlightened ideals to the Russian elite

Backed efforts to modernize industry and agriculture (the Free Economic Society to encourage the modernization of agriculture and industry)

1767 - a commission to review Russia’s laws

Proposed reforms to the legal code based on the ideas of Montesquieu

Recommended allowing religious toleration and abolishing torture and capital punishment

None of the goals were accomplished

Catherine the GreatRussia (1762–1796)

First Institute for GirlsRussian Academy of

Science (to promote knowledge and study of the Russian language, first comprehensive dictionary of the Russian language)

First Russian Theater group

Decreased censorship

Catherine the GreatRussia (1762–1796)

Joseph II Austria (1765–1790)

Most radical royal reformer

Reforms• Legal reforms• Freedom of the press• Freedom of worship

Abolishment of serfdomAll peasants had to be paid for their

work in cash

After his death, many of his reforms were undone

Joseph II Austria (1765–1790)

Changing Relationship Between Ruler and State

Old IdeaAs Louis XIV

reportedly said “I am the state.”

The state and its citizens exist to serve the monarch.

New IdeaAs Fredrick the Great

said, a ruler is only “the first servant of the state.”

The monarch exists to serve the state and support citizen’s welfare.

English monarchy and parliament

JAMES IAuthority—James I believed in divine right and absolutism; Parliament felt king should be limited by Parliament

Money—James I has to ask Parliament for money to finance government and life style

Religion—Puritans were members of the Anglican Church who wanted all Catholic rituals removed; Puritans were active members of Parliament ( problem - when James I arranged marriage of his son (Charles) to a Catholic princes

charles IAlways needed money for war

When parliament denied money requests, he dissolved parliament

1628, parliament gets back together and asks Charles to sign the Petition of Right

Petition of Right

No imprisonment without due cause

No taxation without parliament’s consent

No putting soldiers in private homes

No martial law during peacetime

Causes of Civil war • Charles forces Scotland to follow anglican religion

• scots united the army and threatened to invade England

• Charles calls the parliament to raise money

• Parliament raises the laws to limit royal power

• Charles raises his army in the loyal to him north of england

Civil war (1642-1649)

War between Cavaliers (Royalists) vs Roundheads (supporters of Parliament)

Civil WarWithout Parliament’s funding, king relied on contributions to pay army

Wealthy nobles called Royalists for allegiance to Charles

Parliament could back its army by voting for funding

Supporters of Parliament called Roundheads for short, bowl-shaped haircuts

Roundheads included Puritans, merchants, some from upper classes

Civil WarPuritan’s General Oliver Cromwell

1647 - Charles I hold prisoner

1649 - Execution of Charles I

COMMONWEALTHCommonwealth was created—type of government with no king & ruled by Parliament

First Constitution destroyed

Oliver Cromwell - a military dictator

the Irish revolted against Cromwell and failed – 616,000 Irish were killed by war, plague and famine

Puritan MoralityCromwell and the Puritans wanted to improve England’s morality

Abolished all “sinful” things: it was illegal to go to the theaters & sporting events; “merrymaking” & “amusement” were illegal

Cromwell was tolerant of other religions despite his deep Puritan beliefs (EXCEPT CATHOLICS)

• 1. Charles I’s supporters were known as the _____ (a.k.a. Cavaliers).

• a. Parliamentarians• b. Puritans• c. Roundheads• d. Royalists

• 2. The Petition of Right (1628) included all of the following except what?

• a. no taxes without parliament approval

• b. No martial law during peacetime

• c. Soldiers could not be quartered in private homes

• d. Universal manhood suffrage

3. the period during which the Stuarts were out of power in England (1649-1660) and Cromwell was the one to rules is known as:a. Act of Unionb. Commonwealthc. Puritan Monarchyd. Stuart Succession

4. Cromwell’s New Model Army landed in ____ in 1649, where it forcibly evicted civilians and destroyed food supplies, sparking a large famine.a. Franceb. Irelandc. Scotlandd. wales

5. After Charles I tried to arrest the leaders of Parliament and failed, he fled to the north of England and raised an army.True / False

Restoration1658 - Cromwell dies

1660 - Charles II (on the petition of Parliament) becomes English KIng (1660-1685)

The Habeas Corpus Act 1679 - a writ ordering a person to be brought before a court or a judge

Restoration• James II (Charles II brother / catholic) -

Possible successor of British throne

• Separation of the Parliament

• Whigs - opposition Tories - support

Glorious Revolution• James II (1685-1688)

Appoints Catholics to high positions (against the law)

Dissolves the Parliament

• Parliament asks Mary (James daughter) and william of orange (prince of netherlands) to overthrow james

Glorious Revolution

GB becomes the first Constitutional Monarchy

Bill of Rights (1689)

Act of Toleration (1689) / religious toleration, still restricting Catholics

cabinet System

1689 - 1702

Bill of Rights 1689The monarch no longer had powers to change, enact or suspend laws / could only do so with the approval of Parliament/

the king could no longer raise an army without the consent of Parliament, neither could he levy taxes

Freedom of speech and debate in Parliament.

Rights of English subjects to keep arms for their defense.

Rights to trial by jury

Glorious Revolution

Thomas Hobbes: People are selfish / Social Contract

John Locke: natural right to defend “Life, health, Liberty, or Possessions"

AMERICAN CONSTITUTION

May 1787 – Philadelphia Convention (to revise Articles of Confederation) 12 states except Rhode Island

Principal Debate

Representation in the Congress (Small and big states)

Economic issues and Slavery (North and South States)

AMERICAN CONSTITUTION

“Great Compromise”

House of Representatives (according to the population of each state) and Senate (same representation for each state)

AMERICAN CONSTITUTION

AMERICAN CONSTITUTION

SLAVERY

5 slaves – same to 3 white persons / for tax paying and representation in the Congress Government promises not to intervene into slave trade (for next 20 years)

DIVISION OF POWER

Judicial

Executive - PRESIDENT

Legislative CONGRESS

AMERICAN CONSTITUTION

CONGRESS is allowed to:

Levy taxesRegulate trade between the states and other nationsEstablish the national currency and its valueEstablish army and declare warAccept new states

AMERICAN CONSTITUTION

USA became a Federal Republic

Each state is allowed to

Regulate internal tradeConduct electionsProvide public security

AMERICAN CONSTITUTION

AMERICAN CONSTITUTION

Bill of Rights 1789

10 Amendments to the ConstitutionFreedom of speech, press and assemblyRight to keep and bear armsTrial by Jury

AMERICAN CONSTITUTION

CONSTITUCION AMERICANA

George Washington (1789 – 1797)

Alexander Hamilton / Secretario del Tesoro / La intervención gubernamental en favor de la industria y el comercio nacionales; fomentar la industria con medidas proteccionistas

Revenue tariff (impuesto sobre importaciones: 5%-8%)Excise tax (impuesto sobre whiskey)El Primer Banco de Estados Unidos

Alexander Hamilton

CONSTITUCION AMERICANA

Partido Federalista

Anti Federalistas /Partido Demócrata-Republicano/

THOMAS JEFFERSON

Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809

Política de “Laissez-faire”

Necesidad de limitar al poder para salvaguardar la libertad/el gobierno federal se encargara de la defensa y la política exterior, los Estados - una amplia autonomía política interior/

THOMAS JEFFERSON

Compra de Luisiana

1804 – 2,140 mil km2 (estados de Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska / partes de Minnesota, Dakota del Sur y del Norte, Montana, Texas, Wyoming, Colorado)Problemas: población católica / esclavitud muy fuerte

THOMAS JEFFERSON

1807 – Embargo Act

Miles de marineros sin trabajoBajan las importaciones e exportaciones (1807-198 mln/ 1808 – 22 mln)Comercio ilegal entre Canadá y los estados del Norte

1809 – Non-Intercouse Act

CONSTITUCION AMERICANA

GUERRA DE 1812

Ataques británicos a los barcos americanos

Apoyo británico a los Nativos

Junio 1812, Congreso declara la Guerra a GB

GUERRA DE 1812

Ejercito pequeño (dependía de milicias de los estados)Inexperiencia de los oficialesPocos barcos (necesidad de rentar barcos privados)

Campaña en Canadá(1812-1814)

GUERRA DE 1812

1814 – ocupación de Washington (los británicos queman el edificio de Casa Blanca y Capitolio)Diciembre 1814 – Batalla de Nuevo Orleans

GUERRA DE 1812

Tratado de Gante - 24 de diciembre de 1814

FRENCH REVOLUTION“Little by little, the old world crumbled, and not once did the king imagine that some of the

pieces might fall on him.” Jennifer Donnelly, Revolution

Society under the Old Regime

First Estate (High-ranking members of the Church)✤1% of the total population/ control over 10% of the land ✤Paid no taxes✤Supported Monarchy

Society under the Old Regime

Second Estate / Nobility✤2% of the total population/ control over 20% of the land ✤Paid no taxes✤Supported Monarchy✤Monopolized military and state appointments

Society under the Old Regime✤ What is the third estate? Everything.✤ What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing.✤ What does it demand? To become something therein.Abb Sieyès, What is the Third Estate? (1789)

Society under the Old Regime

Third Estate / artisans, bourgeoisie, city workers, merchants, peasants✤97% of the total population✤No Church, army and government positions open to Third Estate✤Paid all taxes✤Church tax / Tax on goods brought into cities✤Income tax / Salt tax /Land tax

WHat did king do

Appointed the intendants who governed France districts

Appointed the people to collect his taxes

Controlled justice by appointing judges

Controlled the military

Could imprison anyone, at any reason

Levied all the taxes and decided how to spend the money

Made all the laws

Made all the decisions about peace and war

✤ France’s economy was based primarily on agriculture✤ Peasant farmers of France bore the burden of taxation

✤ Poor harvests meant that peasants had trouble paying their regular taxes / Certainly could not afford to have their taxes raised

✤ Bourgeoisie often managed to gather wealth / But were upset that they paid taxes while nobles did not

ECONOMIC SITUATION

✤ The king (Louis XVI) lavished money on himself and residences like Versailles

✤ Queen Marie Antoinette was seen as a wasteful spender✤ Government found its funds depleted as a result of wars✤ Deficit spending – a government spending more money than it takes in from tax revenues

✤ Privileged classes would not submit to being taxed

France is bankrupt

✤ Absolutism✤ Unjust socio-political system (Old Regime)✤ Poor harvests which left peasant farmers with little money for taxes

✤ Influence of Enlightenment philosophes✤ Influence of other successful revolutions (England’s Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) / American Revolution (1775-1783)

LONG TERM CAUSES

Short-term Causes

1. Identify the groups represented in the cartoon. 2. What do the chains represent in the cartoon? 3. Why did the author portray the three men on the back of the other? 4. Why would the three men on the back have a facial expression of indifference? 5. What was the author trying to portray in this cartoon. 6. What political and (or) economic idea can you connect with this cartoon?

✤ National Assembly (1789 -1791)✤ Legislative Assembly (1791-1792)✤ National Convention (1792-1795)✤ Directory (1795-1799)FRENCH REVOLUTION

Changes under the National Assembly

✤ Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen - August, 1789✤ Freedom of Religion✤ Freedom of Speech✤ Freedom of press✤ Right to a fair trial✤ Guaranteed property rights

NATIONAL Assembly

Democratic features✤ France became a limited monarchy✤ King became merely the head of state✤ All laws were created by the Legislative Assembly✤ Feudalism was abolished

Constitution of 1791

Undemocratic features✤ Voting was limited to taxpayers✤ Offices were reserved for property owners

Constitution of 1791

Royal family sought help from Austria

In June, 1791, they were caught trying to escape to Austria

Nobles who fled the revolution lived abroad as émigrés

They hoped that, with foreign help, the Old Regime could be restored in France

Church officials wanted Church lands, rights, and privileges restored

Some devout Catholic peasants also supported the Church

Political parties, representing different interests, emerged

Girondists (moderates who represented the rich middle class of the provinces)

Jacobins (led by Marat, Danton, and Robespierre) represented workers)

Legislative assembly

European monarchs feared that revolution would spread to their own countries

France was invaded by Austrian and Prussian troops In the uproar, the Commune took control of Paris Commune was led by Danton, a member of the Jacobin

political party Voters began electing representatives for a new

convention which would write a republican constitution for France

Opposition to the new government

On September 22, 1792, the Convention met for the first time

Established the First French Republic Faced domestic opposition: Girondists were moderates

who represented the rich middle class of the provinces Faced opposition from abroad : Austria, England,

Holland, Prussia, Sardinia, and Spain formed a Coalition invading France

The Convention abolished the monarchy Put the royal couple on trial for treason : Louis XVI was

guillotined on January 21, 1793 / Marie Antoinette was guillotined on October 16, 1793

National convention

Danton and his Jacobin political party came to dominate French politics

Committee of Public Safety

Headed by Danton (and later Robespierre)

Those accused of treason were tried by the Committee’s Revolutionary Tribunal

Approximately 15,000 people died on the guillotine / 40 000 executed in general

Guillotine became known as the “National Razor”

Changed the calendar / took away Sundays (as religious and old fashioned)

Closed all the Churches

Reign of Terror:September 5, 1793-July 27, 1794

1. Which of the following was a result of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy?: a. the clergy were given a privileged position in the Estates-General.b. the church was made a department of the French

state.c. the clergy were condemned to execution during the

Reign of Terror.d. the church was made completely independent from the state.2. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed?:d. universal manhood suffrage.e. abolition of the monarchy.c. free education.d. security of property.3. he greatest number of victims under "The Terror" (1793-1794) were from which social group?:f. clergy.g. nobility.c. foreigners.d. peasants.

QUIZ

4. Which of the following was responsible for the convening of the Estates General in 1789?:a. the storming of the Bastille.b. peasant discontent with the king.c. royal abolition of guild restrictions.d. the French government's near bankruptcy.

The term "Great Fear" refers tod. the horiffic retreat of the French Army from

Russia in 1812.e. murder of thousands of enemies of the

Revolution in the prisons.c. panic in the countryside that fanned the flames of rebellion.d. the fear of an English invasion of France

FRENCH REVOLUTION"Any law which violates the inalienable rights of man is essentially unjust and

tyrannical; it is not a law at all."Robespierre

constitution 1791✤ Democratic features

France became a limited monarchy

King became merely the head of state

All laws were created by the Legislative Assembly

Feudalism was abolished✤ Undemocratic features

Voting was limited to taxpayersOffices were reserved for property owners

Radicals

FRENCH REVOLUTIONLEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY

Radicals Conservatists RadicalsRadicals

Moderates

legislative assembluNobles who fled the revolution lived abroad as

émigrés

Political parties, representing different interests, emerged

✤ Girondists ( moderates who represented the rich middle class of the provinces)

✤ Jacobins (to limit the powers of the king / republican tendencies)

opposition to french government

European monarchs feared that revolution would spread to their own countries

France was invaded by Austrian and Prussian troops

Commune, led by Danton (Jacobin) takes control

Voters began electing representatives for a National Convention which would write a republican constitution for

France

Abolishment of monarchy

The National Convention (1792) :✤ Abolished the Monarchy

✤ Put the royal couple on trial for treason (Louis XVI was guillotined on January 21, 1793 /

Marie Antoinette was guillotined on October 16, 1793 /Daughter Marie-Thérèse was

allowed to go to Vienna in 1795 )✤ Established Republic (male adults received

the right to vote)✤ Set aside the Legislative Assembly

Reign of terror

Danton and his Jacobin political party came to dominate French politics

Committee of Public Safety (1793) / executive government in France during the Reign of Terror

✤ Headed by Danton (and later Robespierre)✤ Those accused of treason were tried by the Committee’s

Revolutionary Tribunal✤ Approximately 15,000 people died on the guillotine

(Guillotine became known as the “National Razor”)✤ New Calendar (no Sundays)✤ All Churches are closed

End of reign of terror

By July 1794 NC understood that nobody was safe from Robespierre

They made a conspiracy demanding his arrestRobespierre lost his head on July 28, 1794

✤ 1795 NC drafted new plan of government:✤ New constitution placed power in hands of upper middle class

✤ Two house legislature✤ Executive Directory of Five