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Transcript of History
WHAT IS HISTORY?
"History is more or less bunk." Henry Ford
"What experience and history teach is this-that people and governments never have learned anything from
history, or acted on principles deduced from it." G. W. F. Hegel
WHAT IS HISTORY?
"History . . . is indeed little more than the register of the crimes, follies, and misfortunes of mankind."
Edward Gibbon
"The study of history is the best medicine for a sick mind; for in history you have a record of the infinite variety of human experience plainly set out for all to see; and in that record you can find yourself and your country both examples and warnings; fine things to
take as models, base things rotten through and through, to avoid." Livy
WHAT IS HISTORY?
1. A usually chronological record of events, as of the life or development of a people or institution, often including an explanation of or commentary on those events ( a history of the Vikings)2. The branch of knowledge that records and analyzes past events
3.a. The past events relating to a particular thing (The history of their rivalry is full of intrigue)b. The aggregate of past events or human affairs: basic tools used throughout history.
The Free Online Dictionaryhttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/history
A Historical Event
✴ Particular aspect in relation to social and cultural events of the past
✴ Cause – Effect Relationship✴ Being relevant✴ Being placed in a certain context ✴ Being unique✴ Impact on the whole community✴ Happened considerably long ago
Source Analysis
History Sources• Sunday, 14th of October
• ...these people are very simple as regards the use of arms, as your Highnesses will see from the seven that I caused to be taken, to bring home and learn our language and return; unless your Highnesses should order them all to be brought to Castile, or to be kept as captives on the same island; for with fifty men they can all be subjugated and made to do what is required of them....
• Christopher Columbus. Utilizing the Native Labor Force. 1492.
Primary Sources• “A primary source is a document or physical object which
was written or created during the time under study. These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a particular event”.
• http://www.princeton.edu/~refdesk/primary2.html
Diaries
Letters
Photographs
Art
Maps
History Sources• Columbus initially had friendly relations with the Native Americans he
encountered in the West Indies on the first voyage. Beginning with the second voyage, these relations began to sour, with some tribes more than others. The Spanish had come to America as conquerors. In 1492, they had just successfully finished a centuries-long war to evict the Moors from Spain, and the idea of spreading Christianity (in general) and Spanish control (in particular) was central to Spanish culture. The idea that one could arrive at a new country with no strong central government, and not claim such lands for the sovereigns one had sworn to support and defend, was simply unthinkable...
• Keith A. Pickering. Columbus and the destruction of Native peoples. 2004
Secondary Sources• “A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary
sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them”.
• http://www.princeton.edu/~refdesk/primary2.html
History textbooks
Biographies
Published stories
Movies of historical events
• The journey of a modern hero, to the island of Elba / 1814, Great Britain
OPVL
O- originP- purposeV- valueL- limitation
OPVL
• Origin is where the source comes fromWhen was the document created?
Who created it?
Where did it first appear?
Is it a primary or secondary source?
OPVL
• Purpose: What do you think the author was trying to communicate? What ideas/feelings was he/she trying to express/evoke?
Why did the author create the document?
Who is the intended audience?
OPVL• Value is how valuable this source is. Basically it's
linked to the amount of bias in the source: the more bias = the less valuable (usually)What can we tell about the author from the piece?
What can we tell about the time period from the piece?
Under what circumstances was the piece created and how does the piece reflect those circumstances?
What can we tell about any controversies from the piece?
Does the author represent a particular ‘side’ of a controversy or event?
OPVL• Limitations is also linked to bias, each source will be
at least a little biased and thus they are limited by that. If the source has been translated from the original then the language difference will be another source of inaccuracy and a limitation. Does the author have reasons to emphasize certain facts over others to a particular audience? Might the author present the story differently to different audience?
What specific information might the author have chosen to leave out?
Does the author concede a certain point that it is inconvenient for him/her to admit to?
MIDDLE AGESCHURCH, CRUSADES AND SOCIETY
Holy Roman Empire in 1050: the most centralized and best governed territory in Europe
Problems inside the Church
Illiteracy of the priests Immorality of the priests Indifference towards spirituality Simony (selling Church positions)
Reorganization of Church Papal Curia (advisers) was created Canon law (marriage divorce, inheritance
issues) Pope’s diplomats helped to restore Pope’s
authotity “Tithes” were introduced (“10th part of something, paid
as a contribution to a religious organization”) New Religious Orders were created
(Dominicans, Benedictines, Franciscans)
CRUSADES
CRUSADES. WHY? Help Byzantine Empire from possible Muslim attack on
Constantinople Christian pilgrims visiting the holy sites in Jerusalem began
experiencing increased harassment and danger Hope to unite the entire eastern Mediterranean and the
divided Christian faith under the banner of the Latin Church
Possibility to get rid of the Knight fighting each other and disturbing the peace of the kingdoms
For merchants – possibility to control trade routes to India, China
CRUSADES1097 - Pope Urban promises “a place in Heaven”Motivations of the Participants: Men tired of hopeless poverty Adventurers seeking action Merchants looking for new markets Lords whose enlisting serfs had left them laborless Young sons looking for land and social position Sincerely religious individuals wanting to rescue the land of
Christ
CRUSADES The First Crusade (1096-1099) / Capture of
Jerusalem Second Crusade (1147-1149) / Christians
defeated by Saladin, Fall of Jerusalem Third Crusade (1189-1192) / Truce between
Richard the Lion-Hearted and Saladin: Jerusalem under Muslim control
EFFECTS OF CRUSADES Feudalism declines because Feudal lords die or
spend too much money on military, more power to the Kings
Trade and Explorations were enhanced / Spices, cotton, linen, pearls, porcelain, silk, etc.; Improvements – Ships, Maps, Explorers
The influence of the Catholic Church and the position of the pope declined
The Muslim powers, once tolerant of religious diversity, had been made intolerant by attack
MEDIEVAL SOCIETY
AGRICULTUREUse of horses instead of oxen Three-field system
More and Better farm production
Better resistance to diseases / longer life expectancy
Increase in Population
MEDIEVAL SOCIETYCREATION OF GUILDS
Establishment of working conditions, salaries, quality of products
Better products / More money for the Guilds more power over the Government
MEDIEVAL SOCIETYCOMMERCIAL REVOLUTION
Growth of Trade No more self-sufficient societies Growth of the cities More money available Merchants get more power - Burghers
RENAISSANCE
1350 -1600
A time of renewed interest in things of this world (REBIRTH).
Human beings and their conditions Education, art, literature, and science
RENAISSANCE
Why Italy? Existence of city-states (while the majority of
Europe is rural) Heritage of Rome and Greece / Migration of
Greek scholars (fall of Constantinople) Trading center Merchants and Medici (patronage of arts)
RENAISSANCE
Humanism, a system of thought and action concerned with human interests and values
Human beings have dignity and intelligence.
They (we) can change the world and make it a better place for all.
RENAISSANCE
Renaissance man - successful in business, well-mannered, educated, athletic, and brave.
The goal of education became making people well-rounded.
Religion remained important, but the authority and some practices of the church began to be questioned.
RENAISSANCE
PERSPECTIVE
Creates the appearance of three dimensions
REALISM
That painting is the most to be praised which agrees most exactly with the thing imitated.
RENAISSANCE
LEONARDO DA VINCI
1452-1519Painter, Sculptor, Architect, Engineer
RENAISSANCE
Mona Lisa
The Last Supper
Notebooks
Michelangel
o
Sistine Chapel
About a year after creating David, Pope Julius II
summoned Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling
of the Sistine Chapel.
Creation of Eve Creation of Adam
Separation of Light and Darkness
The Last Judgment
La Pieta 1499
Marble Sculpture
Raphael1483-1520
The School of Athens
LITERATURE
Use of Vernacular Language
Writing for self - expression
RENAISSANCE
NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLITHE PRINCE
“One can make this generalization about men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit”
RENAISSANCE
THE PRINCE Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision
making Ruler keeps power by any means necessary The end justifies the means Be good when possible, and evil when
necessary
RENAISSANCE
Rooted in Medieval traditions rather than
Greco-Roman. Very realistic / used ordinary objects to
symbolize religious subjects and truths. Different than Italian Renaissance in that use of oil produced vibrant, rich color allowed painter to create a realistic painting with
overwhelming to create surface realism rather than an emphasis on structure, perspective, and proportions
NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
CHRISTIAN HUMANISM
Erasmus (Holland)“The Praise of Folly”: Christianity of the Heart, not of the ceremonies or rules
Thomas More (England)“Utopia”: an imaginary land without greed, anger, corruption and war.
NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
GUTTENBERG BIBLE (1455)
Made information available to a much larger number of the population
Libraries could store greater quantities of information at much lower cost
Facilitation of the dissemination and preservation of knowledge
Spread of new ideas quickly and with greater impact Stimulation of literacy
NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
New Conceptions of Life and the World
(earthly life is worth living for its own sake) Reformed Education (both the Greek and Latin
languages and literatures were now established)
Development of the Vernacular Literatures Impulse to Religious Reforms Questioning political and religious authorities Individual achievements are praised
RENAISSANCE LEGACY
PROtestant reformationCriticism of the Roman Catholic Church that led to a religious
movement and brought changes in religion and politics across
Europe.
catholic church, 16 century
Financial corruptionAbuse of power
Immorality (12-year old bishops)Illiterate priests (no teachers)
Causes of reformation
Renaissance: Interest in humanism and rediscovery of ancient culture.
European rulers challenged the Church as the Supreme PowerEuropean decentralization, rise of nation-states. Breakdown of
medieval centralization under Pope
95 Theses
Belief that selling indulgences is sinful Indulgences had no power to remit sin
Criticism of power of pope, wealth of church
Luther’s main ideas
Pope and Church traditions are false authoritiesPope did not speak for God
Church and priesthood are not necessary for salvationGod’s grace is given to all who seek it
Individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture, Christian practices should come only from
Bible
RESponse to Luther1520, Pope Leo X expelled Luther from the Church
1521, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor Charles V
Edict of Worms (1521) declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic
REsponse to Luther
German Princes, supporting Luther, - Protesting Princes
PROTESTANTS
ANGLICAN CHURCH
1509, Henry VIII became king, age 17Devout Catholic
Wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideasActions won him title “Defender of the Faith”
By 1525, Henry had only one child, Mary
REFORMATION PARLIAMENT
Act of Supremacy
✴ Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to Catherine annulled
✴ Act of Supremacy passed(1534); Henry VIII “Supreme Head of Church of England”
AFter Henry VIII
✴Mary returned England to authority of popeHundreds
burned at state for Protestant beliefs, earning queen title
“Bloody Mary”
✴Elizabeth I / 1559, new Supremacy Act, splitting
England from RomeProtestant priests could marry
and deliver sermons in EnglishElizabeth
persecuted Catholics, secured Church of England
✴The Act of Uniformity (1558) forced people to
attend Sunday service in an Anglican church / a
new version of the Book of Common Prayers
JOHN CALVIN
✴ Doctrine of predestination
✴ Best form of Government - Theocracy
1540’s Geneva’s rule: obligated religious classes, no
bright clothes, no support for other doctrines
Presbyterians (John Knox) in Scotland
reformation in europe
counter reformationJESUITS /1534/ founded by Ignatius of Loyola, Basque nobleman,
former soldierJesuits - military organization, emphasizing obedience to church above
allMain activities:
Focus on Education Convert non Christians to Catholics Fight Protestant (found superb schools over Europe ) (Missionaries around the world)
counter reformation
Popes Paul III and Paul IV (1530’ - 1560’s)COUNCIL OF TRENT ( 1546-1563)
✴ The Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final✴ Faith is not enough for salvation. Need of good works
✴ Bible and Church traditions are both important and powerful authoorities for any Christian
✴ Indulgences are valid expressions of faith
political effects of reformation✴ Rising sense of national identity
✴ Formation of independent states, nations✴ Rulers, merchants both wanted church less involved in state,
business affairs✴ Political power became separated from churches
SOCIAL effects of reformation✴ End of Christian Unity in Europe
✴ Increase in Education (both Protestants and Catholics founded new schools and Universities)
✴ Base for Enlightenment (by challenging the authority and beliefs)
Luther with seven heads; identifying Luther as a doctor, a monk, a Turk, a
preacher, a fanatic, a church visitor and a
wild man with a club.'Septiceps
Lutherus', Leipzig: Valentin Schumann,
1529. (t served as a title-page to a
pamphlet written by Johann Cochleus
(1479-1552)1. Analyze the following
cartoon according to its Origin, Purpose,
value and Limitation. 2. Explain what is
the message of the cartoon
AGE OF DIsCOVERY
CAUSES✤Competition among countries for wealth in Asia
•To Find a direct sea route to India
✤Desire to explore the unknown (Renaissance)
✤Spread Christianity
✤Desire for wealth, new territories
TREATY OF TORDESILLAS
• The Portuguese wanted to protect their monopoly on the trade route to Africa and felt threatened by Columbus discovery
• In 1494 TREATY OF TORDESILLAS was signed, that established an imaginary line running through the mid-Atlantic
EFFECTS
• Finding New World gave new opportunities to Europeans
EFFECTS
• Before 1750
Age of Imperialism
EFFECTSSlave trade
EFFECTSColumbian Exchange
EFFECTSInflux of money and goods
Change of the economic systems in Europe
The Commercial Revolution (establishment of many types of new businesses)
“Enlightened Despots”
Enlightened Monarchs• Frederick II, Prussia• Catherine the Great, Russia• Maria Theresa, Austria• Joseph II, Austria• Gustav III, Sweden• Napoleon I, France
ABSOLUTISM“L’etat, c’est moi (I am the state)” –Louis XIV
Absolutism in Europe
Oscar Alzaga.
Absolutism
Appeal to the “Divine Right” Sovereignty rests within the Monarch Economy has to serve the State
(Mercantilism) Large standing army (professional and
financed by the state)
Absolutism
Nobility with privileges but almost no political power (Control of the land / Tax exempt)
State bureaucracies
Causes of Absolutism
Decline of Catholic Church and its influence kings consolidate power
Decline of Feudal system. Lords lost its power king gained it
Enormous expansion in trade and industry the merchants and industrial ists wanted peace and order
Causes of Absolutism
Territorial and religious disputes created fear and uncertainty among population
The decline of the empire and the Papacy led to the growth of a number of nations where rulers successfully asserted their authority and established absolute rule
Strengths of Absolute Monarchies
EfficiencyDecisions are made by one person
NationalismPromoted a common culture and identity
StabilityThe ruler stays in power until death
Wealth / No resistance means a large and powerful empire
Weaknesses of Absolute Monarchies
Undemocratic
No collaboration of ideas Individual rights
Often violated Stability
If the ruler was poor, it could affect the country for decades
Ways to Increase the Power
TaxesIncrease overall power of the monarch and his power
Strong armies
ABSOLUTISM: PEOPLE
BUILDING ABSOLUTISM
Louis XIII (r. 1610-1643) and Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)
Reduced power of nobility / ordered to take done their fortified castles
Huguenots / forbade protestant cities to have walls
BUILDING ABSOLUTISM
Louis XIII (r. 1610-1643) and Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)
Placed Middle class in position of Authority
Intendants - Governmental Agents, extremely loyal to the king
LOUIS XIV / NOBILITY• THE FRONDE (1648-1653)
The desire of Nobility to limit the power of the king and have more voice in the government
LOUIS XIV✤ Excluded Nobility from Advisory Councils✤ Forces the Court to meet in Versailles, under the kings
control✤ Intendants in power of local affairs (taxes and justice)
instead of Lords
LOUIS XIV / HUGENOTS
Many Protestant places of worship were closed (1659-1664)
1680 prohibition of conversions from Catholicism to Protestantism
From 1681: billeting troops in Protestant homes /Protestant women not being allowed to be midwives / Protestants being forbidden to employ Catholic servants
LOUIS XIV / HUGENOTS
1685 - Edict of Fontainebleau revoking the Edict of Nantes The Edit of Nantes shall be abolished in its entirety The Protestant temples shall be destroyed without
exception The Reformed clergy who do not immediately
renounce, must leave the kingdom within two weeks All Reformed schools shall be dissolved The children born to Reformed parents are to be
baptized Catholic and sent to the Catholic churches
Russia - 1/6 of the land for 1900 1460 - 430 000 km21530 - 2,8 mln km2end of XVI cemtury - 5,5 mln km2
RUSSIA
RUSSIA
✦ Low density of population (6 per km2 / Europe - 40)
Low development of the State and society
✦ Long lasting Serfdorm (untill 1861)
Two totally different words (educated rich nobility / poor, uncivilized peasants)
RUSSIA
✦ Mongol Invasion (1237 - 1480)
“major cause of "the East-West gap" - approximately 200 years delay in introducing major social, political and economical reforms and scientific innovations in Russia”
Russia was not involved in Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, neither succeed to develop a middle class
RUSSIA
✦ Extensive Families / Young marriage
✦ Low level of urbanization
✦ Low level of education / first printed book - 100 years later than in Europe
RUSSIA
IVAN III (1440-1505):
✴ Liberated Russia from the Mongols✴ Conquered new territories✴ Started centralization of government
RUSSIAN GOVERNORS
✦Time of Troubles (1598-1613)Famine (1601-1603) - 1/3 (2 mln) t of population died✦Russia’s occupation by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth✦Civil uprisingsImpostors
1613 – Mikhail Romanov – begining of the Romanov dynasty
RUSSIAN GOVERNORS
REFORMS OF PETER THE GREAT:✴ Westernization of Russia
Beards were shaved off /western clothes were encouraged (for nobility and high urban classes)
Division of society in a group with europeanized culture and the one that saved the traditional lifestyle
PETER THE GREAT
PETER THE GREAT
WESTERNIZATION
✴ Women in the society (populatization of balls and other social events ) / western fashion dresses (before - women - in relative seclusion) Importance of education (technical colleges and academies, school of navigation) First newspaper
PETER THE GREAT
Government✴ Changed his title from “tsar” to “emperor.”✴ Eliminated the duma body, made up of boyars, and replaced it with a Western-style senate (9 closest allies of Peter)the Table of Ranks, which allowed officials to be rewarded for merit and loyalty✴Military Creation of standing army (130 thousand)✴Creation of Baltic Fleet✴ Up to 1725 - 2/3 of the Russian budget spent on military
PETER THE GREAT
Economy✴ Implemented mercantelism (protection and subsidies for national production) / Special customs tariff - high tax on the imported products if the same were produced n Russia✴ About 200 manufactures appeared
✴Religion Abolishment of Patriarch Church under the control of Holy Governing Synod , composed of bishops and bureaucrats appointed by the Emperor
PETER THE GREAT
RUSSIA’S PROBLEMS Russian people did not believe that change wasnecessary.
The Russian Orthodox Church was too strong.
The great landowners had too much power.
The Russian army was untrained and its tactics and weapons were outdated.
Russian society had to change to compete with the modern states of Europe.
To promote education andgrowth, Russia needed aseaport for travel to the West.
The port needed to be built.
The new city needed to be settled
settled.
English monarchy and parliament
JAMES IAuthority—James I believed in divine right and
absolutism; Parliament felt king should be limited by Parliament
Money—James I has to ask Parliament for money to finance government and life style
Religion—Puritans were members of the Anglican Church who wanted all Catholic rituals removed;
Puritans were active members of Parliament ( problem - when James I arranged marriage of
his son (Charles) to a Catholic princes
charles I
Always needed money for warWhen parliament denied money
requests, he dissolved parliament1628, parliament gets back together and asks Charles to sign the Petition of Right
Petition of RightNo imprisonment without due cause
No taxation without parliament’s consent
No putting soldiers in private homesNo martial law during peacetime
Causes of Civil war Charles forces Scotland to follow anglican religion
scots united the army and threatened to invade England Charles calls the parliament to raise money
Parliament raises the laws to limit royal powerCharles raises his army in the loyal to him north of england
Civil war (1642-1649)
War between Cavaliers (Royalists) vs Roundheads (supporters of Parliament)
Civil WarWithout Parliament’s funding, king relied on
contributions to pay armyWealthy nobles called Royalists for allegiance to Charles
Parliament could back its army by voting for fundingSupporters of Parliament called Roundheads for short,
bowl-shaped haircutsRoundheads included Puritans, merchants, some from
upper classes
Civil WarPuritan’s General Oliver Cromwell
1647 - Charles I hold prisoner1649 - Execution of Charles I
COMMONWEALTHCommonwealth was created—type of
government with no king & ruled by Parliament
First Constitution destroyedOliver Cromwell - a military dictator
the Irish revolted against Cromwell and failed – 616,000 Irish were killed by
war, plague and famine
Puritan MoralityCromwell and the Puritans wanted to
improve England’s moralityAbolished all “sinful” things: it was
illegal to go to the theaters & sporting events; “merrymaking” &
“amusement” were illegalCromwell was tolerant of other religions despite his deep Puritan beliefs (EXCEPT
CATHOLICS)
1. Charles I’s supporters were known as the _____ (a.k.a.
Cavaliers).a. Parliamentarians
b. Puritansc. Roundheads
d. Royalists
2. The Petition of Right (1628) included all of the following
except what?a. no taxes without parliament
approvalb. No martial law during
peacetimec. Soldiers could not be
quartered in private homesd. Universal manhood suffrage
3. the period during which the Stuarts were out of power in England (1649-1660) and Cromwell was the one to rules is known as:a. Act of Unionb. Commonwealthc. Puritan Monarchyd. Stuart Succession
4. Cromwell’s New Model Army landed in ____ in 1649, where it forcibly evicted civilians and destroyed food supplies, sparking a large famine.a. Franceb. Irelandc. Scotlandd. wales
5. After Charles I tried to arrest the leaders of Parliament and failed, he fled to the north of England and raised an army.True / False
Restoration1658 - Cromwell dies
1660 - Charles II (on the petition of Parliament) becomes English KIng (1660-
1685)The Habeas Corpus Act 1679 - a writ
ordering a person to be brought before a court or a judge
RestorationJames II (Charles II brother / catholic) -
Possible successor of British throne
Separation of the Parliament
Whigs - opposition Tories - support
Glorious RevolutionJames II (1685-1688)
Appoints Catholics to high positions (against the law)
Dissolves the Parliament
Parliament asks Mary (James daughter) and william of orange (prince of netherlands) to
overthrow james
Glorious RevolutionGB becomes the first Constitutional Monarchy
Bill of Rights (1689)Act of Toleration (1689) / religious toleration, still
restricting Catholicscabinet System
1689 - 1702
Bill of Rights 1689The monarch no longer had powers to change,
enact or suspend laws / could only do so with the approval of Parliament/
the king could no longer raise an army without the consent of Parliament, neither could he levy taxes
Freedom of speech and debate in Parliament.Rights of English subjects to keep arms for their
defense.Rights to trial by jury
Glorious RevolutionThomas Hobbes: People are selfish /
Social Contract John Locke: natural right to defend
“Life, health, Liberty, or Possessions"
Scientific revolution
CAUSESSpirit of Renaissance influenced the spirit of creativity and curiosityReformation made it normal to question old beliefsDiscoveries made people believe there are new truths to be foundNavigational problems of long sea voyages
ASTRONOMY
PTOLEMY: Geocentricism
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543): Heliocentrisim
JOHANNES KEPLER, (1571-1630): Elliptical planetary movement
Galileo GalileiEarly practitioner of the scientific method
Mathematical formula for acceleration of falling objects
Law of inertia
Dark spots on the Moon and the Sun
Supported the theory of Copernicus
Scientific Method
Isaac Newton
“Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” (1687)
Universal Gravitation: every object on Earth attracts other object / the degree of attraction depends on the mass and the distance
Bacon / Descartes• Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
The Inductive Method
Emphasis on practical, useful knowledge
• Rene Descartes (1596- 1650)
Significance of Doubt
The Deductive Method
Scientific Revolution
1590 - First microscope / red blood cells examined
1714 / 1742 - Gabriel Fahrenheit / Anders Celsius - mercury thermometers
A vaccine to prevent smallpox
enlightenment
main ideas✴ A belief in the existence of natural laws -"law like order of the
natural world"
✴ A belief in the natural rights of individuals--including the right to be self-governed
✴ A belief in power of human reason--reason exalted over emotion and divine revelation
✴ Possibility of progressive improvement of human society--through education and development of reason
✴ Political, religious, and economic institutions should be reformed in a social utilitarianism for happiness
John Locke✴ “Concerning Human Understanding”, 1690
• Man is rational and born equal
• Virtue can be learned and practiced
• Environment & experience are the most important shapers of the human condition /the character of people & societies can be changed through education
• This challenges role of divine providence--God has not "fixed" the character of individuals and societies
John Locke✴ “Treatises on Government” 1690 ( justified constitutional
monarchy)
✴ Argued that the universe contained natural laws governing social relations: life, liberty, & property / they are our inalienable natural rights we are born with them, they are not granted by society
✴ Political authority was not divinely ordained, but rather grew out of a "social compact" between the government & the governed
✴ Thus, the consent of governed is necessary to protect natural rights and governments. can be changed thru majority decisions
Montesquieu✴ “On the Spirit of Laws” 1758
✴ Separation of powers within the government / Checks and Balances
✴ Saw 3 forms of government: monarchies [honor], republics [virtue], and despotisms [fear]
✴ Concluded climate, geography, religion, education, etc. account for world’s different types of laws and governments
Rousseau✴ Man is essentially good when in the "state of nature" (before the creation of
civilization and society) / good people are made unhappy and corrupted by their experiences in society.
✴ Society is seen as "artificial" and "corrupt" and the furthering of society results in the continuing unhappiness of man.
✴ “Social Contract” (1762): "The Social Contract" is the "compact" agreed to among men that sets the conditions for membership in society
✴ Questioned the assumption that the will of the majority is always correct. / The goal of government should be to secure freedom, equality, and justice for all within the state, regardless of the will of the majority
✴ Serious attacks on the institution of private property
Voltaire
✴ Religious toleration / Freedom of expression
✴ People are born free and equal
✴ Support of monarchy (without it the nations would fall apart) - government would never succeed (with everyone equal) because everyone would have never-ending power and there would be no structure
✴ Critics of Church (all the power it exercises over the people)
Diderot
✴ Chief editor of the Encyclopédie, intended as a compendium of all knowledge in the arts, sciences, and crafts
✴ Attacked conventional morality
✴ Was summoned to Russia to meet with Catherine the Great, who had become his patron
“Enlightened Despots”
Enlightened Monarchs• Frederick II, Prussia• Catherine the Great, Russia• Maria Theresa, Austria• Joseph II, Austria• Gustav III, Sweden• Napoleon I, France
Impact of the Philosophes Believed the best form of
government was a monarchy in which the ruler respected the people’s rights
Tried to convince monarchs to rule justly
Some thinkers ended up corresponding with or advising European monarchs
Enlightened Despots
Some monarch’s embraced the new ideas and made reforms that reflected the enlightenment ideals
No intention of giving up any powerThe changes they were motivated by the
desire: to make their countries stronger to make their own rule more effective
Frederick the Great of Prussia (1740–1786)
• Enlightened Reforms• Granted religious freedoms• Reduced censorship• Improved education• Reformed the justice
system• Abolished the use of
torture
“The first servant of the state”Considered serfdom wrong but did
nothing to end it since he needed the support of the wealthy landowners
Never tried to changed the existing social order
Frederick the Great of Prussia (1740–1786)
Catherine the GreatRussia (1762–1796)
Determined to keep “westernizing” Russia
Introduced Enlightened ideals to the Russian elite
Backed efforts to modernize industry and agriculture (the Free Economic Society to encourage the modernization of agriculture and industry)
1767 - a commission to review Russia’s laws
Proposed reforms to the legal code based on the ideas of Montesquieu
Recommended allowing religious toleration and abolishing torture and capital punishment
None of the goals were accomplished
Catherine the GreatRussia (1762–1796)
First Institute for GirlsRussian Academy of
Science (to promote knowledge and study of the Russian language, first comprehensive dictionary of the Russian language)
First Russian Theater group
Decreased censorship
Catherine the GreatRussia (1762–1796)
Joseph II Austria (1765–1790)
Most radical royal reformer
Reforms• Legal reforms• Freedom of the press• Freedom of worship
Abolishment of serfdomAll peasants had to be paid for their
work in cash
After his death, many of his reforms were undone
Joseph II Austria (1765–1790)
Changing Relationship Between Ruler and State
Old IdeaAs Louis XIV
reportedly said “I am the state.”
The state and its citizens exist to serve the monarch.
New IdeaAs Fredrick the Great
said, a ruler is only “the first servant of the state.”
The monarch exists to serve the state and support citizen’s welfare.
English monarchy and parliament
JAMES IAuthority—James I believed in divine right and absolutism; Parliament felt king should be limited by Parliament
Money—James I has to ask Parliament for money to finance government and life style
Religion—Puritans were members of the Anglican Church who wanted all Catholic rituals removed; Puritans were active members of Parliament ( problem - when James I arranged marriage of his son (Charles) to a Catholic princes
charles IAlways needed money for war
When parliament denied money requests, he dissolved parliament
1628, parliament gets back together and asks Charles to sign the Petition of Right
Petition of Right
No imprisonment without due cause
No taxation without parliament’s consent
No putting soldiers in private homes
No martial law during peacetime
Causes of Civil war • Charles forces Scotland to follow anglican religion
• scots united the army and threatened to invade England
• Charles calls the parliament to raise money
• Parliament raises the laws to limit royal power
• Charles raises his army in the loyal to him north of england
Civil war (1642-1649)
War between Cavaliers (Royalists) vs Roundheads (supporters of Parliament)
Civil WarWithout Parliament’s funding, king relied on contributions to pay army
Wealthy nobles called Royalists for allegiance to Charles
Parliament could back its army by voting for funding
Supporters of Parliament called Roundheads for short, bowl-shaped haircuts
Roundheads included Puritans, merchants, some from upper classes
Civil WarPuritan’s General Oliver Cromwell
1647 - Charles I hold prisoner
1649 - Execution of Charles I
COMMONWEALTHCommonwealth was created—type of government with no king & ruled by Parliament
First Constitution destroyed
Oliver Cromwell - a military dictator
the Irish revolted against Cromwell and failed – 616,000 Irish were killed by war, plague and famine
Puritan MoralityCromwell and the Puritans wanted to improve England’s morality
Abolished all “sinful” things: it was illegal to go to the theaters & sporting events; “merrymaking” & “amusement” were illegal
Cromwell was tolerant of other religions despite his deep Puritan beliefs (EXCEPT CATHOLICS)
• 1. Charles I’s supporters were known as the _____ (a.k.a. Cavaliers).
• a. Parliamentarians• b. Puritans• c. Roundheads• d. Royalists
• 2. The Petition of Right (1628) included all of the following except what?
• a. no taxes without parliament approval
• b. No martial law during peacetime
• c. Soldiers could not be quartered in private homes
• d. Universal manhood suffrage
3. the period during which the Stuarts were out of power in England (1649-1660) and Cromwell was the one to rules is known as:a. Act of Unionb. Commonwealthc. Puritan Monarchyd. Stuart Succession
4. Cromwell’s New Model Army landed in ____ in 1649, where it forcibly evicted civilians and destroyed food supplies, sparking a large famine.a. Franceb. Irelandc. Scotlandd. wales
5. After Charles I tried to arrest the leaders of Parliament and failed, he fled to the north of England and raised an army.True / False
Restoration1658 - Cromwell dies
1660 - Charles II (on the petition of Parliament) becomes English KIng (1660-1685)
The Habeas Corpus Act 1679 - a writ ordering a person to be brought before a court or a judge
Restoration• James II (Charles II brother / catholic) -
Possible successor of British throne
• Separation of the Parliament
• Whigs - opposition Tories - support
Glorious Revolution• James II (1685-1688)
Appoints Catholics to high positions (against the law)
Dissolves the Parliament
• Parliament asks Mary (James daughter) and william of orange (prince of netherlands) to overthrow james
Glorious Revolution
GB becomes the first Constitutional Monarchy
Bill of Rights (1689)
Act of Toleration (1689) / religious toleration, still restricting Catholics
cabinet System
1689 - 1702
Bill of Rights 1689The monarch no longer had powers to change, enact or suspend laws / could only do so with the approval of Parliament/
the king could no longer raise an army without the consent of Parliament, neither could he levy taxes
Freedom of speech and debate in Parliament.
Rights of English subjects to keep arms for their defense.
Rights to trial by jury
Glorious Revolution
Thomas Hobbes: People are selfish / Social Contract
John Locke: natural right to defend “Life, health, Liberty, or Possessions"
AMERICAN CONSTITUTION
May 1787 – Philadelphia Convention (to revise Articles of Confederation) 12 states except Rhode Island
Principal Debate
Representation in the Congress (Small and big states)
Economic issues and Slavery (North and South States)
AMERICAN CONSTITUTION
“Great Compromise”
House of Representatives (according to the population of each state) and Senate (same representation for each state)
AMERICAN CONSTITUTION
AMERICAN CONSTITUTION
SLAVERY
5 slaves – same to 3 white persons / for tax paying and representation in the Congress Government promises not to intervene into slave trade (for next 20 years)
DIVISION OF POWER
Judicial
Executive - PRESIDENT
Legislative CONGRESS
AMERICAN CONSTITUTION
CONGRESS is allowed to:
Levy taxesRegulate trade between the states and other nationsEstablish the national currency and its valueEstablish army and declare warAccept new states
AMERICAN CONSTITUTION
USA became a Federal Republic
Each state is allowed to
Regulate internal tradeConduct electionsProvide public security
AMERICAN CONSTITUTION
AMERICAN CONSTITUTION
Bill of Rights 1789
10 Amendments to the ConstitutionFreedom of speech, press and assemblyRight to keep and bear armsTrial by Jury
AMERICAN CONSTITUTION
CONSTITUCION AMERICANA
George Washington (1789 – 1797)
Alexander Hamilton / Secretario del Tesoro / La intervención gubernamental en favor de la industria y el comercio nacionales; fomentar la industria con medidas proteccionistas
Revenue tariff (impuesto sobre importaciones: 5%-8%)Excise tax (impuesto sobre whiskey)El Primer Banco de Estados Unidos
Alexander Hamilton
CONSTITUCION AMERICANA
Partido Federalista
Anti Federalistas /Partido Demócrata-Republicano/
THOMAS JEFFERSON
Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809
Política de “Laissez-faire”
Necesidad de limitar al poder para salvaguardar la libertad/el gobierno federal se encargara de la defensa y la política exterior, los Estados - una amplia autonomía política interior/
THOMAS JEFFERSON
Compra de Luisiana
1804 – 2,140 mil km2 (estados de Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska / partes de Minnesota, Dakota del Sur y del Norte, Montana, Texas, Wyoming, Colorado)Problemas: población católica / esclavitud muy fuerte
THOMAS JEFFERSON
1807 – Embargo Act
Miles de marineros sin trabajoBajan las importaciones e exportaciones (1807-198 mln/ 1808 – 22 mln)Comercio ilegal entre Canadá y los estados del Norte
1809 – Non-Intercouse Act
CONSTITUCION AMERICANA
GUERRA DE 1812
Ataques británicos a los barcos americanos
Apoyo británico a los Nativos
Junio 1812, Congreso declara la Guerra a GB
GUERRA DE 1812
Ejercito pequeño (dependía de milicias de los estados)Inexperiencia de los oficialesPocos barcos (necesidad de rentar barcos privados)
Campaña en Canadá(1812-1814)
GUERRA DE 1812
1814 – ocupación de Washington (los británicos queman el edificio de Casa Blanca y Capitolio)Diciembre 1814 – Batalla de Nuevo Orleans
GUERRA DE 1812
Tratado de Gante - 24 de diciembre de 1814
FRENCH REVOLUTION“Little by little, the old world crumbled, and not once did the king imagine that some of the
pieces might fall on him.” Jennifer Donnelly, Revolution
Society under the Old Regime
First Estate (High-ranking members of the Church)✤1% of the total population/ control over 10% of the land ✤Paid no taxes✤Supported Monarchy
Society under the Old Regime
Second Estate / Nobility✤2% of the total population/ control over 20% of the land ✤Paid no taxes✤Supported Monarchy✤Monopolized military and state appointments
Society under the Old Regime✤ What is the third estate? Everything.✤ What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing.✤ What does it demand? To become something therein.Abb Sieyès, What is the Third Estate? (1789)
Society under the Old Regime
Third Estate / artisans, bourgeoisie, city workers, merchants, peasants✤97% of the total population✤No Church, army and government positions open to Third Estate✤Paid all taxes✤Church tax / Tax on goods brought into cities✤Income tax / Salt tax /Land tax
WHat did king do
Appointed the intendants who governed France districts
Appointed the people to collect his taxes
Controlled justice by appointing judges
Controlled the military
Could imprison anyone, at any reason
Levied all the taxes and decided how to spend the money
Made all the laws
Made all the decisions about peace and war
✤ France’s economy was based primarily on agriculture✤ Peasant farmers of France bore the burden of taxation
✤ Poor harvests meant that peasants had trouble paying their regular taxes / Certainly could not afford to have their taxes raised
✤ Bourgeoisie often managed to gather wealth / But were upset that they paid taxes while nobles did not
ECONOMIC SITUATION
✤ The king (Louis XVI) lavished money on himself and residences like Versailles
✤ Queen Marie Antoinette was seen as a wasteful spender✤ Government found its funds depleted as a result of wars✤ Deficit spending – a government spending more money than it takes in from tax revenues
✤ Privileged classes would not submit to being taxed
France is bankrupt
✤ Absolutism✤ Unjust socio-political system (Old Regime)✤ Poor harvests which left peasant farmers with little money for taxes
✤ Influence of Enlightenment philosophes✤ Influence of other successful revolutions (England’s Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) / American Revolution (1775-1783)
LONG TERM CAUSES
Short-term Causes
1. Identify the groups represented in the cartoon. 2. What do the chains represent in the cartoon? 3. Why did the author portray the three men on the back of the other? 4. Why would the three men on the back have a facial expression of indifference? 5. What was the author trying to portray in this cartoon. 6. What political and (or) economic idea can you connect with this cartoon?
✤ National Assembly (1789 -1791)✤ Legislative Assembly (1791-1792)✤ National Convention (1792-1795)✤ Directory (1795-1799)FRENCH REVOLUTION
Changes under the National Assembly
✤ Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen - August, 1789✤ Freedom of Religion✤ Freedom of Speech✤ Freedom of press✤ Right to a fair trial✤ Guaranteed property rights
NATIONAL Assembly
Democratic features✤ France became a limited monarchy✤ King became merely the head of state✤ All laws were created by the Legislative Assembly✤ Feudalism was abolished
Constitution of 1791
Undemocratic features✤ Voting was limited to taxpayers✤ Offices were reserved for property owners
Constitution of 1791
Royal family sought help from Austria
In June, 1791, they were caught trying to escape to Austria
Nobles who fled the revolution lived abroad as émigrés
They hoped that, with foreign help, the Old Regime could be restored in France
Church officials wanted Church lands, rights, and privileges restored
Some devout Catholic peasants also supported the Church
Political parties, representing different interests, emerged
Girondists (moderates who represented the rich middle class of the provinces)
Jacobins (led by Marat, Danton, and Robespierre) represented workers)
Legislative assembly
European monarchs feared that revolution would spread to their own countries
France was invaded by Austrian and Prussian troops In the uproar, the Commune took control of Paris Commune was led by Danton, a member of the Jacobin
political party Voters began electing representatives for a new
convention which would write a republican constitution for France
Opposition to the new government
On September 22, 1792, the Convention met for the first time
Established the First French Republic Faced domestic opposition: Girondists were moderates
who represented the rich middle class of the provinces Faced opposition from abroad : Austria, England,
Holland, Prussia, Sardinia, and Spain formed a Coalition invading France
The Convention abolished the monarchy Put the royal couple on trial for treason : Louis XVI was
guillotined on January 21, 1793 / Marie Antoinette was guillotined on October 16, 1793
National convention
Danton and his Jacobin political party came to dominate French politics
Committee of Public Safety
Headed by Danton (and later Robespierre)
Those accused of treason were tried by the Committee’s Revolutionary Tribunal
Approximately 15,000 people died on the guillotine / 40 000 executed in general
Guillotine became known as the “National Razor”
Changed the calendar / took away Sundays (as religious and old fashioned)
Closed all the Churches
Reign of Terror:September 5, 1793-July 27, 1794
1. Which of the following was a result of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy?: a. the clergy were given a privileged position in the Estates-General.b. the church was made a department of the French
state.c. the clergy were condemned to execution during the
Reign of Terror.d. the church was made completely independent from the state.2. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed?:d. universal manhood suffrage.e. abolition of the monarchy.c. free education.d. security of property.3. he greatest number of victims under "The Terror" (1793-1794) were from which social group?:f. clergy.g. nobility.c. foreigners.d. peasants.
QUIZ
4. Which of the following was responsible for the convening of the Estates General in 1789?:a. the storming of the Bastille.b. peasant discontent with the king.c. royal abolition of guild restrictions.d. the French government's near bankruptcy.
The term "Great Fear" refers tod. the horiffic retreat of the French Army from
Russia in 1812.e. murder of thousands of enemies of the
Revolution in the prisons.c. panic in the countryside that fanned the flames of rebellion.d. the fear of an English invasion of France
FRENCH REVOLUTION"Any law which violates the inalienable rights of man is essentially unjust and
tyrannical; it is not a law at all."Robespierre
constitution 1791✤ Democratic features
France became a limited monarchy
King became merely the head of state
All laws were created by the Legislative Assembly
Feudalism was abolished✤ Undemocratic features
Voting was limited to taxpayersOffices were reserved for property owners
Radicals
FRENCH REVOLUTIONLEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
Radicals Conservatists RadicalsRadicals
Moderates
legislative assembluNobles who fled the revolution lived abroad as
émigrés
Political parties, representing different interests, emerged
✤ Girondists ( moderates who represented the rich middle class of the provinces)
✤ Jacobins (to limit the powers of the king / republican tendencies)
opposition to french government
European monarchs feared that revolution would spread to their own countries
France was invaded by Austrian and Prussian troops
Commune, led by Danton (Jacobin) takes control
Voters began electing representatives for a National Convention which would write a republican constitution for
France
Abolishment of monarchy
The National Convention (1792) :✤ Abolished the Monarchy
✤ Put the royal couple on trial for treason (Louis XVI was guillotined on January 21, 1793 /
Marie Antoinette was guillotined on October 16, 1793 /Daughter Marie-Thérèse was
allowed to go to Vienna in 1795 )✤ Established Republic (male adults received
the right to vote)✤ Set aside the Legislative Assembly
Reign of terror
Danton and his Jacobin political party came to dominate French politics
Committee of Public Safety (1793) / executive government in France during the Reign of Terror
✤ Headed by Danton (and later Robespierre)✤ Those accused of treason were tried by the Committee’s
Revolutionary Tribunal✤ Approximately 15,000 people died on the guillotine
(Guillotine became known as the “National Razor”)✤ New Calendar (no Sundays)✤ All Churches are closed
End of reign of terror
By July 1794 NC understood that nobody was safe from Robespierre
They made a conspiracy demanding his arrestRobespierre lost his head on July 28, 1794
✤ 1795 NC drafted new plan of government:✤ New constitution placed power in hands of upper middle class
✤ Two house legislature✤ Executive Directory of Five