BUILDING

BUILDING

BUILDING : (BNBC-93)Any permanent or semi-permanent structure which is constructed or erected for human habitation or storage or for any other purpose and includes the foundation, plinth, walls, floors, roofs, chimneys, fixed platform, verandah, balcony, cornice, projections, extensions, annexes and any land or space enclosed by wall adjacent to it. The term building will also include the sanitary, plumbing, HVAC, outdoor display structure, signs and all other building service installations which are constructed or erected as an integral part of a building.

HIGH RISE BUILDING

TALL BUILDINGSCYSCRAPER

What is a tall building?

Council on Tall Buildings & Urban HabitatA building is deemed “tall” when its design,use or operation is influenced by someaspect of “tallness”.

Emporis standards- “A multi-story structure between 35-100 meters tall, or a building of unknown height from 12-39 floors is termed as high rise.

Building code of Hyderabad,India- A high-rise building is one with four floors or more, or one 15 meters or more in height.

The International Conference on Fire Safety – "any structure where the height can have a serious impact on evacuation“

Massachusetts, United States General Laws –A high-rise is being higher than 70 feet (21 m).

High rise is defined differently by different bodies.

DEFINITION OF HIGH RISE BUILDING -BNBC

As per BNBC-93 :

Any building which is more than 6 storeys or 20 m high

Demand for High Rise Building

•Scarcity of land in urban areas•Increasing demand for business and residential space•Economic growth•Technological advancements•Innovation in STRUCTURAL System•Desire for Aesthetics in urban settings•Concept of city skyline•Cultural significance and prestige•Human aspiration to build higher

Tall Building Evolution

Modern tall buildings are made possible due to thethree greatest technological advancements:

1. Invention of elevators __________(by Otis in 1852).

2. Invention of new construction materials,e.g. steel (by William Kelly in 1847), reinforced concrete (by Joseph Monier in 1849). composite materials (in 20th century).

3. Invention of innovative structural forms

EARLY SKYSCRAPERS

Place: Chicago, USA Architect: William LeBaron JenneyHeight: 42 meters Finished: 1884

HOME INSURANCE BUILDING

EARLY SKYSCRAPERS

Place: New York, USA Architect: Robert RobinsonHeight: 119 meters Finished: 1899

15 PARK ROW

EARLY SKYSCRAPERS

Place: New York, USA Architect: Pierre LeBrunHeight: 214 meters Finished: 1909

METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE BUILDING

EARLY SKYSCRAPERS

Place: Chicago, USA Architect: Hood and HowellsHeight: 141 meters Finished: 1925

CHICAGO TRIBUNE TOWER

EARLY SKYSCRAPERS

Place: New York, USA Architect: Shreve, Lamb and Harmon Height: 381 meters Finished: 1931

EMPIRE STATE BUILDING

Place:: New York, USA Architect: Skidmore, Owings and MerrilHeight: 92 meters Finished: 1952

INTERNATIONAL STYLELEVER HOUSE

Place: New York, USA Architect: Mies van der Rohe and Philip JohnsonHeight: 157 meters Finished: 1958

INTERNATIONAL STYLESEAGRAM BUILDING

Place: New York, USA Architect: Roth, Gropius and Belluschi Height: 246 meters Finished: 1963

INTERNATIONAL STYLEMETLIFE BUILDING

Place: Chicago, USA Architect: Schipporeit and HeinrichHeight: 197 meters Finished: 1968

INTERNATIONAL STYLELAKE POINT TOWER

Place: New York, USA Architect: Minoru YamasakiHeight: 417-415 meters Finished: 1972

INTERNATIONAL STYLEWORLD TRADE CENTER

Place: New York, USA Architect: Minoru YamasakiHeight: 417-415 meters Finished: 1972

INTERNATIONAL STYLEWORLD TRADE CENTER

Place: San Francisco , USA Architect: Pereira & AssociatesHeight: 260 meters Finished: 1972

INTERNATIONAL STYLETRANSAMERICA PYRAMID

Place: London , England Architect: Seifert & PartnersHeight: 183 meters Finished: 1980

INTERNATIONAL STYLE42 TOWER

POSTMODERNISM AND THE EAST BOOM

Place: Houston, USA Architect: Philip Johnson and BurgeeHeight: 238 meters Finished: 1983

BANK OF AMERICA CENTER

POSTMODERNISM AND THE EAST BOOM

Place: Madrid Architect: Philip Johnson and BurgeeHeight: 114 meters Finished: 1996

KIO TOWERS

THE NEW MILENIUM

Place: Dubai, United Arab Emirates Architect: SOMHeight: +800 meters Finished: 2009

BURJ DUBAI

CHALLENGE

Control of DEFLECTION Lateral Load Resisting Earthquake Wind Load

Structural Loads • Gravity loads– Dead loads– Live loads– Snow loads

• Lateral loads– Wind loads– Seismic loads

• Special load cases– Impact loads– Blast loads

Seismic Loads Wind Loads

How to divert the forces safely?

Dissipation of forces through reliable load paths:

Primary load paths

Horizontal vertical

Horizontal load path

Tuned liquid dampeners (TLD) Self righting buildings Tuned mass dampeners (TMD) Base isolation

Vertical load path:

Sesimic resistance of building can be enhanced mainly by:

Providing shear walls . Tubular designs(tube in tube/tube in tubes). Providing bracing in walls.

KEY CONCEPT TO EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES

Ductility Diverting the forces of an

earthquake safely

HOW TO INCREASE DUCTILTY?

Ductility of a section can be increased by : Decrease the % of the tension steel. Increase the % of compression steel. Else provide as per steel beam theory. Increase in compressive strength of

concrete. Increase in transverse shear

reinforcement.

For ductile detailng –IS 13920- 1993.

TYPES OF TALL BUILDINGS

Evolution of Structural Systems

A clear classification of high-rise buildings with respect to their structural system is difficult

A rough classification can be made with respect to effectiveness in resisting lateral loads

Structural Systems

• Moment resisting frame systems• Braced frame, shear wall systems• Core and outrigger systems• Tubular systems– Framed tubes– Trussed tubes– Bundled tubes

• Hybrid systems

DIAGONAL BRACING X- BRACING V- BRACING

K- BRACINGINVERTED V- BRACING

BRACED STRUCTURES

BELT TRUSS SYSTEM

Tubular System

• Majority of structural elements around the perimeter

• Sides normal to lateral load resist bending

• Sides parallel to lateral load resist shear

• Minimize number of interior columns

• Closely spaced exterior columns Increased

Hybrid Systems

• Combine advantages of different structural and material systems• Composite material system• Concrete super columns• Steel encased concrete columns• Composite floor system• Steel truss and outrigger systems• High strength concrete super columns reduce deflections and weight• Steel encased HS concrete combines• easy erectability of steel,• axial load capacity of HS concrete,• efficient confinement and reinforcement.

SHEAR WALL

Shear wall system

•A type of rigid frame construction.

• The shear wall is in steel or concrete to provide greater lateral rigidity. It is a wall where the entire material of the wall is employed in the resistance of both horizontal and vertical loads.

•For skyscrapers, as the size of the structure creases, so does the size of the supporting wall. Shear walls tend to be used only in conjunction with other support systems.

• Is composed of braced panels (or shear panels) to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure. Wind & earthquake loads are the most common among the loads.

Shear wall system

What is a Shear Wall ?

Buildings often have vertical plate-like RC walls called Shear Walls

in addition to slabs, beams and columns.

PURPOSE OF A SHEAR WALL

Shear walls provide large strength and stiffness to buildings in the direction of their orientation, which significantly reduces lateral sway of the building and there by enhances the earthquake resistance of the structure.

How shear forces work?

Architectural Aspects of Shear Walls

Shear walls should be provided along preferably both length and width.

If they are provided along only one direction, a proper grid of beams and columns in the vertical plane (called a moment-resistant frame) must be provided along the other direction to resist strong earthquake effects.

Door or window openings can be provided in

shear walls, but their size must be small to ensure least interruption to force flow through walls.

Shear walls in buildings must be symmetrically located in plan to reduce ill-effects of twist in buildings.

Shear walls are more effective when located along exterior perimeter of the building.

GEOMETRY OF SHEAR WALLS

Shear walls are oblong in cross-section, i.e., one dimension of the cross-section is much larger than the other.

While rectangular cross-section is common, L- and U-shaped sections are also used.

ADVANTAGES OF SHEAR WALLS

Shear walls are easy to construct, because reinforcement detailing of walls is relatively straight-forward and therefore easily implemented at site.

Shear walls are efficient, both in terms of construction cost and effectiveness in minimizing earthquake damage in structural and non-structural elements (like glass windows and building contents).

TUBED STRUCTURES

TUBED STRUCTURE

What are TUBED STRUCTURES?

A three dimensional space structure composed of three, four, or possibly more frames, braced frames, or shear walls, joined at or near their edges to form a vertical tube-like structural system capable of resisting lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering from the foundation.

The tube system concept is based on the idea that a building can be designed to resist lateral loads by designing it as a hollow cantilever perpendicular to the ground.

•In the simplest incarnation of the tube, the perimeter of the exterior consists of closely spaced columns that are tied together with deep spandrel beams through moment connections.

ADVANTAGES

Framed tubes allow fewer interior columns, and so create more usable floor space.

It can take a variety of floor plan shapes from square and rectangular, circular, and freeform giving scope for architecture.

TYPES OF TUBED STRUCTURES

Bundled Tube Framed Tube Braced Tube Tube in Tube

BUNDLED TUBE

BUNDLED TUBE SYSTEM The concept allows for wider column spacing in the tubular walls than would be possible with only the exterior frame tube form.

The spacing which make it possible to place interior frame lines without seriously compromising interior space planning.

The ability to modulate the cells vertically can create a powerful vocabulary for a variety of dynamic shapes therefore offers great latitude in architectural planning of at all building.

FRAMED TUBE

FRAMED-TUBE STRUCTURESThe lateral resistant of the framed-tube structures is provided by very stiff moment-resistant frames that form a “tube” around the perimeter of the building.

The basic inefficiency of the frame system for reinforced concrete buildings of more than 15 stories resulted in member proportions of prohibitive size and structural material cost premium, and thus such system were economically not viable.

The frames consist of 6-12 ft (2-4m) between centers, joined by deep spandrel girders.

Gravity loading is shared between the tube and interior column or walls.

When lateral loading acts, the perimeter frame aligned in the direction of loading acts as the “webs” of the massive tube of the cantilever, and those normal to the direction of the loading act as the “flanges”.

The tube form was developed originally for building of rectangular plan, and probably it’s most efficient use in that shape.

BRACED TUBE

THE TRUSSED TUBE Recently the use of perimeter diagonals – thusthe term “DIAGRID” - for structural effectivenessand lattice-like aesthetics has generated renewedinterest in architectural and structural designersof tall buildings.

Introducing a minimum number of diagonals on each façade andmaking the diagonal intersect at the same point at the corner column

John Hancock Center introduced

trussed tube design.

The trussed tube system represents a classic solution for a tube uniquely suited to the qualities and character of structural steel.

Interconnect all exterior columns to form a rigid box, which can resist lateral shears by axial in its members rather than through flexure.

Introducing a minimum number of diagonals on each façade and making the diagonal intersect at the same point at the corner column.

The system is tubular in that the fascia diagonals not only form a truss in the plane, but also interact with the trusses on the perpendicular faces to affect the tubular behavior. This creates the x form between corner columns on each façade.

Relatively broad column spacing can resulted large clear spaces for windows, a particular characteristic of steel buildings.

The façade diagonalization serves to equalize the gravity loads of the exterior columns that give a significant impact on the exterior architecture.

TUBE IN TUBE

TUBE-IN-TUBE SYSTEM Lumbago Tatung Haji Building, Kuala LumpurThis variation of the framed tube

consists of an outer frame tube, the “Hull,” togetherwith an internal elevator and service core.

The Hull and core act jointly in resisting both gravity and lateral loading.

The outer framed tube and the inner core interact horizontally as the shear and flexural components of a wall-frame structure, with the benefit of increased lateral stiffness.

The structural tube usually adopts a highly dominant role because of its much greater structural depth.

CASE STUDY

POSTMODERNISM AND THE EAST BOOM

Place: Dubai, United Arab Emirates Architect: W.S.Atkins DesignHeight: 321 meters Finished: 1999

BURJ AL ARAB

BURJ AL ARAB

BURJ AL ARAB

BURJ AL ARAB

THE NEW MILENIUM

Place: Dubai, United Arab Emirates Architect: SOMHeight: +800 meters Finished: 2009

BURJ DUBAI Coupled Reinforced ConcreteSystem•Over 800 m•Over 160 stories – Office & residential•Under construction, expected completion2008•Architect: Skidmore O•Engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Assoc.•Expected to be China’s tallest building andthe world’s third tallest building

Place: Chicago, USA Architect: SOMHeight: 442 meters Finished: 1974

SEARS TOWER

Bundled Tubed + Belt trusses are added to the top location of each change in bundle configuration

Sears Tower

Bundled tube concept

Belt trusses are added to the top location of each change in bundle configuration

Nine Bundled Tubes, each 25m wide with no columnsbetween core and perimeter.

Sears Tower

PETRONAS TOWERS

Place: Kuala Lumpur, Malasia Architect: Cesar Pelli & AssociatesHeight: 452 meters Finished: 1998

PETRONAS TOWERS

Tube in Tube Concept

The Petronas Towers' structural system is a tube in tube design, invented by Fazlur Rahman Khan Applying a tube-structure for extreme tall buildings is a common phenomenon.

A double decker

skybridge connecting the

two towers on the 41st and 42nd floors,

It is not attached to the main structure,

but is instead designed to slide in and out of the towers to prevent it from breaking as the towers sway several feet in towards and away from each other during high winds.

It also provides some structural support to the towers in these occasions.

PETRONAS TOWERS

Place: hong Kong, China Architect: KPF and Wang & OuyangHeight: 484 meters Finished: Building

INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE CENTRE

Concrete Core + Outrigger Braced System• 484m• 118 Stories – Office & Hotel• Under construction, expected completion 2007• Architect: Kohn, Pedersen and Fox Assoc. & Wongand Ouyang (HK) Ltd.• Engineer: Ove Arup & Partners• Expected to be Hong Kong’s tallest building and the

• 4-level steel outriggers• Reinforced concrete core• High stiffness reinforcedconcrete mega columns• Change in structural form at thehotel levels

INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE CENTRE

SHANGHAI WORLD FINANCIAL CENTER

Place: Shanghai, China Architect: KPF AssociatesHeight: 492 meters Finished: 2008

Composite Space Truss•492 m•101 stories – Office & Hotel•Under construction, expected completion2007•Architect: Kohn, Pedersen and Fox Assoc. &East China Architectural Design & ResearchInstitute•Engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Assoc.•Expected to be China’s tallest building andthe world’s third tallest building

TAIPEI 101

Place: Taipei, Taiwan Architect: C.Y.LeeHeight: 509 meters Finished: 2004

Braced core & Out rigger Frame•

Place: Seul, North Korea Architect: SOMHeight: 555 meters Finished: Building

LOTTE TOWER

core-and-shell structural system

Place: Dubai, United Arab Emirates Architect: SOMHeight: +800 meters Finished: 2009

BURJ DUBAI

Coupled Reinforced ConcreteSystem•Over 800 m•Over 160 stories – Office & residential•Under construction, expected completion2008•Architect: Skidmore O•Engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Assoc.•Expected to be China’s tallest building andthe world’s third tallest building

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