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Phonetics

PhoneticsThis is the study of speech sounds.

PhoneticsThis is the study of speech sounds.

Not sound in general. (That’s acoustics.)Not speech in general. (That’s linguistics.)

But specifically the sounds of human speech.

Vowel

VowelThis is a speech-sound made

with the vocal chords.

VowelThis is a speech-sound made

with the vocal chords.

Note that a vowel ≠ letter.Vowels are sounds.

Consonant

ConsonantThese are the other speech-

sounds.

ConsonantThese are the other speech-

sounds.

Like [p], [b], [f], [v], [k], [g], [t], [d], [þ], [ð], [x], [γ], [l], [r], [m], [n], [s], [z], [š], [ž], [β] and so forth.

Voiced Consonant

Voiced ConsonantConsonant that includesvocal chord vibration.

Voiced ConsonantConsonant that includesvocal chord vibration.

Such as [b], [v], [g], [d], [ð], [γ], [z], [ž], and so forth.

Unvoiced Consonant

Unvoiced ConsonantConsonant that does not

vocal chord vibration.

Unvoiced Consonant

Such as [p], [f], [k], [t], [þ], [x], [s], [š], and so forth.

Consonant that does notvocal chord vibration.

Syllable

SyllableOne vowel sound,

with accompanying consonant(s) (if any).

SyllableOne vowel sound,

with accompanying consonant(s) (if any).

antidisestablishmentarianism:an / ti / dis / e / stab / lish /

men / tä / ri / an / is / m

Noun

NounWord for a person, place or thing.

(NB nomen also means “name.”)

NounWord for a person, place or thing.

(NB nomen also means “name.”)

sky, earth, ocean, justice

Number

NumberSingular or Plural.

(Some languages also have other categories.)

NumberSingular or Plural.

(Some languages also have other categories.)

dog / dogsman / menshe / they

Person

Person1: the speaker(s),

2: the addressee(s), or3: other(s)

Person1: the speaker(s),

2: the addressee(s), or3: other(s)

1: me/us2: you/y’all

3: him/her/it/them

Pronoun

PronounWord that stands in for a noun.

PronounWord that stands in for a noun.

— —

Preposition

PrepositionA word attached to a noun or pronoun

to show its relationto other noun(s) or pronoun(s).

Preposition

to, for, with, against, around, from, between,beneath, among, through, atop, before,

athwart

A word attached to a noun or pronounto show its relation

to other noun(s) or pronoun(s).

Personal Pronoun

Personal Pronoun

— —

Personal Pronoun

1: I, me; we, us2: thou, thee; you

3: he, him, she, her, it; they, them

— —

RelativePronoun

RelativePronoun

A pronoun that “picks up”a noun already mentioned.

RelativePronoun

The man who sold the world.She’s the woman that I love.

A pronoun that “picks up”a noun already mentioned.

Interrogative Pronoun

Interrogative Pronoun

A question-pronoun.

Interrogative Pronoun

Tell me, who do you love?What are those shapes?

A question-pronoun.

Adjective

Adjective

A word for modifying a noun.

Adjective

red, beautiful, difficult, independent, short

A word for modifying a noun.