ROMANSQUE ARCHITECTURE

In Europe

Done By Yazid Hamoda (1300703006

General Introduction Romanesque architecture is

an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by rounded arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque architecture, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 10th century.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "Romanesque" means "descended from Roman" and was first used in English to designate what are now called Romance languages.

ROMANSQUE ARCHITECTURE

In Italy

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

Developing of early christian Architecture

Transepts were usually added, and the chancel prolonged further east than in the basilicas, the church partaking more and more of a well-defined cross on plan, as at S. Michele.

The transepts were the ,same breadth as the nave, which was usually twice the width of the aisles.

The choir was raised considerably by means of steps, and underneath, supported on piers, was formed a vaulted crypt as at S. Miniato, Florence.

Developing of early christian Architecture

Pointed Arch

The problems encountered in the structure and appearance of vaults was solved late in the Romanesque period with the introduction of pointed arched ribs which allowed the height of both diagonal and transverse ribs to be varied in proportion to each other.

An early ribbed vault in the Romanesque architecture of Sicily is that of the chancel at the Cathedral of Cefalù.

Pointed Arch

Plan

 in Italy it is often short or non-existent, the church being of cross shaped plan, sometimes with apses on the transept ends as well as to the east.

Examples

Pisa Cathedral

Pisa Cathedral the interior, with

rows of columns and flat ceiling recalling the Early Christian Basilican church.

Pisa Cathedral

Over the crossing or intersection of nave and transepts is an elliptical dome of later date.

Pisa Cathedral

Externally, blind arcades, built in stripes of red and white marble, ornament the fa9adeswhich also have small open arcades, one above the other ,producing a fine impression

S. Michele cathedral  Latin cross plan

with a nave and two aisles and a much extended transept

S. Michele cathedral The façade is

decorated by numerous sandstone sculptures, of religious or profane themes; they are however now much deteriorated

ROMANSQUE ARCHITECTURE

In France

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

Monastery Architecture

Cross & rectrangular plans

Square Courtyard

Examples

Enjolim Church

Enjolim Church

The façade is decorated by more than 70 sculptures, organized into two decorative themes, the Ascension and the Last Judgments, which are cleverly intermingled.

Enjolim Church

All their faces, as well as those of the other faithful under the arches, look toward the Redeemer.

Enjolim Church

The interior of the nave is covered with three domes, a transept of great length with lofty towers over the north and south ends, and an apsidal choir with four chevet chapels.

ROMANSQUE ARCHITECTURE

In England

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

Windows & Doors

Cross Plan

Examples

Peterborough Cathedral

Peterborough Cathedral

Cathedral built between A.D. 1117 and 1190. The interior is considered to be

the finest in the Norman style next to Durham. The nave is covered with a painted wooden ceiling of lozenge-shaped compartments, ornamenting what is probably the oldest wooden roof in England.

Peterborough Cathedral

The nave aisles only are vaulted

Ely Cathedral

Ely Cathedral with timber roof

and modern paintings. Choir remarkable for splendid carving.

Ely Cathedral The plan

influenced that of S. Paul. London, which it inspired. Exceptional lady chapel.

Norwich Cathedral

Norwich Cathedral

Norwich .The long, narrow nave, aisleless transepts

Norwich Cathedral

the windows beneath clerestory on south side of nave, and the vaulting throughout are Perp.

ROMANSQUE ARCHITECTURE

In Germany

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

Cross Plan

Roman columns with complex Capitals

Slope Roofs

Ornaments

Examples

Aix-la-Chapelle Cathedral

Aix-la-Chapelle Cathedral The chapels

surrounding the structure are of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

The western tower has been added in recent years.

Aix-la-Chapelle Cathedral The building is of

interest, historically, as the crowning place of the Western Emperors.

Polygonal Plan.

Worms Cathedral

Worms Cathedral The facades have

semicircular headed windows, framed in with flat pilaster strips as buttresses.

Worms Cathedral Twin circular towers

flank the eastern and western apses, and the crossing of the nave.

transept is covered with a low octagonal tower, having a pointed roof.

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

Europe In

General Introduction

General Introduction Originating in 12th-

century France and lasting into the 16th century

Gothic Architecture was developed in the Medieval Era and became the backdrop to a number of Gothic novels written years after, such as Mary Shelly's "Frankenstein".  

CharacteristicsIn the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth

centuries the Gothic carried to the utmost the use of stone as a building material, heaping it up in towers that rose on open archways vs through the lofty roofs of the naves and transepts.

The Gothic architects, developing still further the principles of Romanesque architecture .

elasticity and equilibrium Wahid were substituted for those of inert "stability as practiced by the Greeks and Romans.

Pointed Arch

Pointed Arch One of the defining characteristics

of Gothic architecture. used in the Islamic architecture before

they were employed structurally in medieval architecture.

 A very narrow, steeply pointed ogive arch is sometimes called a "lancet arch "

Flying butterss

Every vertical support in Gothic architecture depended for its stability on being stayed by a buttress.

which in its turn was weighted by a pinnacle every arch-thrust met another which counteracted it.

In the case of the nave vaults, the collected pressures of the vaulting and roof were counteracted by arches.

called flying buttresses, leaning against the nave wall and supported at some distance by massive piers.

Flying butterss

Flying butters Every vertical support in Gothic architecture

depended for its stability on being stayed by a buttress.

which in its turn was weighted by a pinnacle every arch-thrust met another which counteracted it.

In the case of the nave vaults, the collected pressures of the vaulting and roof were counteracted by arches.

called flying buttresses, leaning against the nave wall and supported at some distance by massive piers.

Flying buttress

Stained glass

Stained glass

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

In England

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

Gothic Vaulting in England.

The problem for the mediaeval architects was to vault, in stone, the nave of a church of the basilican type

and at the same time to provide for the lighting of the building

by means of clerestory windows in the nave walls above the aisle roofs.

The evolution of vaulting in England, as on the Continent, involved the solution of a group of constructive problems which have been already hinted

Gothic Vaulting in England.

Thus it was in connection with the necessity for counteracting the thrust of the nave vaults brought down on piers that the greater part of the evolution of the constructive side of the style took place.

In England the raising of the diagonal rib, which produced the domical vault employed on the Continent, seems to have been but little used, and the method was either

a) to make diagonal ribs segmental b) to make the diagonal ribs semicircular and stilt

the springing of the transverse and longitudinal ribs

EXAMPLES a.) The Cathedrals of the old foundation are those

which, being served by secular clergy, were not affected by the reforms of Henry VIII.(Salisbury)

b.) The Cathedrals of the monastic foundation are those which were originally served by regular clergy or monks, and which were reconstituted at the dissolution of the monasteries as chapters of secular canons. (Durham)

c) The Cathedrals of the new foundation are those to which bishops have been appointed, viz., Ripon and South well, which are old Collegiate Churches

Salisbury Cathedral

Salisbury Cathedral The plan has

double transepts, central tower, and splendid.

404 feet high, being the loftiest in England.

Salisbury Cathedral

The west facade is weak, but there is a fine north porch, boldly projecting and vaulted internally.

Durham Cathedral

Durham Cathedral An eastern transept

called the "chapel of the nine altars," in massive

And a central perp. Tower, 216 feet in height, help to form a group which for strength of outline and dignity have few, if any, rivals

Durham Cathedral

Internally, the special point is the massive arcade of the Norman nave, A.D. 1099-1128

The finest in England, the pillars about the same width as the openings, and quaintly

Channeled with characteristic spirals and flutes.

Canterbury Caredral

Canterbury Caredral A choir of singular

interest, erected by William of Sense, in a style after French models, on the destruction of Anselm's Norman choir in 1170.

In plan this choir resembled that of the Cathedral at Sens.

Canterbury Caredral

At the extreme east is the curious chapel called " Becket's Crown." Extensive crypts are under all the eastern portion.

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

IN FRANCE

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

The southern style is remarkable for its rich decorative facades and graceful cloisters, the buildings of Provence being a new version of old Roman features.

In the north the style is the promising commencement of a new epoch , The interiors were close set with pier and pillar, and heavily roofed with ponderous arching, forming a link to the marvelous structures of the next three centuries, where matter is lost in the emotions expressed.

Plans In the south, internal buttresses, inclosing

the outer range of chapels, were preferred, as at Vienne cathedral Round churches are rare in this district. Towers are detached, resembling Italian Gampanili.

with magnificent capitals- which receive the round arches of the narrow bays, and were left entirely open, as glazing or tracery were not required by the climate.

Plans

Walls Massiveness is the characteristic of all

the early work Walls were of rubble with facing stones. Elaboration was reserved for doorways in

the arcaded lower portion of the facades, which are often models of simplicity and richness.

Walls

Ornament Painted glass was not favored in southern

examples, small, clear-glazed openings being employed to set off the opaque color decoration of the walls.

Stained glass favoring large openings was gradually developed in the north.

Examples

Cathedral of Notre-Dame at Paris

Cathedral of Notre-Dame at Paris

Completed in 1345 Notre-Dame de Paris was among the first buildings in the world to use the flying buttress

The building was not originally designed to include the flying buttresses around the choir and nave but after the construction began.

Cathedral of Notre-Dame at Paris

Many small individually crafted statues were placed around the outside to serve as column supports and water spouts.

The statues were originally colored as was most of the exterior.

The paint has worn off, but the gray stone was once covered with vivid colors.

Reims cathedral France

the central portal, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, is surmounted by a rose window framed in an arch itself in place of the usual sculptured tympanum decorated with statuary

Reims cathedral France The "gallery of the

kings" above shows the baptism of Clovis in the centre flanked by statues of his successors.

Reims cathedral France

The facades of the transepts are also decorated with sculptures

Amines cathedral

Amines cathedral shows an unusual

degree of artistic unity; its lower tier with three vast deep porches is capped with the gallery of twenty-two over life size kings, which stretches across the entire façade beneath the rose window.

Amines cathedral Flanking the nave,

the two towers were built without close regard to the former design, the south tower and the north tower

Amines cathedral western façade of

the cathedral was originally painted in multiple colors

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

In Italy

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

The Classic Forms

Sculpture

Mosaic

Examples

Milan Cathedral

Milan Cathedral erected by the first Duke of Milan, is the

most important work of this period the largest mediaeval cathedral , and is

built entirely of white marble.

Milan Cathedral In plan it consists of

a nave with a very small clerestory, and double aisles of extreme height.

the nave terminating with a circlet of columns in the French manner, but in closed in a German polygonal apse.

The Doges' Palace

The Doges' Palace

Each facade consisted of an open arcade of two stories, one originally advanced in front and surrounding the main building

The Doges' Palace

The lower columns seem to rise out of the ground, having no bases, and the solid and connected character of the tracery gives some stability to the design, so heavily loaded above.

Florence Cathedral

Florence Cathedral

The cathedral was erected from the designs of Arnolfo di Cambio.

the marble facades

Florence Cathedral is chiefly

remarkable for the wide spacing of the nave arcades

Florence Cathedral

the plan is cross shaped

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

In Spain

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

Influence Islamic surface covered

with intricate geometrical and flowing patterns and rich orations

Ornamentation without any regard

to its constructive character is apparent. Contrary to Northern Gothic, broad wall surfaces

and horizontal lines are special features of the style.

rich in detail These fretwork

screens occupy the whole window, and are rich in detail

Examples

Toledo Cathedral

Toledo Cathedral It is about the

same length, but nearly 50 feet wider, and has the choir closures west of the crossing, with a singularly shallow apsidal sanctuary

Barcelona Cathedral

Barcelona Cathedral is remarkable in

that the thrust of the vaults is taken by buttresses, which are internal features, the space between being used as chapels.

Gerona Cathedral

Civil cathedral

Laredo cathedral

Maria and lamer church

Christianity in Jordan

Christianity in Jordan

Christianity in Jordan is among the oldest Christian communities in the world.

 Christians have resided in Jordan after the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, early in the 1st century AD.

Christians are 390,000 (2.8-6%) of the population of 6,500,000

Christianity in Jordan Jordanian Christians are among the oldest

Christian communities in the world,  and the majority have always been Orthodox adherents to the Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem and the Holy Land, which is the 16 Church of St. James, and was founded during Jesus' lifetime.

 Among the recognized denominations the Greek Orthodox, Roman Catholic (Latin), Melkite Greek Catholic, Armenian Orthodox, Marionette Catholic, Anglican, and Assyrian churches make up the majority of Jordan's Christian population.

Christianity in Jordan

In addition to the recognized denominations there are religious societies that are allowed to meet freely, but are not recognized as churches by the government.

Christians are well integrated in the Jordanian society and have a high level of freedom, though they are not free to evangelize Muslims.

They form a significant part of the kingdom's political and economic elite. Christians enjoy high economic and social opportunities in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

CHRISTIAN INSTITUTIONS

Schools

Schools

The Rosary Sister's School is run by the Catholic Church.

The Franciscan Sisters School is run by the Franciscans.

The National Orthodox School is run by the Orthodox Church in Jordan and has received The Cambridge Queen Rania Award multiple times.

CHRISTIAN INSTITUTIONS

Hospitals

Hospitals The first Hospital built in

Jordan was the 'Evangelical Hospital' built in As-Salt by the Church Missionary Society.

The Italian Hospital in Amman and in Kerak were started by a Catholic surgeon and is entrusted to the Comboni Missionary Sisters. The Catholic Church also runs a maternity hospital and a general hospital in Irbid in northern Jordan.

Hospitals

The Government Hospital in Ajloun was originally run by Baptists.

The Annoor Sanatorium which treats tuberculosis and other lung diseases was founded by a Christian doctor. The Annoor Sanatorium is located outside of Mafraq in northern Jordan.

Several Mission Clinics were also founded across Jordan.

HOLY SITESin Jordan

Biblical sites

Portions of the Biblical narrative took place in the towns and the country side that now makes up Jordan.

Bethany Beyond the Jordan where John the Baptist preached and where Jesus Christ was baptized is located on the Jordan side of the Jordan river.

Also, Mount Nebo where Moses viewed the Land of Canaan is located in western Jordan.

In northern Jordan there is a small creek where an angel met and wrestled with the patriarch Jacob.

The rock struck by Moses to bring forth water and the patriarch Aaron's tomb are both in southern Jordan.

The ruins of the fortress of the Ammonites are on a mountain overlooking downtown Amman. This is the site where King David had Bathsheba's husband Uriah the Hittite killed.

Christian historical sites

Jordan also contains many sites of historical importance to Christianity.

 Madaba, a city south of Amman, is the site of a large ancient church with detailed mosaic tile work. There have been many excavations in Madaba that have un-earthed ancient Christian artifacts.

There are many Arab and Frankish castles from the period of the Crusades in Jordan. The most famous of which is Ajlun castle located in the Ajloun district in northern Jordan. Other castles include Montreal (Crusader castle) and Kerak.

Fuheis and Al Husn are two exclusively Christian towns of Jordan.

Done ByYazid Hamoda

1300703006AABU UNIVERSITY