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Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy
Nationalism—intense pride and loyalty to the nation. National interests come before region or foreign concerns
Make treaties with Britain on Great Lakes, borders, territories – Rush-BagotTreaty
Spain cedes Florida to U.S. in Adams-Onís Treaty and gives up claim to Oregon Territory
Expansion in Texas To protect territory, Mexico
encourages U.S. farmers to go to Texas
Offers land grants to agents who sell land cheaply
Stephen F. Austin establishes colony in Texas
Anglo settlers live as naturalized Mexican citizens
Stephen Austinestablished a colony of American settlersin Tejas, or Texas.
Expansion in Texas
Conflict develops over religion and other cultural differences, and the issue of slavery.
Anglos speak English, not Spanish
Southerners bring slaves; Mexico abolished slavery
Texas Fights for Independence
Anglos greatly outnumber Mexicans
Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna imprisons Austin
Revokes local powers; rebellions erupt, including Texas Revolution
Texas Fights for Independence
Santa Anna marches to Texas; Austin tells Texans to arm themselves
Santa Anna storms Alamo, old mission; all 187 U.S. defenders killed
“Remember the Alamo!” becomes rallying cry for the Texans.
Dawn at the AlamoHenry Arthur McArdle (1905)
Texas Independence General Sam Houston defeats/captures
Santa Anna at Battle of San Jacinto
Treaty of Velasco grants independence to Texas (April 1836)
Houston becomes president of the Republic of Texas
The Lone Star Republic: Only state in U.S. that was once an independent country.
Trails West
Oregon Trail—trail from Independence, Missouri to Portland, Oregon
Settlers (farmers) go to Oregon for abundant, fertile land
Pioneers use Conestoga wagons, push handcarts; trip takes months
Trails West
Santa Fe Trail—busy trade route; Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico
Trails West
Joseph Smith forms Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Mormons—religious group experiences clashes over polygamy. Smith is killed.
Brigham Young, Smith’s successor, leads Mormons west where they settle near Great Salt Lake, Utah
Industrial Revolution Great Britain starts a revolution
In the 18th Century, British first generate power from streams, coal
Develop power driven machines for mass production, build factories
Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution in the
United States
After independence, U.S. income primarily from international trade
Embargo Act of 1807, War of 1812 blockade shut down trade, shipping
Americans begin to invest in domestic industries
Cyrus McCormick patented the first successful horse drawngrain reaper
Another Revolution Affects America
Changes in Manufacturing
Industrial Revolution—social, economic reorganization:
machines replace hand tools
large-scale factory production develops
result of manufacturing changesI. M. Singer’s foot-treadle sewing machinewas patented in 1851 and soon dominatedthe industry.
Industrial Revolution New England becomes the industrial of
the nation. Samuel Slater steals the plans for building
textile machines and brings them to the U.S.
Slater becomes known as the Father of the Factory System.
Textiles becomes the number one industry
Thousands - mostly young women - leave family farms to work in mills
Industrial Revolution Inventor Eli Whitney pioneers use of
interchangeable parts
Interchangeable parts are identical pieces used to assemble products
Factory system: power-driven machinery, workers with different tasks
Mass production is production of goods in large quantities, can make goods cheaper and faster
Impact on Transportation
Robert Fulton’s steamboat can go upstream or downstream, regardless of current or wind
Steamboats on western rivers cut freight costs, speed travel
Water transport key for moving heavy machinery, raw materials
Erie Canal and Other Internal Improvements
Erie Canal heavily used, lowers cost; dozens of canals follow
Canals connect Midwest farmers to Northeast and world markets
Erie Canal links Hudson River to Lake Erie: Atlantic to Great Lakes. Makes NYC a gateway to west.
Along the Erie Canal, Buffalo, N.Y
Roads
Railroads not yet in common use; first steam engine built 1825
National Road extends from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois
Many states build turnpikes/toll roads pay for themselves
Federal government funds highways to connect different regions
Emergence of Railroads
Shipping by railroad much costlier than by canal
Railroads faster, operate in winter, go inland
Early train travel uncomfortable for passengers
By 1850s, railroads expand, cost drops, safety increased
Early American Railroad Engine and Carriages
New Markets Link Regions
Effect of Regional Links:
Improved transportation, communication make regions interdependent
Growing links lead to development of regional specialties
U.S. Markets Expand
Changing Economic Activities
Early 1800s farm families self-sufficient; only buy what cannot make
Mid-century farmers begin specialization - raise 1 or 2 cash crops
Market revolution - people buy and sell goods rather than make them
The Entrepreneurial Spirit
Capitalism—private control of means of production, used for profit
Business capital (money, property, machines) fuels growing economy
Entrepreneurs invest own money in new industries; great loss, profit
Impact on Household Economy
Farmers begin using mechanized farm equipment; boost industry output
Technology lowers cost of factory items; workers become consumers
Regional Economies Create Differences
The North and the South develop different economic systems that lead to political differences between the regions.
Two Economic Systems Develop
Agriculture in the North
Cash crops do not grow well in Northern soil and climate
Farms in North smaller than South; do not need much labor or yield great profit: need no slaves
Most Northern states abolish slavery by 1804
Two Economic Systems Develop
Cotton Is King in the South
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin allows farmers to grow cotton for profit
Great demand for cotton in Britain, growing demand in North
Plantation system established in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama
Eli Whitney
Cotton Gin
Southern Agriculture
Most of South is agricultural; relies on cotton, tobacco, rice
South lacks capital for factories; money tied up in land, slaves
Cotton hugely profitable
Slavery Becomes Entrenched
Increase in cotton production parallels increase in slave population
Life Under Slavery
The slave population increases from 1810 (1.2 million) to 1830 (2 million)
18th century, most slaves recent arrivals, work on small farms
By 1830, majority are American, work on plantations or large farms
Life Under Slavery
Rural Slavery
On plantations, men, women, children work dawn to dusk in fields
Slaves are whipped, have little time for food, no breaks for rest
Life Under Slavery Urban Slavery
Demand in southern cities for skilled black slaves
Enslaved blacks can hire themselves out as artisans
Slave owners hire out their workers to factory owners
Treatment of slaves in cities less cruel than on plantations
Slave Revolts and Consequences Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Nat Turner, slave preacher, leads slave rebellion; about 60 whites killed
Turner and followers are hung, innocent are captured; 200 killed in retaliation
Backlash from RevoltsSouthern states create slave codes to
tighten limits on blacksFree African Americans as well as slaves
lose rights
Artist Felix Darley completed this tinted drawing in 1863 for a history book. Nat Turner is shown (standing) preaching to his followers.
Clay’s American System
Uniting the Nation’s Economic Interests
Madison’s plan to unite country’s regions, create strong economy:
develop transportation systems; make internal improvements
establish protective tariff
revive national bank
Clay’s American System
House Speaker Henry Clay promotes the American System:
North produces manufactured goods
South and West produce food, cotton
national currency, transportation facilitate trade
all regions sustain the others making U.S. economically independent
Henry Clay
The Monroe Doctrine
In 1816, Second Bank of the United States chartered for 20 years
James Monroe elected president (1816), begins “Era of good Feelings”
Monroe Doctrine (1823) warns Europe not to interfere in Americas
U.S. will not interfere with Europe
James Monroe6th President of the United States
Expanding Democracy Changes Politics
In 1824, Andrew Jackson wins most popular votes and most electoral votes but not a majority of the electoral vote
John Quincy Adams elected president by House with Clay’s support and Adams makes Clay the Secretary of State
Jacksonians claim Adams, Clay have struck a corrupt bargain
The Age of Jackson
Jacksonians form Democratic Party
Andrew Jackson’s policies speak for common people but violate Native American rights.
Most states ease voting qualifications; few require property
In 1828, numerous new voters help Jackson win presidency
Andrew Jackson7th President of the United States
Jackson’s New Presidential Style
Jackson’s Appeal to the Common Man
Jackson claims he is of humble origins, though in reality is wealthy
Uses spoils system - replaces former appointees with own friends
Friends become primary advisers, dubbed “kitchen cabinet”
Conflict over Tariffs Madison proposes Tariff of 1816 - tax on
imports increases cost of foreign goods
people more likely to buy American goods
helps pay for improvements
Northeast welcomes tariff – they make money; South and West resent higher prices which cost them money
Jackson Attacks the National Bank
Most leaders agree national bank, national currency benefit all
Jackson Opposes the Bank
Jackson vetoes bill to recharter Second Bank of the United States
Presents bank as privileged institution that favors the wealthy, is corrupt, and threatens democracy.
Pet Banks
Jackson puts federal money in state banks loyal to Democratic Party called Pet Banks
BUS president Nicholas Biddle unsuccessfully maneuvers to save bank
Opposition to Jackson
Whig Party Forms
People unhappy with Jackson form Whig Party, back American System
People believe that Jacksons is abusing his powers and begin to refer to him as “King Andrew”.
Andrew Jackson once justified his tendency to place personal prerogative above constitutional law or national policy by stating that “One man with courage makes a majority.” His critics replied with accusations of tyranny.
A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights Issue
The Nullification Theory
British try to flood U.S. with cheap goods so U.S. raised tariff in 1824, 1828
Vice president John C. Calhoun calls 1828 Tariff of Abominations
Thinks South pays for North’s prosperity while cotton prices are low
John C Calhoun
Nullification Crisis
Calhoun devises nullification theory:
questions legality of applying federal laws to states
Constitution based on compact among states
state can reject law it considers unconstitutional
states have right to leave Union if nullification denied
Nullification Crisis
Hayne and Webster Debate States’ Rights
Senator Robert Hayne argues Southern view of tariff, states’ rights
Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts defends Union
Jackson believes Union “must be preserved”; Calhoun resigns
Nullification Crisis
South Carolina Rebels
South Carolina declares 1828, 1832 tariffs null; threatens to secede
Congress passes Force Bill: can use army, navy against South Carolina
Henry Clay proposes tariff that lowers duties over 10 years
The Supreme Court Boosts National Power
Strengthening Government Economic Control
Gibbons v. Ogden: federal government controls interstate commerce
McCulloch v. Maryland: state cannot overturn laws passed by Congress
Chief Justice John Marshall
The Supreme Court Boosts National Power
Limiting State Powers
Marshall Court blocks state interference in business, commerce
Fletcher v. Peck: voids Georgia law violating right to make contract
Dartmouth College v. Woodward: state cannot interfere with contracts
Removal of Native Americans
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Whites want to displace or assimilate Native Americans
Jackson: only solution is to move Native Americans off their landthinks assimilation cannot work too many troops needed to keep whites
out of native landsfunds treaties that force Native
Americans west
Removal of Native Americans
Jackson pressures some tribes to move, forcibly removes others
Congress passes Indian Removal Act of 1830
Removal of Native Americans The Cherokee Fight Back
Worcester v. Georgia - state cannot rule Cherokee or invade their land
Some Cherokee try to continue court fight, minority favor relocation
Federal agents sign treaty with minority; relocation begins
By 1838, 20,000 remain; President Martin Van Buren orders removal
Removal of Native Americans
The Trail of Tears
Cherokee sent west on Trail of Tears; 800-mile trip made on foot
Cherokee are robbed by government officials, outlaws; thousands die (1/4)
The Trail of TearsRobert Lindeux (1942)
Religion Sparks Reform
A renewal of religious sentiment
known as the Second Great Awakening
inspires a host of reform movements
Religion Sparks Reform
Religious Activism
Second Great Awakening—religious movement, sweeps U.S. after 1790
Individual responsible for own salvation, can improve self, society
Preacher Charles Grandison Finney inspires emotional religious faith
Large gatherings; some preachers get 20,000 or more at outdoor camps
Charles Grandison Finney 1792-1875
The Second Great Awakening Revivalism
Revival - gathering to awaken religious faith; lasts 4 to 5 days
Revivalism greatly increases church membership
The Second Great Awakening
Unitarianism
Unitarians stress reason, appeals to conscience in religion
Agree with revivalists: individual, social reform important
The Second Great Awakening
The African-American Church Camp meetings, Baptist, Methodist
churches open to blacks and whites Southern slaves interpret Christian
message as promise of freedom In East, free African Americans have own
churches African Methodist Episcopal Church—
political, cultural, social place African-American church organizes first
national convention (1830)
Transcendentalism and Reforms
Transcendentalism
Ralph Waldo Emerson leads group practicing transcendentalism:
literary and philosophical movement
emphasizes simple life
truth found in nature, emotion, imagination
Henry David Thoreau puts self-reliance into practice, writes Walden
Thoreau urges civil disobedience, peaceful refusal to obey laws
Slavery and Abolition
Slavery becomes an explosive issue, as more Americans join reformers working to put an end to it.
Slavery and Abolition
The Resettlement Question – Back to Africa Movement
1820s over 100 antislavery societies advocate resettlement in Africa
Most free blacks consider themselves American; few emigrate
Whites join blacks calling for abolition, outlawing of slavery
Abolitionists Speak Out William Lloyd Garrison - radical
white abolitionist; founds:
New England Anti-Slavery Society
American Anti-Slavery Society
Publishes the Liberator which calls for immediate emancipation -freeing of slaves
Abolitionists Speak Out Free Blacks
David Walker advises blacks to fight for freedom, not wait to get it
Writes An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World.
Southern free blacks work as day laborers, artisans
Northern free blacks given only lowest-paying jobs
Abolitionists Speak Out
Frederick Douglass
As a slave, Frederick Douglass taught to read, write by owner’s wife
Douglass escapes; asked to lecture for Anti-Slavery Society
Douglass’s The North Star: abolition through political action
Fugitive Slaves and the Underground Railroad
Underground Railroad - secret network of people who help slaves escape
Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery, becomes conductor on 19 trips
Fugitives go on foot at night, often no food, avoiding armed patrols
Some fugitives stayed in North; others go on to Canada
Harriet Tubman
Proslavery Defenses
Slavery advocates use Bible, myth of happy slave as defense, say slaves are treated better than Northern wage slaves
Southern congressmen secure adoption of gag rule:
limits or prevents debate
used on issue of slavery
deprives citizens of right to be heard
Women and Reform
Women reformers expand their efforts from movements such as abolition and temperance to include women’s rights.
Women’s Roles in the Mid-1800s
Cultural and Legal Limits on Women
Cult of domesticity - only housework, child care for married women
Single white women earn half of men’s pay for doing same job
Women have few legal rights; cannot vote, sit on juries
do not have guardianship of own children
Women’s Roles in the Mid-1800s
A married woman’s property, earnings belong to her husband
Women delegates at World’s Anti-Slavery Convention rejected
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott form women’s rights society
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Women’s Roles in the Mid-1800s
Women and Health Reform
Elizabeth Blackwell – doctor - opens clinic for women, children
Catharine Beecher’s national survey finds most women unhealthy
Amelia Bloomer rebels, designs loose pants; popular with other women
Women Mobilize for Reform Women Abolitionists
Middle-class white women inspired by religion join reform movements
Sarah and Angelina Grimké -work for abolition
daughters of Southern slaveowner
Some men support women reformers; others denounce them
Sarah and Angelina Grimké
Women Mobilize for Reform
Many women in temperance movement -prohibit drinking alcohol
Widespread use of alcohol in early 19th century
American Temperance Society founded 1826; 6,000 local groups by 1833
Women’s Christian Temperance Union was one of the largest groups.
Women Mobilize for Reform
Education for Women Until 1820s, few opportunities for girls
past elementary school Academic schools for women become
available: 1821, Emma Willard opens Troy Female
Seminary 1837, Mary Lyon founds Mount Holyoke
Female Seminary 1837, Oberlin College admits 4 women;
first coeducational college African-American girls have few
opportunities to get good education
Women’s Rights Movement Emerges Seneca Falls
Reform encourages women’s movement, give opportunities outside home
1848, Stanton, Mott hold Seneca Falls Convention for women’s rights
“Declaration of Sentiments” modeled on Declaration of Independence
men and women are equal
urge women to participate in public issues
narrowly pass women’s suffrage
Women’s Rights Movement Emerges
Sojourner Truth
Former Northern slave Sojourner Truth travels country preaching
Later argues for abolition, women’s rights
Sojourner Truth
Schools and Prisons Undergo Reform
Reforming Asylums and Prisons
Dorothea Dix gets 10 states to improve conditions for mentally ill
Reformers stress rehabilitation to obtain useful position in society
Dorothea Dix
Improving Education
In early 1800s, school not compulsory, not divided by grade
Pennsylvania establishes tax-supported public school system in 1834
Horace Mann establishes teacher training, curriculum reforms
By 1850s, all states have publicly funded elementary schools
Schools and Prisons Undergo Reform
Americans Form Ideal Communities
Utopian communities -experimental groups, try to create perfect place
In 1841, transcendentalist George Ripley establishes Brook Farm
Most utopias last only a few years
The Hive at Brook Farm
Shaker Communities
Shakers share goods, believe men and women equal, refuse to fight
Do not marry or have children; need converts, adoption to survive
Americans Form Ideal Communities
Hancock Shaker Village, MA
Western Expansion Continues
Resolving Territorial Disputes
1842, Webster-Ashburton Treaty settles border in East, Midwest
“Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” slogan calls for annexation of Oregon
1846, U.S., Britain extend boundary west along 49th parallel
Texas Joins the Union
1838, Houston invites U.S. to annex, or incorporate, Texas
South favors, North opposes annexation; Texas becomes state in 1845
Western Expansion Continues
The War with Mexico Texas becomes state in 1845
Tensions over the U.S. annexation of Texas leads to war with Mexico, resulting in huge territorial gains for the United States.
President James K. Polk favors war with Mexico
believes U.S. will get Texas, New Mexico, California
James K Polk11th President of the US
The cause is a border dispute over Texas. U.S. claims Rio Grande river is western border, Mexico claims it is the Nueces River.
Polk orders General Zachary Taylor to blockade the Rio Grande
The War with Mexico
General Zachary Taylor12th President of the US
The War Begins
Polk Provokes War
Mexican, U.S. soldiers skirmish near Matamoros; 9 Americans killed
Polk sends war message to Congress, withholds facts
Congress approves war, stifles opposition
America Gains the Spoils of War U.S. and Mexico sign Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848
Texas border set at Rio Grande
Mexico cedes western lands for $15 million (called the Mexican Cession)
War enlarges U.S. territory by about one-third
Franklin Pierce authorizes 1853 Gadsden Purchase for Transcontinental RR, sets final border of continental U.S.
Franklin Pierce
The California Gold Rush 1848, gold discovered at Sutter’s
Mill in California Sierra Nevadas
San Francisco residents abandon city to pan for gold
Gold rush, or migration of prospectors to California in 1849
Forty-niners - gold prospectors -come from Asia, South America, Europe These miners are prospecting in
Spanish Flat, California, in 1852.
Forty-niners - gold prospectors - come from Asia, South America, Europe
Gold Rush Brings Diversity
By 1849, California’s population exceeds 100,000
Chinese, free blacks, Mexicans migrate in large numbers
Slavery permitted until outlawed by 1849 constitutional convention
California joins Union in 1850
The California Gold Rush
Slavery in the Territories
The Wilmot Proviso
Wilmot Proviso - no slavery in territory acquired from Mexico
North: slave territory adds slave states; no jobs for free workers
South: slaves are property under Constitution; fear more free states
Statehood for California
1850, California writes constitution; elects leaders; applies for statehood
President Zachary Taylor supports admission of California as free state
Recommends to angry South that slavery be decided by each territory
Slavery in the Territories
Clay’s Compromise
Some Southerners threaten secession, withdrawal of state from Union
Henry Clay offers Compromise of 1850 to settle disputes over slavery
Slavery in the Territories