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Brief Introduction to

eotec n ca ng neer ng ro ess on

Prof K. RajagopalDepartment of Civil Engineering

 e-mail: gopalkr@iitm.ac.in

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Apartment building in Kakinada – suddenly sunk into the ground 

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Taj Mahal, Agra – one of the most visited places in the World 

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Taj Mahal, sitting strong one an s o r ver amuna n

spite of severe erosion and

earthquakes. Inclination of

minarets has not changedsince its construction in the

’

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Brigade Holiday Inn, OMR, Chennai

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Ol 1 and 2

M

a

s orey

Residential

Buildings

a b

a Secant piles to

I

P

ur 

support vertical

excavation (act Water table

m

R 

 

walls)

a

d 

Cross-Sectional view of

approx.

12m

Plan view of the construction site (schematic - not to scale)

 proposed construction

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October 2011)

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Close-up view of excavation – notice the secant piles on left side – on right sidehollow steel pipes and 13m long soil nails driven to stabilize excavation

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Sand bags dumped to prevent flow of soil from

ground on right side excavation

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Support of deep excavation using pre-stressed

grou e anc ors a enna

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Construction of Ghat road at

ana a urga emp e ayawa a

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 of road 

Narrow stretch on the Ghat road

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View of 2-tier Wall from Krishna River 

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Excavation for the 4-tier wall

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ALIGNMENT OF TIER 1 FOR 4 TIER WALL

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Top view of the completed 4-tier wall -

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Additional Parking space gained at the top of the hill

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Machu Pichu, Peru

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Series of terraces to reach to the top

Terraces served to stabilise the hill slopes, space

for agriculture, townships, obstruct the enemy

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Kansai International Airport

’

artificial island away from land

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• Air port is three miles (5 km) off

the coast of Japan in Osaka bay

• rea o ar c a s an , acres

(approximately 5.1x106

sq. m.)almost double the size of IITM campus

 meters)

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•Seven years of construction time

•9.2 billon dollar budget (1 billion = 1,000

m on

’ -

the longest building and bridge of its

n n e mos mass ve pu c wor s

project of the 20th century.

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-

Overall view of the sea

wall

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CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

Three main stages of the island construction Remediation (strengthening) of the seabed,

,

Fill to construct the island

While the fill is placed, airport buildings started coming up.

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Barge bringing soil all the way from China !!!

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Pre-consolidation Methods

Sand drains-

Vacuum assisted pre-consolidation

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surcharge fill

sand columns

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PVDs for pre-consolidation

Corrugated plastic corefor drainage

L

Geotextile filter 

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Mangalore Refineries and Petroleum Limited Complex

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Factory buildings on top of the slope

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Entire height of slope stabilised using soil nails

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Construction of an approach road to an RoB

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 Hindustan Zinc, Vizag

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Completed Pond in Service

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Failure of a road embankment due to deep seated rotation