Post on 06-Apr-2018
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PharynxPharynx
Ella Chavez
Mae Nen Vedeja
Mardred Marcelo
Zara Denisse Garcia
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PharynxPharynx
The pharynx is the continuation of the
digestive system from the oral cavity.
It is a funnel-shaped fibromusculartube that is the common route for both food
and air.
The pharynx is located posterior to
the nasal and oral cavities, and the larynx.
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PharynxPharynx
The pharynx is divided into three parts: (1)
the Nasopharynx, posterior to the nose and
superior to the soft palate; (2) theOropharynx, posterior to the mouth; and
(3) the Laryngopharynx, posterior to the
larynx.
The pharynx is about 15 cm long.
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PharynxPharynx
It is widest opposite the hyoid bone and
narrowest at its inferior end, where it is
continuous with the esophagus. The posterior wall of the pharynx lies
against the prevertebral fascia with the
potential retropharyngeal space between
them.
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The Pharyngeal WallThe Pharyngeal Wall
The pharyngeal wall is composed of 5
layers. From internal to external, they are as
follows:
1.Mucous membrane: this lines the
pharynx and is continuous with all
chambers with which it communicates.
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The Pharyngeal WallThe Pharyngeal Wall
2. Submucosa
3. Pharyngobasilar fascia: this is a fibrouslayer that is attached to the skull.
4.Muscular layer: this is composed of
inner longitudinal and outer circularparts.
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The Pharyngeal WallThe Pharyngeal Wall
5.Buccopharyngeal fascia: This is a loose
connective tissue layer.
This fascia is continuous with the fasciacovering the buccinator and pharyngeal
muscle.
It contains the pharyngeal plexus of
nerves and veins.
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Muscles of the PharynxMuscles of the Pharynx
This consists of three constrictor muscles
and three muscles that descend from the
styloid process, the cartilaginous part of theauditory tube and the soft palate.
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External Muscles of the PharynxExternal Muscles of the Pharynx
The paired superior, middle, and inferior
constrictor muscles form the external
circular part of the muscular layer of the
wall.
These muscles overlap each other and are
arranged so that the superior one
is innermostand the inferior one
is outermost.
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External Muscles of the PharynxExternal Muscles of the Pharynx
These muscles contract involuntarily in a
way that results in contraction taking place
sequentially from the superior to inferior
end of the pharynx.
This action propels food into the
esophagus.
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External Muscles of the PharynxExternal Muscles of the Pharynx
All three constrictors of the pharynx are
supplied by the pharyngeal plexus of
nerves, which lies on the lateral wall of the
pharynx, mainly on the middle
constrictor of the pharynx.
This plexus is formed by pharyngeal
branches of the Glossopharyngeal
(IX) and Vagus (X) nerves.
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External Muscles of the PharynxExternal Muscles of the Pharynx
The Superior ConstrictorMuscle
Origin: pterygoid hamulus,pterygomandibular raphe, posterior endof the mylohyoid line of the mandible, andside of tongue.
Insertion: median raphe of pharynx and
pharyngeal tubercle. Innervation: through the pharyngeal
plexus of nerves.
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External Muscles of the PharynxExternal Muscles of the Pharynx
The pterygomandibular raphe is the
fibrous line of junction between
the buccinator and superior constrictor
muscles.
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External Muscles of the PharynxExternal Muscles of the Pharynx
TheMiddle ConstrictorMuscle
Origin: stylohyoid ligament and greater
and lesser horns of hyoid bone. Insertion: median raphe of pharynx.
Innervation: through the pharyngeal
plexus of nerves.
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External Muscles of the PharynxExternal Muscles of the Pharynx
The Inferior ConstrictorMuscle
Origin: oblique line of thyroid cartilage
and side of cricoid cartilage. Insertion: median raphe of pharynx.
Innervation: through the pharyngeal
plexus of nerves.
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External Muscles of the PharynxExternal Muscles of the Pharynx
The fibers arising from the cricoid
cartilage are believed to act as a sphincter,
preventing air from entering the
esophagus.
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Superior Constrictor Muscle
Middle Constrictor Muscle
Inferior Constrictor Muscle
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Gaps in the Pharyngeal MusculatureGaps in the Pharyngeal Musculature
The overlapping arrangement of the three
constrictor muscles leaves 4 deficiencies or
gaps in the pharyngeal musculature.
Various structures enter and leave the
pharynx through these gaps.
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Gaps in the Pharyngeal MusculatureGaps in the Pharyngeal Musculature
Superior to the superior constrictor muscle,the levator veli palatini muscle, the auditorytube, and the ascending palatine arterypass
through a gap between the sup. constrictormuscle and the skull.
Superior to the superior border of thesuperior constrictor, the pharyngobasilar
fascia blends with the buccopharyngealfascia to form, with the mucous membrane, thethin wall of the pharyngeal recess.
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Gaps in the Pharyngeal MusculatureGaps in the Pharyngeal Musculature
Between the superior and middle
constrictor muscles, the gateway to the
mouth, through which pass
the stylopharyngeal muscle,
the glossopharyngeal (IX) and the stylohyoid
ligament.
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Gaps in the Pharyngeal MusculatureGaps in the Pharyngeal Musculature
Between the middle and inferior
constrictor muscles, the internal laryngeal
nerve and the superior laryngeal artery and
vein pass to the larynx.
Inferior to the inferior constrictor
muscles, the recurrent laryngeal
nerve and inferior laryngeal arterypasssuperiorly into the larynx.
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InternalMuscles of the PharynxInternalMuscles of the Pharynx
The internal, chiefly longitudinal muscular
layer, consists of 3 muscles:
stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, and
salpingopharyngeus.
They all elevate the larynx and pharynx
during swallowing and speaking.
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InternalMuscles of the PharynxInternalMuscles of the Pharynx
The StylopharyngeusMuscle
This is a long, thin, conical muscles that
descends inferiorly between the externaland internal carotid arteries.
It enters the wall of the pharynx between
the superior and middle constrictor
muscles.
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InternalMuscles of the PharynxInternalMuscles of the Pharynx
Origin: styloid process of temporal bone.
Insertion: posterior and superior borders
of thyroid cartilage withpalatopharyngeus muscle.
Innervation: glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).
It elevates the pharynx and larynx andexpands the sides of the pharynx, thereby
aiding in pulling the pharyngeal wall over
a bolus of food.
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InternalMuscles of the PharynxInternalMuscles of the Pharynx
The PalatopharyngeusMuscle
Superior attachment: hard palate and
palatine aponeurosis. Inferior attachment: lateral wall of
pharynx.
Innervation: cranial part of accessorynerve XI) through the pharyngeal branch
of vagus (X) via the pharyngeal plexus.
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InternalMuscles of the PharynxInternalMuscles of the Pharynx
This thin, flat muscle is covered with
mucous membrane to form
the palatopharyngeal arch.
It passes posteroinferiorly in this arch.
This muscle tenses the soft palate and
pulls the walls of the pharynx superiorly,
anteriorly and medially during
swallowing.
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InternalMuscles of the PharynxInternalMuscles of the Pharynx
The SalpingopharyngeusMuscle
This is a slender muscle that descends in
the lateral wall of the pharynx. The over lying mucous membrane forms
the salpingopharyngeal fold.
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InternalMuscles of the PharynxInternalMuscles of the Pharynx
Origin: cartilaginous part of the auditorytube.
Insertion: blends with palatopharyngeusmuscle.
Innervation: through the pharyngealplexus.
It elevates the pharynx and larynx andopens the pharyngeal orifice of theauditory tube during swallowing.
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TheThe NasopharynxNasopharynx
The nasal part of the pharynx has
a respiratory function.
It lies superior to the soft palate and is aposterior extension of the nasal cavity.
The nose opens into the nasopharynx via to
large posterior apertures called choanae.
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Chonae
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TheThe NasopharynxNasopharynx
In the mucous membrane of the roof of the
posterior wall of the nasopharynx is a
collection of lymphoid tissue, known as the
pharyngeal tonsil (commonly known as
the adenoids).
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TheThe NasopharynxNasopharynx
The pharyngeal orifice of the auditory
tube is on the lateral wall of the
nasopharynx, 1 to 1.5 cm posterior to the
inferior concha, and level with the
superior border of the palate.
The orifice is directed inferiorly and has a
hood-like tubal elevation over it calledthe torus of the auditory tube or
the torus tubarius.
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Pharyngeal Orifice of
Auditory Tube
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TheThe NasopharynxNasopharynx
The collection of lymphoid tissue in the
submucosa of the pharynx, posterior to the
orifice of the auditory tube, is known as the
tubal tonsil.
Extending inferiorly from the torus is a
vertical fold of mucous membrane, known
as the salpingopharyngeal fold.
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TheThe NasopharynxNasopharynx
Posterior to the torus and the
salpingopharyngeal fold, there is a slit-like
lateral projection of the pharynx called
the pharyngeal recess.
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Pharyngeal Recess
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TheThe OropharynxOropharynx
The oral part of the pharynx has a digestive
function.
It is continuous with the oral cavity throughthe oropharyngeal isthmus (isthmus
faucium)
The oropharynx is bounded by the soft
palate superiorly, the base of the tongue
inferiorly, and the palatoglossal and
palatopharyngeal arches laterally.
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Isthmus Faucium
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TheThe OropharynxOropharynx
HACEK organisms The name is formed from their initials:
Haemophilus
A
ctinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Cardiobacterium hominis
Eikenella corrodens
Kingella
All of these organisms are part of the normal
oropharyngeal flora, which grow slowly, prefera carbon dioxideenriched atmosphere andshare an enhanced capacity to produceendocardial infections, especially in youngchildren.
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TheThe OropharynxOropharynx
The Palatine Tonsils
These are usually referred to as "the tonsils".
They are collections oflymphoid tissue thatlie on each side of the oropharynx in thetriangular interval between the palatinearches.
The palatine tonsils vary in size from personto person.
In children, the palatine tonsils tend to belarge, whereas in older persons they are
usual small and inconspicuous.
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TheThe OropharynxOropharynx
The visible part of the tonsil is no guide to
its actual size because much of it may be
hidden by the tongue and buried in the
soft palate.
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Palatine Tonsils
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TheThe LaryngopharynxLaryngopharynx
The laryngeal part of the pharynx lies
posterior to the larynx.
It extends from the superior border ofthe epiglottis to the inferior border of
the cricoid cartilage, where it narrows to
become continuous with the esophagus.
Posteriorly, the laryngopharynx is related to
the bodies of C4 to C6 vertebrae.
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TheThe LaryngopharynxLaryngopharynx
Its posterior and lateral walls are formed by
the middle and inferior constrictor muscles,
with the palatopharyngeus and
stylopharyngeus internally.
The laryngopharynx communicates with the
larynx through the aditus or inlet of the
larynx.
The piriform recess is a small, pear-shaped
depression of the laryngopharyngeal cavity
on each side of the inlet of the larynx.
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Aditus (Laryngeal inlet)
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Innervations of PharynxInnervations of Pharynx
The motor and most of the sensory supplyof the pharynx is derived from thepharyngeal plexus of nerves on the
surface of the pharynx. The plexus is formed by pharyngeal
branches of the vagus (X) andglossopharyngeal nerves (IX) nerves, andby sympatheti branches for the superiorcervical ganglion.
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Innervations of PharynxInnervations of Pharynx
The motor fibres in the pharyngeal plexus
are derived from the cranial root
of accessory nerve (XI), and are carried by
the vagus nerve to all muscles of the
pharynx and soft palate.
The exceptions are stylopharyngeus and
the tensor veli palatini.
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