Gen Ana 1 the Nervous System (1)

8/12/2019 Gen Ana 1 the Nervous System (1)

1/25

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The Nervous System is a group of tissues composed of highly specialized cells possessing the characteristics ofexcitability and conductivity.

o The Nervous System in association with the Endocrine .System, not only creates an awareness o f the

environment but makes it possible for the human body to respond to environmental changes with the

necessary precision

Functions of the Nervous System

eceive sensory input

!ntegrate information

"ontrol muscle and glands

#aintain homeostasis

o can stimulate or inhibit the activities of other systems to help maintain a constant internalenvironment

Establish and maintain mental activity

Take Note:

The Perihera! Nervous Systemcan be divided into two ma$or divisions%

I. Structura! "ivision

A. "ranial Nerves

B. Spinal Nerves

II. Functiona! "ivision


2/25

&. Sensory #$fferent% "ivision' conducts action potentials (impulses) from sensory receptors to the "NS

*. Motor #Efferent% "ivision' conducts action potentials (impulses) from the "NS to the effector organs,such as muscles and glands

+. Somatic Nervous System& innervating somatic structures like skeletal muscles and skin

. $utonomic Nervous System& innervating visceral or involuntary structures like smooth muscles,cardiac muscles, and glands

a' Symathetic Nervous System

(' Parasymathetic Nervous System

& diagram showing the Structural division of the -eripheral Nervous System

Motor "ivision of the Perihera! Nervous System

OR)$N*+$T*ON OF NERVOUS T*SSUE

*oth the "NS and -NS contain areas of gray matter and white matter


3/25

o )ray matter' consists of groups of neuron cell bodies and their dendrites

!n the "NS, gray matter on the surface of the brain is called corte,'

o Nuc!eus& mass of gray matter in any part of the brain and spinal cord.

!n the -NS, a cluster of neuron cell bodies and dendrites is called a -an-!ion

o .hite matter' consists of bundles of parallel axons with their myelin sheaths, which are whitish in color

"NS' white matter forms nerve tracts/ or con0uction ath1ays

-NS' bundles of axons and their connective tissue sheaths are callednerves

!n the brain, the gray matter is broken into clumps or it is present as a surface layer (cortex) of the cerebrum andcerebellum

!n the spinal cord, an 'shaped central region of gray matter is surrounded by white matter.

REF2E3ES

& ref!e, is an involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the "NS.

allow a person to react to stimuli more /uickly than if conscious thought is involved

most reflexes occur in the spinal cord or brainstem rather than in the higher brain centers

Ref!e, arc' the neuronal pathway by which a reflex occurs0 has five components

o The simpest reflex arc does not have interneuron (association neuron)

THE 4ENTR$2 $N" PER*PHER$2 NERVOUS SYSTEMS

4entra! Nervous System' brain and spinal cord

Perihera! Nervous System' + pairs of cranial nerves and 1+ pairs of spinal nerves


4/25


5/25

1. "erebral a/ueduct of Sylvius (!ter)

4' Hin0(rain #Rhom(enceha!on%

+. #etencephalon ("erebellum, -ons)

. #yelencephalon (#edulla oblongata)

"*S4USS*ON

$' 4ERE5RUM #Te!enceha!on%

the largest part of the brain (represents 672 of weight of brain)

divided into left and right hemispheres by longitudinal fissures

Surface layer of gray matter (cerebral cortex) greatly expanded by convolutions, or -yri.

F*SSURES OF THE 4ERE5RUM

7' 2on-itu0ina! fissure

runs from the posterior to the anterior aspectsalmost completely dividing it into

hemispheres Each hemisphere has a full set of centers for

sensory and motor activities of the body, andeach associated with one side of the body.

The hemispheres are connected in themidline by the corus ca!!osumwhich iscomposed of crossing nerv fiberso 8unction of corpus callosum is to allow

the two hemispheres to share learningand memory

8' 2atera! Sy!vian fissure

between the frontal and parietal lobes above and temporal lobe below

associated with centers for speech and hearing

9' 4entra! Su!cus of Ro!an0o #Ro!an0ic Fissure%

between frontal and parietal lobes

associated with centers for both motor and sensory functions


6/25

' Transverse fissure

*etween the cerebrum and cerebellum

;' Parieto&occiita! fissure

between the occipital and parietal lobe


7/25

o temperature (hot and cold)

o balance

o taste

9' Occiita! !o(e

9ccupies the posterior extremity of the cerebral hemisphere behind parieto'occipital fissure

functions in receiving and perceiving V*SU$2input

' Temora! !o(e

lies beneath the lateral sulcus of Sylvius

involved in%

o o!factory #sme!!%

o au0itory sensations

o important role in memory

o abstract thought and judgment(:psychic cortex;)

FUN4T*ONS OF THE 4ERE5RUM

seat of advanced intellectual functions like memory storage, recall, learning and reasoning for comprehensionand execution of language

perception of all sensations and sites where one modality of sensation can be integrated with others

initiation o f movements

for emotional behaviour

FUN4T*ON$2 $RE$S OF 4ERE5RUM+. Primary Motor $rea or Precentra! -yrus

lies in the frontal lobe immediately anterior to the central sulcus

controls voluntary movements in the opposite side of the body

5ro0man=s area

. Pre&motor $rea

!n front of the motot area

Exerts a controlling influence over the motor area, ensuring an orderly series of movements necessary forspeech


8/25

1. Pre&fronta! $rea

"oncerned with behaviour, character and emotional state of the individual

"oncerned with foresight, good $udgement, abstract thinking

Somesthetic $rea or Post&centra! -yrus

=ies behind the central sulcus of olando in parietal lobe

Sensations of pain, temperature, pressure and touch, position and movement sensation from opposite sideof body are received and interpreted here.

5ro0man=s area 9/7/8

4. Motor seech area

=ies in inferior frontal gyrus of dominant hemisphere

5roca=s area #5ro0mann=s area ;/ %& Speaking and understanding language

>. Sensory seech area

lies in temporal lobes posterior to auditory area of dominant hemisphere

.ernicke?s area #5ro0mann?s area 88%

6. $u0itory or Hearin- $rea #transverse -yri of Heschi%

lies below lateral sulcus within the temporal lobe

center for hearing

5ro0mann?s area 7 @ 8

2. Visua! $rea

&round the calcarine fissure, including greater part of the occipital lobe

5ro0man=s area 7A

?. O!factory or sme!! area

@ithin the temporal lobe

5ro0mann=s area 9

+3. Taste area

&bove the lateral sulcus into the deep layers of the sensory area


9/25

5ro0mann=s area 9

5$S$2 )$N)2*$

four paired masses of gray matter embedded in the white matter of

the cerebral hemispheres

a group of functionally related nuclei

composed of five nuclei

the corus striatum' located deep within the cerebrum

caudate nucleus' medial portion

putamen' lateral portion lentiform nuclei

globus pallidus' lateral portion

su(stantia ni-ra' group of darkly pigmented cells in the

midbrain

su(tha!amic nuc!eus

8unctions of basal ganglia%

important in planning, organizing, and coordinatingmotor movements

play an important role in the control of motor function

!n$ury to them produces either unilateral or bilateralsigns, including tremor, rigidity and uncontrolledaimless movements.

2im(ic System


10/25

composed of the olfactory cortex and certain deep cortical regions and nuclei of the cerebrum and thediencephalon

includes%

o olfactory cortex

o cingulated gyrus (an area of the cerebral cortex)

o nuclei such s those of the hypothalamus and thalamus

o hippocampus ( a mass of neuronal cell bodies in the temporal lobe)

o fornix, a connecting nerve tracts

o amygdale (almond shaped mass of nuclei located deep within the temporal lobe)

8unctions%

o influences long'term declarative memory

o emotions

o visceral responses to emotions

o motivation

o mood

=esions in the limbic system can result in voracious appetite, increased sexual activity, and docility(including loss of normal fear and anger responses

5' "*EN4EPH$2ON

part of the brain between the brainstem and the cerebellum

the thalamus and hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus constitute the diencephalon and are located inthe forebrain along with the cerebrum

+. Tha!amus

the largest and most 59S&= subdivision of the diencephalon

paired egg'shaped mass of gray matter situated below corpuscallosum

highest subcortical sensory integrating cortex

Functions of tha!amus:

elay center for sensory impulses (e,cet o!factory) fromperipheral receptors to cerebral cortex

o #ost sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord

and brainstem pro$ects to the thalamus, where ascending

neurons synapse with thalamic neurons ma6or re!aystation of sensory information

responsible for crude awareness of sensation (protopathic sensibility)o allows crude appreciation of painful, thermal, and pressure sensations and mediates some

motor activities
http://biology.about.com/library/organs/brain/bltemporallobe.htmhttp://biology.about.com/library/organs/brain/bltemporallobe.htm


11/25

includes nuclei involved in the movement planning and controlo processes and relays coordinating motor impulses from the basal ganglia and cerebellum

to the cerebral motor cortex

relay and integration center for emotional behaviour

influences mood and registers an unlocalized, uncomfortable perception of pain

. Hyotha!amus

the most inferior AENT&==B located part of diencephalon0 anterior to the thalamus

Functions of hyotha!amus

controls the autonomic nervous system

secretes hormones% oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (&5)

o plays a ma$or role in controlling the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland

control of body temperature

regulates food and fluid intake (hunger and thirst center)

helps maintain the waking state and establishes patterns of sleep

sensations such as sexual pleasure, rage, fear, and relaxation after a meal are related tohypothalamic functions

9' Eitha!amus

small area superior and posterior to the thalamus

a narrow band on the roof of the diencephalon

consists of a few small nuclei, which are involved in the emotional and visceral response to odors, andthepineal gland

' Su(tha!amus

-ortion anterior to the thalamus and posterolateral to the hypothalamus

!t connects to motor areas o f the cerebrum.

Functions:o !t is an important subcortical station for voluntary motion because it contains nuclei and

pathways associated with the control circuits of the basal ganglia.

o "ontains the subthalamic nuclei and portions o f the red nucleus and the substantia nigra.These regions communicate with the basal gangliato help control body movements.

4' 5R$*NSTEM

connects the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain

made up o f the mi0(rain, ons, and me0u!!a o(!on-ata

occupies the posterior cranial fossa

stalk'like in shape, it connects the narrow spinal cord with theexpanded forebrain


12/25

5amage to small areas of the brainstem can cause death, whereas damage to relatively large areas of thecerebrum or cerebellum often does not.

Functions of the (rainstem:o Serves as a conduit for the ascending and descending tracts, connecting the spinal cord to the

different parts of the higher centers in the forcbrain.o "ontains the reflex centers associated with the control o f the respiration and the "ardiovascular

System.o &ssociated with the control of consciousness

o "ontains the important nuclei of cranial nerves !!!' C!!.

7' M*"5R$*N #Mesenceha!on%

located between the pons and diencephalon

$ust superior to the pons, the smallest region of the brainstem

connects the forebrain and hindbrain0 also connects the ponsand the cerebellum with the cerebrum4omonents of the Mi0(raina' 4ere(ra! aBue0uct of Sy!vius #*ter%

"anal which connects the 1rdand


13/25

9' Su(stantia ni-ra

between the tegmentum and basis pedunculi

Functions of the Mi0(rain

elays motor impulses from the cerebral cortex to the pons, cerebellum and spinal cord, and sensoryimpulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus

The suerior co!!icu!i coordinate movements of the eyeballs in response to visual and other stimuli

The inferior co!!icu!i coordinate movements of the head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli.

#ost of su(stantia ni-ra an0 re0 nuc!eus contribute to control o f movement

"ontains nuclei of origin for cranial nerves *** an0 *V

The rest of the midbrain consists largely of ascending tracts from the spinal cord to the cerebrum anddescending tracts from the cerebrum to the spinal cord or cerebellum

8' PONS #Part of metenceha!on%

the marked prominence that lies anterior to the cerebellum and between the midbrain and medulla

bridge'like structure, consisting almost entirely of white matter linkingthe various part of the brain andserving as a relay station from themedulla to the higher cortical centers

Superiorly, the pons is continuous with the cerebral peduncle

!nferiorly, it is continuous with the constituent part of the medulla

Functions of the Pons:

-ontine nuclei relay nerve impulses related to voluntary ske!eta! movements from the cerebral cortex tothe cerebellum.

!t relays impulses from one side of the cerebellum to the other an0 (et1een the medulla and midbrain.

"ontains nuclei of origin for cranial nervesV/ V*/ V**' an0 V***'

The neumota,ic areaand aneustic areasin the pons, together with the medulla, help controlbreathing.

9' ME"U22$ O52ON)$T$ #Mye!enceha!on%

continuous with the spinal cord inferiorly and with the pons superiorly

lies ventral to the cerebellum

&t first its diameter is similar to that of the spinal cord, but it rapidly expands as it approaches the pons

The bilateral construction of the medulla oblongata is indicated on the surface by the anterior median fissurewhich is interrupted at the lower part of the medulla by the decussation of the pyramids.

The posterior median fissure exists only in the lower half of the medulla

9n the anterior surface, two prominent enlargements called yrami0sextend the length of the medullaoblongata. The pyramids consist of descending nerve tracts, which transmit action potentials from the brainto motor neurons of the spinal cord and are involved in the conscious control of skeletal muscles

o Pyrami0' the bundle that lies alongside the anterior median fissures0 composed of the

corticospinal fibers that arise from the motor area of the cerebral cortex.

Functions of the Me0u!!a O(!on-ata

The medulla oblongata contains both motor and sensory tracts.o !t relays motor and sensory impulses between other parts o f the brain and the spinal cord.

!t contains nuclei that are reflex centers for regulation ofo heart rate and blood vessel diameter (vasoconstriction)

o breathing''' Dresiratory center of the (rain

o swallowing

o vomiting


14/25

o coughing

o sneezing

o hiccupping

!t also contains nuclei associated with cranial nerves A!!!, !C, C, C!, and C!!

!mportant% Reticu!ar formation' a large part of the brainstem consisting of small areas of gray matter and white

matter. 8unction% !t helps maintain consciousness0 causes awakening from sleep (arousal), and contributes toregulating muscle tone

"' 4ERE5E22UM #Part of metenceha!on%

:little brain;

the largest part of the rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

located in the posterior cranial fossa dorsal to thebrainstem0 lies posterior to the < thventricle, pons andmedulla oblongata

oval in shape with a central constrictions and lateral

expanded portionso the constricted central portion is called the

vermis(=atin of worm)o the lateral expanded portions, the cere(e!!ar

hemisheres

resembles the cerebrum in structure, with the graymatter forming a layer of cortex placed on the surface rather than centrally located, as in the spinal cord

cross section reveals its patterns of folds and fissuresoutlined by white matter

Embedded in the white matter of each hemisphere are< masses of gray matters forming the intracerebcllarnuclei.

connected to the brainstem by 1 pairs of symmetricalbundles of cerebellar peduncles%+. Suerior cere(e!!ar e0unc!e #(rachium

con6unctivum%& connects the cerebellum to themidbrain.

. Mi00!e cere(e!!ar e0unc!e #(rachium ontis%&connects the cerebellum to the pons.

1. *nferior cere(e!!ar e0unc!e #(rachiumrestiformis%& connects the cerebellum to themedulla oblongata

2O5ES O F THE 4ERE5E22UM: a. $nterior 2o(e #a!eocere(0!um%

located anterior to the primary fissure, it functions in the regulation of the muscle toneb. Posterior 2o(e #neocere(c!!um%

found between the primary and postero'!ateral fissure

the largest lobe and the newest portion o f the cerebellum phylogenetically

functions in the coordination of voluntary movementc. F!occu!ono0u!ar 2o(e #archicere(e!!um%

the oldest portion o f the cerebellum

functions for the maintenance o f e/uilibrium and posture through its influence on thetrunk muscles


15/25

Functions o f the 4ere(e!!um:

"oordinate precise movements and to maintain normal muscle tone, posture, and balance.

egulates posture and balance.

!t unconsciously controls the smooth contraction of voluntary muscles and relaxation of theirantagonists.

Each cerebellar hemisphere controls muscular movements on the same side of the body.

MEN*N)ES/ VENTR4*2ES/ $N" 4ERE5ROSP*N$2 F2U*"

MEN*N)ES

surround and protect the brain and spinal cord

Three !ayers of the menin-es%

7' "ura mater

the dura mater (latin for hard mother), the outer meninx, is made of dense, fibrous tissue

the most superficial and thickest layer

hast two portions% cranial and spinal

the potential space between dura and bone is ei0ura! sace.

8' $rachnoi0 mater

:spider'like;0 the middle layer which is very thin

delicate serous membrane located between the dura and pia mater

&s the name implies, it has the microscopic appearance of a spider web

The cranial portion invests the brain loosely and with the exception of the longitudinal fissure, it passesover the various convolutions and sulci and does not dip down into them

The subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and the pia is occupied by thin, delicate connectivetissue trabeculae and intercommunicating channels in which cerebrospinal fluid is contained

The one between dura and arachnoid mater is su(0ura! sacefilled with small amount o f serous fluid

1. Pia mater'

:Dentle mother;

the innermost layer0 very tightly bound to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

vascular membrane consisting a plexus of fine blood vessels held together by areolar connective tissue

The cranial portion invests the surface o f the brain and dips down into the sulci.


16/25

VENTR*42ES

a series of < communicating cavities (spaces) within thebrain, lined by ependymal cells and filled withcerebrospinal fluid ("S8)

8our main ventricles%

7' 2atera! ventric!es

relatively large cavity in each of the cerebralhemispheres.

as < distinct parts% anterior horn, body, inferioror temporal horn, and posterior horn

8' Thir0 ventric!e

located in the center of the diencephalon

thin vertical cavity in the midline medial and inferior to the lateral ventricles

9' Fourth ventric!e

located at the base of the cerebellum0 continuouswith the central canal of spinal cord

a rhomboid'shaped cavity overlying the pons andmedulla oblongata and bounded posteriorly by thecerebellum

continuous inferiorly with the central canal of thecervical spinal cord, superiorly with the !ter.


17/25

Foramina of Monro #*nterventricu!ar foramen%' connects lateral ventricles to third ventricle

4ere(ra! aBue0uct of Sy!vius #*ter%' connects third ventricle to fourth ventricle0 passes through the midbrain

Foramen of Ma-en0ie an0 2uschka' connects fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space7 cisterna magna

4ere(rosina! f!ui0 #4SF%

bathes the brain and spinal cord, providing aprotective cushion around the CNS

produced by the choroi0 !e,uses, specialized structures made of ependymal cells, which are located inthe ventricles

fills the brain ventricles, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space

colorless, with a composition similar to that o f lymph

consists o f water with traces of protein, glucose, lymphocytes and even some hormones

the volume o f cerebrospinal fluid is about 7; m!

serves as a water cushion to guard the brain and spinal cord against in$ury

"erebrospinal fluid is continuously formed in all four ventricles by active secretion, principally from thecapillaries o f the choroid plexus (pouch like pro$ections of the pia mater into the ventricles covered with theependymal lining of the ventricles.

4SF F2O.

-roduced in the choroid plexuses of the four ventricleslateral ventricles8oramin of #onrothird ventricle

cerebral a/ueduct of Sylvius (!ter)fourth ventricle (small amount enters the central canal)8oramen of #agendie

and =uschkasubarachnoid spacearachnoid granulations in the superior sagittal sinusenters the venouscirculation

Hy0roceha!us

accumulation of the "S8 in the ventricles due to blockage of the opening in the fourth ventricle or the cerebrala/ueduct resulting to the enlargement of the brain


18/25

THE SP*N$2 4OR"

the elongated and almost cylindrical part o f the "NS,which lies within the vertebral canal

is continuous with the medulla oblongata above andextends from the level of foramen magnum to the lowerborder of +st lumbar vertebra (in some books to the 2nd

lumbar vertebra) in adult and level of =1 vertebra inchildren.

average length%


19/25

the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves descend along the filum terminale in a bundle known as the cau0a eBuina

is the pathway for impulses from the body to the brain, and from the brain to the body. These impulses aredifferent signals our brain sends and receives from our bodies.

Each column of the spinal cord contains ascending and descending tracts, or pathways

The ventral and dorsal roots unite $ust lateral to the spinal cord to form sina! nerves

SP*N$2 NERVES

arise along the spinal cord from the union of dorsalroots and ventral roots

o 0orsa! root' containing fibers of sensory

neurons

o ventra! root' containing fibers of motor

neurons

&ll the spinal nerves contain axons of both sensory and

somatic motor neuron, and thus called mi,e0 nerves.

Spinal nerves are categorized by the region of the

vertebral column from which they emerge (or exit)97 airs of sina! nerves

+. 2 cervical spinal nerves

. + thoracic spinal nerves

1. 4 lumbar spinal nerves


20/25

8' 5rachia! !e,us

originates from < lower cervical spinal nerves ("4'"2) and +stthoracic (T+)

supplies the skin and muscles of the upper limb

1. 2um(ar P!e,us' from =! '=< spinal nervesa. 9bturator nerve

arising from anterior division o f ==1=< spinal nerves

supplies the muscles and skin on medial aspect o f thigh

b. 8emoral nerve

arising from the posterior divisions o f ==1=< spinal nerves

supplies muscles and skin on anterior aspect of the thigh

' Sacra! P!e,us

from =


21/25


22/25

stylopharyngeus)

-arasympathetic% thoracic andabdominal viscera

F& ma$or function of this nerve is tocontrol muscles for voice andresonance along with the soft

palate.

3* Spinal &ccessory nerve #edulla oblongata #otor

"ontrols sternocleidomastoid and

trapezius musclesshrugging ofshoulders

3** ypoglossal nerve #edulla oblongata #otor

-rovides motor innervation tomuscles of the tongue (except forthe palatoglossus, which isinnervated by the vagus nerve)

along with other glossal musclesMovement of the ton-ue

F &n important nerve for swallowingand speech articulation

Some Say Money Matters, 5ut My 5rother Says 5aked 5rownies Matter Most.G

Sensory: !, !!, and A!!!

Motor: !!!, !A, A!, C!, and C!!

Mi,e0: A, A!!, !C, and C

.ith arasymathetic: !!!, A!!, !C, and C

Eye movement: !!!, !A, and A!Taste sensation:A!! and !C2ar-est crania! nerve: "N A

2on-est nerve: "N C


23/25

$UTONOM*4 NERVOUS SYSTEM

comprises motor neurons that carry action potentials from the "NS to the periphery

innervates the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle , and glands

!n &NS, two neurons extend from the "NS to effector organs%

o -reganglionic neuron

o -ostganglionic neuron

composed of%

o Sympathetic Nervous System'

o -arasympathetic Nervous System

"ivision2ocation of Pre-an-!ionic4e!! 5o0y

2ocation ofPost-an-!ionic 4e!! 5o0y

)enera! Function

Symathetic T+'= (thoracolumbar) Sympathetic chain gangliaor collateral ganglia

DFi-ht&or&f!i-ht0 preparesthe body for activity

Parasymathetic "ranial nerves !!!, A!!, !C, Terminal ganglia near or Stimulates involuntary


24/25

and C0 S'S< spinal nerves(craniosacral)

embedded in the walls oftarget organs

activities of the body at rest

Denerally speaking, the actions of the sympathetic division are directed toward mobilizing the bodyHs

energies for dealing with an increase in activity

The actions of the parasympathetic division conserve body energies.

#ost organs are innervated by both divisions, and the effects of each usually are opposite.

The sympathetic system is the more primitive, sometimes exerting a mass action fortified by epinephrine

from the adrenal medulla.o This type of mass discharge has been pictures/uely described as preparing an animal for fight or

flight.

The parasympathetic system is more advanced structurally and functionally. and its actions are never as

generalized as the sympathetic responses.

Effects of $NS on Various Tissues

FUN4T*ONS OF THE $UTONOM*4 NERVOUS SYSTEM

OR)$N SYMP$THET*4 ST*MU2$T*ONP$R$SYMP$THET*4

ST*MU2$T*ON

Eye!ris"iliary muscle

5ilates pupil8lattens lens

"onstricts pupil*ulges lens

Salivary glands 5iminished secretion "opious secretion

=acrimal glands None Stimulates secretion

Sweat glands "opious sweating None

eart !ncreased heart rate 5ecreased heart rate

=ungs *ronchodilation *ronchoconstriction

Stomach 5ecreased motility and tone !ncreased motility and tone


25/25

Stimulates secretion of alkaline $uice with lowenzymatic activity

Stimulates secretion of acid with highenzymatic activity

!ntestine 5ecreased motility and tone contraction !ncreased motility and tone inhibition

-ancreas Aasoconstriction may diminish secretion Stimulate secretion of pancreaticenzymes

&drenal medulla of enalgland

Secretion of epinephrine None

rinary bladder !nhibition of urination Stimulates urination

-enis E$aculation Erection (vasodilation)

Gen Ana 1 the Nervous System (1)

Documents

Transcript of Gen Ana 1 the Nervous System (1)