Post on 01-Dec-2015
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Ser Subj Page No.
1. Introduction
2. Aim
3. Objectives
4. Methodology
PART I
5. Historical Background
PART II
6. Forts of Pakistan
PART III
7. Tourism Potentials in Pakistan
PART III
8. Recommendations
9. Conclusion
10. References
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Introduction
1. Pakistan has a rich cultural heritage and it is depicted in the
form of marvelous structure built for the defense of a state or a
country. There are many forts located all around the world that are
of historical significance. The main purpose behind the
construction of forts was to protect a country from invaders and
enemies. However, they serve another purpose also which
involves making a display of one’s architecture as depicted by its
significance in a culture.
2. Pakistan is proud to have enormous forts with beautiful
architecture and rich cultural significance. Ranikot, the largest fort
of the world is also situated in Pakistan. The reason behind the
accumulation of forts in Pakistan lies in its history. Being signatory
to several international conventions, charters, recommendations
and other documents dealing with cultural heritage, Pakistan is
also expected to follow internationally accepted principles of
conservation, restoration and maintenance of cultural properties
including moveable antiquities in the museums and in conducting
excavations and explorations at the heritage sites.
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Aim
3. To apprise about the rich history of Pakistan’s forts with a
view to suggest measures to increase its potentials for tourism.
Objectives
4. Following are the objectives.
a. To discover historical background of forts around the
world and especially Pakistan,
b. To highlight the present dilapidated state of Pakistan’s
cultural heritage viz a viz Forts of Pakistan.
Methodology
5. The following methodology was adopted to attain information
regarding self-esteem.
a. Internet search
b. Study of relevant literature
c. Personal visit of forts available in periphery of posting
place.
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PART - I
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
4. Definition of FORT
a. (Military / Fortifications) a fortified enclosure, building,
or position able to be defended against an enemy
[from Old French, from fort (adj) strong, from Latin
fortis]
b. A strong or fortified place; especially: a fortified place
occupied only by troops and surrounded with such
works as a ditch, rampart, and parapet.
c. Forts in modern usage often refer to space set aside by
governments for a permanent military facility; these
often do not have any actual fortifications, and can
have specializations (military barracks, administration,
medical facilities, or intelligence).
Ancient
5. From very early history to modern times, walls have been a
necessity for many cities. In Bulgaria Europe near the town of
Provadia a walled fortified settlement today called Solnitsata
starting from 4700 BC was home to 350 people, with two-story
houses with a diameter of about 300 feet (100 meters), encircled
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by a fortified wall. The huge walls around the settlement, which
were built very tall and with stone blocks which are 6 feet (3
meters) high and 4.5 feet (2 meters) thick, are one of the earliest
walled settlements in Europe but it is younger than the walled town
of Sesklo in Greece from 6800 BC.[4][5] Uruk in ancient Sumer
(Mesopotamia) is one of the world's oldest known walled cities.
The Ancient Egyptians also built fortresses on the frontiers of the
Nile Valley to protect against invaders from its neighboring
territories. Many of the fortifications of the ancient world were built
with mud brick, leaving many no more than mounds of dirt for
today's archaeologists.
Medieval
6. Roman forts and hill forts were the main antecedents
of castles in Europe, which emerged in the 9th century in
the Carolingian Empire. The Early Middle Ages saw the creation of
some towns built around castles. These cities were only rarely
protected by simple stone walls and more usually by a combination
of both walls and ditches. From the 12th century hundreds of
settlements of all sizes were founded all across Europe, which
very often obtained the right of fortification soon afterwards.
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7. The founding of urban centers was an important means of
territorial expansion and many cities, especially in Eastern Europe,
were founded precisely for this purpose during the period
of Eastern Colonization. These cities are easy to recognize due to
their regular layout and large market spaces. The fortifications of
these settlements were continuously improved to reflect the
current level of military development. During the Renaissance era,
the Venetians raised great walls around cities threatened by the
Ottoman Empire. The finest examples are, among others,
in Nicosia (Cyprus) and Chania (Crete), and they still stand, to this
day.
Early Modern
8. Medieval-style fortifications were largely made obsolete by
the arrival of cannons on the 14th century battlefield. Fortifications
in the age of black evolved into much lower structures with greater
use of ditches and earth ramparts that would absorb and disperse
the energy of cannon fire. Walls exposed to direct cannon fire were
very vulnerable, so were sunk into ditches fronted by earth slopes.
This placed a heavy emphasis on the geometry of the fortification
to allow defensive cannonry interlocking fields of fire to cover all
approaches to the lower and thus more vulnerable walls.
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9. The evolution of this new style of fortification can be seen in
transitional forts such as Sarzanello in North West Italy which was
built between 1492 and 1502. Sarzanello consists of both
crenellated walls with towers typical of the medieval period but
also has a ravelin like angular gun platform screening one of the
curtain walls which is protected from flanking fire from the towers
of the main part of the fort. Another example are the fortifications
of Rhodes which were frozen at 1522 so that Rhodes is the only
European walled town that still shows the transition between the
classical medieval fortification and the modern ones.
10. Fortifications also extended in depth, with protected batteries
for defensive cannonry, to allow them to engage attacking cannon
to keep them at a distance and prevent them bearing directly on
the vulnerable walls. The result was star shaped fortifications with
tier upon tier of horne works and bastions, of which Bourtange
illustrated to the right is an excellent example. There are also
extensive fortifications from this era in the Nordic states and
in Britain, the fortifications of Berwick-upon-Tweed and the harbor
archipelago of Suomenlinna at Helsinki being fine examples.
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19thCentury
11. The arrival of explosive shells in the 19th century led to yet
another stage in the evolution of fortification. Star forts did not fare
well against the effects of high explosive and the intricate
arrangements of bastions, flanking batteries and the carefully
constructed lines of fire for the defending cannon could be rapidly
disrupted by explosive shells.
12. Worse, the large open ditches surrounding forts of this type
were an integral part of the defensive scheme, as was the covered
way at the edge of the counter scarp. The ditch was extremely
vulnerable to bombardment with explosive shells.
13. In response, military engineers evolved the polygonal style of
fortification. The ditch became deep and vertically sided, cut
directly into the native rock or soil, laid out as a series of straight
lines creating the central fortified area that gives this style of
fortification its name.
14. Wide enough to be an impassable barrier for attacking
troops, but narrow enough to be a difficult target for enemy
shellfire, the ditch was swept by fire from defensive blockhouses
set in the ditch as well as firing positions cut into the outer face of
the ditch itself. The profile of the fort became very low indeed,
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surrounded outside the ditch covered by caponiers by a gently
sloping open area so as to eliminate possible cover for enemy
forces, while the fort itself provided a minimal target for enemy fire.
The entry point became a sunken gatehouse in the inner face of
the ditch, reached by a curving ramp that gave access to the gate
via a rolling bridge that could be withdrawn into the gatehouse.
15. Much of the fort moved underground, with deep passages
and tunnels to connect the blockhouses and firing points in the
ditch to the fort proper, with magazines and machine rooms deep
under the surface. The guns however, were often mounted in open
emplacements and protected only by a parapet - both in order to
keep a lower profile and also because experience with guns in
closed casemates had seen them put out of action by rubble as
their own casemates were collapsed around them.
16. Gone were citadels surrounding towns: forts were to be
moved to the outside of the cities some 12 km to keep the enemy
at a distance so their artillery could not bombard the city center.
From now on a ring of forts were to be built at a spacing that would
allow them to effectively cover the intervals between them.
17. The new forts abandoned the principle of the bastion, which
had also been made obsolete by advances in arms. The outline
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was a much simplified polygon, surrounded by a ditch. These forts,
built in masonry and shaped stone, were designed to shelter their
garrison against bombardment. One organizing feature of the new
system involved the construction of two defensive curtains: an
outer line of forts, backed by an inner ring or line at critical points
of terrain or junctions (see, for example, Séré de Rivières
system in France).
20th and 21st Centuries
18. Steel-and-concrete fortifications were common during the
19th and early 20th centuries. However the advances in modern
warfare since World War I have made large-scale fortifications
obsolete in most situations. Only underground bunkers are still
able to provide some protection in modern wars. Many historical
fortifications were demolished during the modern age, but a
considerable number survive as popular tourist destinations and
prominent local landmarks today.
Counter-Insurgency
19. Just as in colonial periods, comparatively obsolete
fortifications are still used for low-intensity conflicts. Such
fortifications range in size from small patrol bases or forward
operating bases up to huge airbases such as Camp Bastion /
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Leatherneck in Afghanistan. Much like in the 18th and 19th
century, because the enemy is not a powerful military force with
the heavy weaponry required to destroy fortifications, walls
of gabion, sandbag or even simple mud can provide protection
against small arms and anti-tank weapons - although such
fortifications are still vulnerable to mortar and artillery fire.
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PART - II
FORTS OF PAKISTAN
20. Pakistan has a rich cultural heritage and it is depicted in the
form of marvelous structure built for the defense of a state or a
country. There are many forts located all around the world that are
of historical significance. The main purpose behind the
construction of forts was to protect a country from invaders and
enemies. However, they serve another purpose also which
involves making a display of one’s architecture as depicted by its
significance in a culture. Pakistan is proud to have enormous forts
with beautiful architecture and rich cultural significance. Ranikot,
the largest fort of the world is also situated in Pakistan. The reason
behind the accumulation of forts in Pakistan lies in its history. As
Pakistan initially was a part of Indo-Pak sub-continent, it had been
ruled over by various monarchs including Mughals who were fond
of art and architecture. Here are few famous forts of Pakistan with
their respective locations
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Gilgit-Baltistan
Baltit Fort
21. The rich beauty of Baltit Fort can be traced to over seven
hundred 700 years ago. Ayasho II, Tham / Mir of Hunza in the
early 15th fifteenth century married Princess Shah Khatoon (Sha
Qhatun) from Baltistan (In Moghul history Baltistan is called Tibet
Khurd mean, little Tibet), and was the first to modify the face of
Altit and, subsequently Baltit Fort. Baltistan meaning land of Balti
people had a very strong cultural and ethnical relation with the
Ladakh territory of India then. Consequently, the structure of Baltit
Fort was influenced by the Ladakhi / Tibetan architecture, with
some resemblance to the Potala palace in Lahasa
Kharphocho Fort or Skardu Fort
22. The construction of the Kharphocho Fort or the “King of Forts
“has been attributed by Hashmatullah (a historian) to Maqpoon
Bukha or more correctly Bugha, the founder of the kingdom of the
skardu (1490 - 1515 AD) and Mughal historians are of the view
that the fort was constructed by Ali Sher Khan Anchan (1560 -
1625 AD) grandson of Maqpoon Bukha, the most famous Ruler of
Baltistan. Fosco Maraini (a historian) describes the fort in these
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words “This ancient pile is perched like a veritable eyrie on rock of
tawny hue rising sheer and to immense height from the Indus. It’s
site is in effect a massive promontory of rock, 1300 feet in height,
washed by the river at its foot. It is almost an island in the midst of
the plain, and its choice as a perch for a fortress by the early
inhabitants of the valley is not very puzzling one. Even today its
battle-mented flanks touch one of the promontory’s lesser peaks
with the romance of the age of chivalry. The place enjoys the
reputation of impregnability and even in recent time, in the course
of the disorders which followed the India Pakistan partition in 1947,
the people of Skardu flocked to it for safety. Skardu is the capital
city of Baltistan the most popular destinations in Pakistan for the
local as well as foreign tourists due to variety of mountains, lakes,
forts, deserts, streams and plateaus which are extremely beautiful.
Skardu located in the 10 km wide by 40km long Valley at an
altitude of nearly 2,500 at the confluence of the Indus river, the
longest river of Pakistan It flows from Tibet northwest across the
Indian-controlled portion of Jammu and Kashmir, passing between
the western extremity of the Himalayas and the northern extremity
of the Hindu Kush mountain range; it then courses generally south
through Pakistan to the Arabian Sea, and the Shigar River, the
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town is surrounded by grey-brown colored mountains, which hide
the 8,000 metre peaks of the nearby Karakoram range
Altit Fort
23. Altit Fort is an ancient fort above Karimabad in the Hunza
valley in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It was originally home to
the hereditary rulers of the Hunza state who carried the title Mir,
although they moved to the somewhat younger Baltit fort nearby
three centuries later. Altit Fort and in particular the Shikari tower is
more than one thousand years old, which makes it the oldest
monument in the Gilgit–Baltistan. The Altit Fort was in great
disrepair, but has recently been restored by the Aga Khan Trust for
Culture Historic Cities Support Programme and the Government of
Norway. It is characterized by small rooms and low portals with
exquisite wood carvings. Japan has contributed to the renovation
of the surrounding old village. Altit Fort is a tourist site which has
been open to the public since 2007.
24. The word altit means this side down and is a Tibetan word.
The people of Altit are said to belong to the white Huns, although
not much research has gone into the matter. It is said that the
present language Bruchiski was brought here by the white Huns in
47 A.D. The first name for Altit village was Hunukushal, meaning
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the village of Huns. The Huns came from the Huang-Ho valley in
China. The name later changed to Broshal, translated as a village
of Bruchiski speakers. They were spirit worshippers as
Shamanism was in practice. In the 15th century Shia Islam was
introduced.
Shigar Fort
25. The original Shigar Fort Palace was known as Fong-Khar,
which in the local Balti language means, ‘Palace on the Rock'.
Raised on a rocky pinnacle at the foot of the Karakoram
Mountains, a part of the Himalaya, it was built in the early 17th
century by Raja Hassan Khan, the 20th ruler of the Amacha
Dynasty. Believed to have originated in the ancient town of Ganish
in Hunza, legend has it that the Amacha family arrived as refugees
in the Shigar Valley sometime in the 11th century. Persecuted in
their own lands, the Hamacha tribe survived an attempted
massacre by ensuring that a few founding members of their family
escaped to found a new dynasty elsewhere. Fleeing through the
frozen wastes of the glacial Hispar Pass, one of the highest
mountain passes in the world, the survivors arrived in Shigar. Here
they built a fort high on the forbidding cliffs of the rocky valley,
which is one of only two routes leading into frozen wastes of the
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high Karakoram Mountains. Known as Khar-E-Dong, the fort
became the palace home of the Amacha Dynasty, which ruled
their adopted home for 33 generations. In later years, Khar-E-
Dong came under attack from invading Mughal forces, which
captured and destroyed it. Re-establishing his rule, Raja Hassan
Khan realized he would have to build a new fortified palace to
replace the ruins of his old sanctuary. Choosing a site slightly
below the old fort, the Raja spared no expense in his efforts to
make the new fort both impregnable and impressive. Goldsmiths,
sculptors and wood-carvers were brought from Kashmir, a region
renowned for the delicacy and beauty of its architecture. Blending
their skills with those of the local Balti artisans, they created a
unique fusion of Kashmiri detail and stark Balti durability. The end
result, which is now acknowledged as one of the finest
architectural treasures of historic Baltistan, is a forbidding fortress,
which protects within its walls, a palace of rare traditional beauty.
High above it, the forbidding ruins of the Khar-E-Dong stand guard
over the valley as they have for centuries past.
Khaplu Fort
26. Erected in the 19th century on a flat piece of land, the Khaplu
Fort lies near an earlier mud fort constructed on a hill. The palace
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is one of the most magnificent 19th century buildings in the
Northern Areas. A rectangular Baltistan palace plan type, it is
constructed of stone masonry, reinforced with timber members and
rendered in lime plaster. Richly embellished with three storied
timber balconies, verandahs screened with intricate perforated
timber jalis (screens), carved timber posts, fascias and
fenestrations end up making a magnificent symphony of solids and
voids, shadow and light. The lintels, jambs and frames of most
doors and windows are richly embellished. Khaplu Fort is a
rectangular plan type with an inner small courtyard and a lager
garden. Its courtyard is surrounded by a series of double rows of
rooms -- enough rooms to have accommodated the Raja's and his
family's residential needs, as well as accommodating stores,
kitchens, stables etc. Both the inner and outer courtyards are
planned and embellished with Mughal garden elements including
still water pools, flowing water channels, eye-catching fountains
and spectacular baradaris. The most intriguing element of the fort
is its half-octagonal timber entrance, which transforms into a
balcony at the second floor and a guest room at the third floor."
The fort is being restored by the Historic Cities Programme.
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Azad Kashmir
Baghsar Fort
27. This ancient fort is built in samahni valley close to a place
known as Baghsar. Baghsar, means a land of water and gardens.
This beautiful place is 12 km in the east of Samahni town and a
same distance away from Jandi Chontra. It Is famous for its lake
and a huge granite built fort known as Baghsar fort. Baghsar used
to be a focal point during and after the Moghul era due to its
strategic locality and picturesque & calm atmosphere. Baghsar fort
is built at a nearby mountain.
Sharda Fort
28. Sharda Fort is situated in Sharda, a small town in Neelum
district in the Pakistani state of Azad Kashmir. It is one of the two
tehsils of Neelum district, and is reputed to be the most beautiful
spot of the Neelum valley. It is located on the banks of the Neelum
river, about 136 kilometers Northeast of Muzaffarabad. Sharda is a
scenic spot situated at an altitude of 1981m. Sharda and Nardi are
two mountain peaks overlooking Sharda in the valley. It was a
Buddhist and Hindu place of learning for centuries. The Sharada
script was developed here in the 9th century. Other historical sites
in the town include the ruins of the famous temple and Hindu
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pilgrimage site Sharada Peeth, dedicated to the goddess Sharada.
The town also has a tourist rest house and a youth hostel.
Throtchi Castle
29. Throtchi is a town in Kotli District, Azad Kashmir and is
famous for its castle built in 1460. It was here in 1947, that a
contingent of local men headed by Col. Mahmood Mangral
defeated and chased out the Dogra army. The Dogra soldier were
besieged at Throtchi Castle until they decided to make a run for
Jammu. They were chased through Changpur and Khawas
villages, and some through the Mhooli river. They were eventually
caught up at a place called Dabrian, near Joona, where a final
showdown took place. Many of the Dogra soldiers were killed in
the encounter, whilst one or two who were heavily armed managed
to retreat towards Jammu. Today, the late Col. Mahmood Khan
Mangral is regarded as a celebrated hero and Dabrian is place of
national importance. Throtchi is a very nice place. it is full of
greenery and nature.
Ramkot Fort
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30. This ancient fort situated in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan beside
the Mangla Dam. It is accessible through boat and 13 kilometers
away from Dina.and 79 km by road journey from mirpur(azad
kashmir)to Dadyal village.and the fort is away from dadyal by walk
30mins. Located on the summit of a hill, Ramkot Fort is built over
the site of an old Hindu Shiva temple. Three sides of this hill top
are surrounded by the River Jhelum. During excavations relics of
the 5th - 9th century AD have been discovered near one of the
temples. In the 16th - 17th century AD the Muslim rulers of
Kashmir in safe guarding their boundaries built numerous forts.
Ramkot, sitting atop at the confluence of the river Jhelum is one of
them. The Sikh Maharaja of Kashmir further fortified Ramkot.
Muzaffarabad Fort
31. There are two historical forts on opposite sides of the
Neelum River in Muzaffarabad.
a. Red Fort, also known as Chak Fort.
b. Black Fort
32. The construction of the Red Fort was built by the Chak rulers
of Kashmir and finally completed in 1646 by Sultan Muzaffar Khan,
the founder of Muzaffarabad city. After the Mughals took over
Kashmir, the fort lost its importance. The Mughals were more
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interested in Kabul, Bukhara, and Badakshan. During the period of
Durrani rule, however, the fort again once again assumed its
importance.
33. Maharaja Gulab Singh and Rambir Singh, the Dogra rulers,
reconstructed and extended the fort for their political and military
operations. Towards the middle of 1947, the Dogra forces left,
leaving the fort abandoned. The architecture of the fort shows that
great experts in design and structure participated in its
construction. It is surrounded on three sides by the Neelum River
formally known as the Kishenganga River. The northern part of the
fort had terraces with steps leading to the bank of the river. The
eastern side was very well protected from the hazards of flood
waters, but some parts on the north side have suffered damage.
There used to be an inn at the entrance to the fort, but only traces
of that structure remains now.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Bala Hissar Fort
34. Bala Hissar is one of the most historic places of Peshawar.
The word Bala Hissar is from Dari Persian, meaning, “elevated or
high fort”. The name was given by the Pashtun King Timur Shah
Durrani (1773–1793), who used the fort as the winter capital of the
Afghan Durrani Empire, with the summer capital being in Kabul.
The Sikh empire who conquered Peshawar in the early 19th
century named it Samir Garh in 1834 but the name did not become
popular. The Fort has been the headquarters of the Frontier Corps
since 1949
35. Design. The fort stands on a high mound in the northwestern
corner of Peshawar City. Not long ago, the fort used to be
conspicuously away from the old city of Peshawar, but now the
construction of new buildings has covered space between the old
city and the fort. However, the fort's position on a high mound
gives a commanding and panoramic view of Peshawar and the
entire Peshawar valley. On a clear day, one can see the
mountains encircling Peshawar valley and beyond. The area
covered by the inner wall of the fort is about 10 acres (40,000 m2)
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and the outer wall is about 15 acres (61,000 m2). The height of the
fort is about 90 feet (27 m) above ground level.
36. History. Renowned historian Dr A.H. Dani in his book
Peshawar-Historic City of Frontier writes that when Hiuen Tsang, a
Chinese traveller, visited Peshawar in 630 AD, he spoke of a "royal
residence".He says that Chinese word "Kung Shing" used for its
significance and is explained as fortified or walled portion of the
town in which the royal palace stood. Hiuen Tsang then makes a
separate mention of the city, which was not fortified. This shows
that the royal residence formed the nucleus of a Citadel, which
must have been further protected by a moat. Dr Dani further says
that a channel of old Bara River surrounded by a high spot, which
includes the Bala Hissar and Inder Shahr. The higher area could
have been the citadel, which is the present Bala Hissar. Peshawar
has always been a strategic city and its capturing and ruling over it
was of great importance for the invaders and kings.In the 11th
century AD, the Hindu ruler, Raja Jaipal of the Hindushahi dynasty
was defeated in the vicinity of Peshawar and Mehmud Ghaznavi
garrisoned the fort with his army.
37. The British officers who visited Peshawar in the 19th century
mentioned that the fort used to be a royal residence of Afghan
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rulers, he added. The Bala Hissar has seen its construction and
destruction by conquerors, warriors, invaders and kings on several
occasions. After the overthrow of emperor Humayun by the Afghan
King Sher Shah Suri, the Afghans destroyed the fort. When
Hamyun was staying in it he decided to rebuild it before
proceeding to Kabul. He wanted to use the fort for his conquest of
India at a later stage. As his officers did not want to stay back,
Hamayun himself supervised the rebuilding of the fort, which was
soon completed. The Afghan rulers named it "Bala Hissar" a
Persian name meaning high fort while the Sikhs renamed and
rebuilt it calling their fort "Sumergarh" in 1834 but the name did not
become popular.
Chitral Fort (Noghore)
38. Near the Shahi Mosque of Chitral on the right bank of the
river, stranding the majestic Chitral fort, which has been witnessing
the ups and downs of the history for centuries. A fort with a rich
past, especially in 1895, when a coup d’etat cost the life of the
Mehtar (ruling chief) Nizam Ul Mulk, and his half-brother Amir ul
Mulk seized the Chitral fort, chronicle describes that Amir ul Mulk’s
sister was married to Umra Khan, A local Chief of Dir & Bajaur,
came across Lorai pass 3200 m, and seized the Fort.
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39. British Political Agent at Gilgit, Major George Robertson was
sent by the government to report with 400 escorts to Chitral to
report about the situationa, Umra Khan assisted Sher Afzal (so
called Mehtar of Chitral), who during his conquests after Bajaur
and Dir made an excursion to Chitral and Chitral fort was under
siege from 3 March till 19 April 1895. British Garrison at Chitral
Fort held out untill the approach of a small force under Colonel
Kelly, which caused the invaders to withdraw as a result Umra
Khan fled to Afghanistan and Sher Afzal was imprisoned. A visit to
fort may enable you to know about the chronicle of this area, the
whisper of the olden days.
Chakdara Fort
40. This is an old trading junction on the northern side of the
Malakand Pass, where Alexander the Great forded the Swat River
en route to India. Its strategic location has long been known – at
nearby Damkot Hill archaeologists have found evidence of
Gandharan Buddhist occupation as well as a Hindu Shahi fort.
Mughal emperor Akbar garrisoned Chakdara in 1587 during an
unsuccessful attempt to subdue Swat. The attempt was repeated
three centuries later by another great leader, the young Winston
Churchill. Nervous after the Chitral siege, in 1897 the British built
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the present bridge, fort and hilltop picket (named for Churchill).
The Pakistan army occupies the fort so Damkot Hill is off limits to
visitors.
Drosh Fort; Chitral
41. Drosh fort in Chitral is perched on a cliff above the chitral
river. Drosh is the most important town in lower chitral. During the
chitral siege, Drosh fort was the only fort which was captured by
Umra Khan of Jandol without a fight.
Miranshah Fort; North Waziristan
42. House of Tochi Scouts raised in June 1900 by Captain A.
Ferguson Davie at Idak, the fort became the HQs of the corps
when power was transferred here in 1904. At the time of its raising,
the militia consisted of 50 mounted infantry and 800 infantry.
Ladha Fort; South Waziristan
43. Ladha Fort is located almost half-way between Makin and
Kaniguram in the Saam region. The fort has been almost
completely destroyed in fighting between Pakistan army and the
Taleban. Till 2008, it was home to the FC.
Jamrud Fort
44. The Jamrud Fort is located at the entrance to the Khyber
Pass in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. In 1837, the fort was
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captured from Afghan ruler Dost Mohammad Khan by the invading
Sikhs of Punjab. During the Battle of Jamrud, between Muslims
and Sikhs, Sikh Commander Hari Singh Nalwa was killed but the
fort was defended by the Sikhs.[1][2]
45. "In 1836 Dost Mohammad's forces, under the command of
his son Akbar Khan, defeated the Sikhs at Jamrud, a post fifteen
kilometers west of Peshawar. The Afghan leader did not follow up
this triumph by retaking Peshawar, however, but instead
contacted Lord Auckland, the new British governor general in
India, for help in dealing with the Sikhs. With this letter, Dost
Mohammad formally set the stage for British intervention in
Afghanistan. At the heart of the Great Game lay the willingness of
Britain and Russia to subdue, subvert, or subjugate the small
independent states that lay between them.
Malakand Fort
46. The Malakand Pass is a mountain pass in Malakand District,
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The pass road begins at Dargai.
The road across the pass is in good condition, but is always
crowded with a continuous stream of trucks. On the left, Malakand
Fort guards the road at the top of the pass. On the other side of
the pass, the road descends through the market town of Bat Khela,
30
with a Hindu Shahi fort perched above it, and continues past the
headworks of the Swat Canal to the Swat River. The
first bridge across the river is at Chakdara, which carries the road
to Lower Dir and Chitral. There was a battle at the pass during
the Chitral Expedition.
Islamabad Capital Territory
Rawat Fort
47. Rawat Fort is located in Pothohar Pakistan. The fort was built
in early 16th century by Gakhars, a tribe of the Pothohar plateau. It
is 17 km east of Rawalpindi on Grand Trunk Road. The fort was
the scene of a battle between the Gakhar chief Sultan
Sarang Khan and Sher Shah Suri in 1546 AD. The fort is almost in
square form and has two gates. It contains a mosque made up of
three big dome shaped rooms. There is also a quadrangular
building with a dome. Along the wall there are additional small
rooms. In the center of the fort there are many graves. Among
them is the tomb of Sultan Sarang Khan. His 16 sons, who died
there fighting, are also buried inside the fort. Mankiala stupa can
be seen from the roof of the mosque as it is few kilometers from
here.
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Punjab
Attock Fort
48. Attock fort was built at Attock Khurd during the reign of Akbar
the Great from 1581 to 1583 under the supervision of Khawaja
Shamsuddin Khawafi to protect the passage of the Indus. Attock
(Attock Khurd) is a fort and small town in the Punjab Punjab, on
the left or east bank of the Indus, 942 miles from the sea, and
close below the place where it receives the water of the Kabul
River, and first becomes navigable. The name, signifying obstacle,
is supposed to have been given to it under the presumption that no
scrupulous Hindoo would proceed westward of it; but this strict
principle, like many others of similar nature, is little acted on. Some
state that the name was given by the Emperor Akbar, because he
here found much difficulty in crossing the river. The river itself is at
this place frequently by the natives called Attock.
49. On the right bank, opposite Attock, is Khyrabad—a fort built,
according to some, by the Emperor Akbar, according to others by
Nadir Shah. This locality is, in a military and commercial point of
view, of much importance, as the Indus is here crossed by the
great route which, proceeding from Khabool eastward through the
Khyber Pass into the Punjaub, forms the main line of
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communication between Afghanistan and Northern India. The river
was here repeatedly crossed by the British armies, during the late
military operations in Afghanistan; and here, according to the
general opinion, Alexander, subsequently Timur, the Tartar
conqueror, and, still later, Nadir Shah. It featured a prominent role
in Afghan-Sikh Wars during the Battle of Attock. Today it is
sandwiched between Peshawar Road on one side and the
River Indus on the other.
Rohtas Fort
50. Rohtas Fort is a historical garrison fort built by king Farid
Khan, located near the city of Jhelum in Pakistan. This fort is about
4 km in circumference and the first example of the successful
amalgamation of Pashtun and Hindu architecture in the Indian
Subcontinent.
51. Sher Shah Suri named Qila Rohtas after the famous
Rohtasgarh Fort in Shahabad district near Baharkunda, Bihar
which he captured from the Raja of Rohtas Hari Krishan Rai in
1539. Rohtasgarh is situated on the upper course of the river Son,
20 37’ N and 85 33’E. It was built by Harishchandra of the Solar
dynasty and was named after his son Rohitasva after whom the
fort (Rohtasgarh) was named.
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52. Reasons of Construction. Sher Shah constructed Qila
Rohtas to block Emperor Humayun's return to India after defeating
him in the Battle of Kanauj. This fort lies on the old GT road
between the North (Afghanistan and western Pakistan today) to
the Plains of Punjab. It blocked the way from Peshawar to Lahore.
The other reason was to suppress the local tribe of this region
Potohar called Gakhars who were allies of Humayun and refused
their allegiance to Sher Shah Suri. The Emperor instructed the
local Janjua Rajput tribe to help construct the fort to crush the
Gakhars[1] when the latter became openly defiant and persecuting
labourers who attended the construction. The Fort was built
by Todar Mal under orders of Sher Shah.
53. Location. Qila Rohtas is situated in a gorge approximately
16 km NW of Jhelum and 7 km from Dina. It was constructed on a
hillock where the tiny Kahan river meets another rainy stream
called Parnal Khas and turns east towards Tilla Jogian Range. The
fort is about 300 feet (91 m) above its surroundings. It is 2660 feet
(818 m) above sea level and covers an area of 12.63 acres
(51,100 m2).
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54. Overview of Construction. Qila Rohtas is a garrison fort
and could hold a force of up to 30,000 men. Due to its location,
massive walls, trap gates and 3 Baolis (stepped wells) it could
withstand a major siege although it was never besieged. Most of
the fort was built with ashlar stones collected from its surrounding
villages such as Tarraki village. Some parts of the fort were built
with bricks. The fort is irregular in shape and follows the contours
of the hill it was constructed on. The fort is exactly 5.2 km in
circumference. A 533 meter long wall divides the citadel (for the
Chieftain) from other parts of the fort. The fortification has 68
bastions (towers) at irregular intervals. Out of the 3 Baolis, one of
them is in the citadel and the rest are in the other parts of the fort.
One of the Gates (Langar Khani) opens into the citadel and is a
trap gate because it is in the direct line of fire of the bastions. The
Khwas Khani gate is an example of double walling. A small
enclave on the western side is a citadel within a citadel. It is
accessible by only one gate and also had a very fine Baoli which
suggests that it was meant for the Chief and his family. In this
citadel there is a beautiful Mosque called the Shahi Mosque (Not
to be confused with the one in Lahore). There are no palaces in
the Fort except for a structure built by Raja Man Singh called the
Haveli of Man Singh. It is built on the highest point of the citadel.
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55. Cost of Construction. The work on this fort was started in
1541 with Todar Mal Khatri, the revenue minister in charge of the
project. The Gakhars whose area the fort was built on refused to
provide labour for this project. Todar Mal faced with such problems
informed Sher Shah about these difficulties who wrote in reply,” I
know you for a man of business, understanding and intelligence. I
see no work can be expected from you, because you consider
money as your friend. When I have commanded you to do a thing
you ought not to have cared for money in fixing the rate. Whatever
be the expenses, shall be borne by my government. After receiving
this reply, he fixed one red ashrafi (gold coin) for each slab on the
first day. The rate gradually decreased to one paoli (silver coin)
and then to one bahluli (copper coin).Because of the boycott the
cost of construction was huge. It would have been much lower had
it not been for the Ghakkars. The following sources all give slightly
different estimates of the cost:-
a. Waqiat-i-Jahangiri says the cost was Rs. 34, 25,000. It
refers to an engraved stone over the Shishi Gate which
reads
b. “The amount is 16, 10, 00,000 dams and something
more, which is 34, 25,000 Rupees of Hindustan,
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120,000 Tumans of Iran or 1,21,75,000 Khanis of
Turan”.
c. According to Tarikh-i-Daudi, its cost is 80,505,002
Dams (Bahlulis).
56. Choa Sahib (Sikh Shrine outside the fort)..... The choa (the
fountain discovered by Guru Nanak) lies outside the fort. Shershah
Suri tried to cover it for the use of water by his military. He built the
wall around it to take it inside. But every time he tried to cover, the
choa miraclusly went outside the wall of the fort. He tried 7 time.
Finally he gave up.
57. Fortification Wall. The height of the outer wall varies
between 10 and 18 metres. Its thickness varies between 10 and 13
metres. The wall has 2 or 3 terraces and varies in thickness, the
maximum being 13 metres near the Mori Gate. The terraces are
linked by staircases. The topmost terrace has merlon-shaped
battlements. Muskets can be fired from these battlements. Soldiers
could also pour molten lead over the walls. The wall is built in
sandstone laid in lime mortar mixed with brick. The gates are in
grey ashlar masonry. Some portions have been built using burnt
brick.
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58. Gates. The Rohtas Fort has the following 12 gates. All of
them are built in ashlar stone.
a. Sohail Gate. This gate is the best example of masonry
in use in the time of Sher Shah. It derives its name
from a Saint names Sohail Bukhari buried in the south-
western bastion of the gate. Others say that it was
names after the Sohail Star which rises on this side of
the fort.
b. Shah Chandwali Gate.This gate links the citadel to the
main fort. It is named after a Saint Shah Chandwali
who refused to get his wages for working on this gate.
The saint died while still on work and was buried near
the gate. His shrine still stands to this day.
c. Kabuli Gate. This gate opens to the west and is
named “Kabuli” because it faces Kabul. It is a double
gate and its opening is 3.15 meters (10 ft) wide.
d. Shishi Gate. The gate derives its name from the
beautiful glazed tiles used to decorate its outer arch.
These tiles are the earliest examples of this technique
which was later refined in Lahore. These tiles are blue
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in color. An inscription on the left side of the gate gives
the date of construction of the fort.
e. Langar Khani Gate It is a double gate 15.25 meters
(50 ft) high, 3.5 meters (11.5 ft) wide with a central
arched opening. The oouter arch has a small window
like the Sohail Gate. The outer opening leads to a
Langar Khana (Mess or Canteen).
f. Talaqi Gate. This gate is 15.25 meter high and 13.8
meter wide with two bastions on either side. This gates
name derives from “Talaq” (divorce). According to a
legend, Prince Sabir Suri entered the gate and had an
attack of fever which proved fatal. This was regarded
as a bad omen and the name became “Talaqi”.
g. Mori or Kashmiri Gate. The gate opens to the north
and faces Kashmir. This gate opens into one chamber
which opens into another.
h. Khwas Khani Gate. This gate is named after one of
Sher Shah Suri’s greatest general, Khwas Khan. This
was the original entrance to the Qila (Fort) because
outside the gate lies the old GT Road. The inner and
outer arches have sunflower motifs like the Sohail
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Gate. The gate also has a room which has windows
opening to the inside and the outside.
i. Gatali Gate. It is a single gate 9.15 meter high and 6.1
meter deep. This gate faces to the village Gatali Ford
(ravine) which is called also Patan Gatiali or Gatiyalian,
the important point to cross the River Jhelum for the
Kashmir Vally, thus the name.
j. Tulla Mori Gate. This is an entrance rather than a
gate. It is on the eastern side of the fort. It is about 2
meters wide. There is a bastion next to this entrance.
k. Pipalwala Gate. This is a small entrance like the Tulla
Mori Gate. It is 2.13 meter wide.
l. Sar Gate. This is a small entrance. There is a bastion
next to this gate. There is a Baoli next to this gate. It is
called “Sar” because “Sar” means water.
59. Shahi Mosque. This small mosque is near the Kabuli gate. It
has a prayer chamber and a small courtyard. It is the most
decorated of the original buildings of the fort. To be ever ready in
case of attack, stairs lead directly from the courtyard of this
mosque to the top of Kabuli Gate.
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60. Rani Mahal. The Rani Mahal (Queens’s palace) is near
Haveli Man Singh. It is a one storey structure. It originally had four
rooms but only room remains standing today. The foundation of
the four rooms can still be seen today.
61. Stone Carvings. These carvings are found on the gate and
in the mosque. Most of these are engravings in Arabic and
sunflowers. One of these carvings is inside the Shahi Mosque
outside the Pesh Imam's (Prayer leaders) room. The carving is of
the word "Allah" (God) in Arabic. The same carving is also done on
merlons on top of Shahi Mosque. The sunflower motif is on each
sides of the arches of Shahi Mosque. It is also present in the guard
post in between each gate.
62. Calligraphic Inscriptions. Most of these inscriptions are on
the Shahi Mosque. On the outer wall of the mosque the “Kalima” is
written in beautiful calligraphy on both sides of each arch of the
Shahi Mosque. The Naskh script is used. There is an inscription
in Persian on the Shishi gate which gives the date of start of
construction. The same inscription is also found over the Talaqi
gate. There are other inscriptions on the Khwas Khani, Langar
Khani and Gatali gate.
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63. Architectural Style. This fort was built in the Afghan-Persian
architectural style. Afghans and Persians Kings had been coming
to the Indian subcontinent for at least five centuries before the
construction of this fort. Before the construction of this fort, the
combination of these styles had not been harmonious. Qila Rohtas
is the earliest example of the successful
64. Architectural Legacy. Rohtas Fort is an outstanding
example of early Muslim military architecture in the Indian
subcontinent which incorporates features from elsewhere in the
Islamic world. It also had a profound influence on the development
of architectural styles in the Mughal Empire (and hence on the
European colonial architecture that made abundant use of that
tradition). It is also outstanding by virtue of the refinement and high
artistic value of its decorative elements, notably its high- and low-
relief carvings, its calligraphic inscriptions in marble and
sandstone, its plaster decoration, and its glazed tiles. There are no
surviving examples of military architecture of this period on the
same scale in the sub-continent which survive to the same degree
of completeness and conservation. Fatehpur Sikri (India) which is
already on the World Heritage List represents the full Mughal
realization of a form and style that owes everything to its
42
precursor, Rohtas Fort. The recommendation by ICOMOS (the
organization that makes the World Heritage list) made the
following recommendation.
65. Present State. Most of the fort is in a very good state of
preservation. In the portions that have fallen away (Haveli Man
Singh) one can still see some part of the original construction. The
central archway of the Chandwali Gate has been rebuilt recently
so that is the only “fake” part of the fort. In early 2005, seepage,
heavy rains, and general neglect caused the left inner face of the
Talaqi Gate to collapse, and the right flank and foundation to
become detached from the original structure. The Gatali Gate
forms one of the original entrances to Rohtas. Over time, its right
bastion and supporting wall have collapsed as a result of
permeated rainwater and the erosion of its foundations.
66. World Heritage Site. Qila Rohtas was designated a World
Heritage Site in 1997.
67. Himalayan Wildlife Foundation. The Rohtas Fort
Conservation Programme was conceived by the Himalayan
Wildlife Foundation in 2000 to help protect the sixteenth-century
Rohtas Fort near Jhelum, and develop it as a heritage site
conforming to international standards of conservation and tourism.
43
It is undertaking the following projects in conjunction with the Royal
Norwegian Embassy:-
a. Complete restoration of Shah Chandwali Gate
b. Conservation of Haveli Man Singh
c. Conservation of Talaqi Gate and Gatali Gate
d. Establishment of Sher Shah Suri Museum in upper
storey of Sohail Gate
e. Improvement of quality of life in Rohtas Fort village
Giri Fort
68. The glen of Giri is located 8 km north-east of Taxila, at the
foot of Margallah. It is approached through a rough torrent bed
near two villages named Khurram Gujar and Khurram Paracha.
There are remains of two monasteries and stupas, one on the top
of the hill and other below it. The remains of Giri Fort are perched
on the hill top, with spring water falling within it. The fort was built
in 5th century by the Buddhist monks. Later, it was used by Sultan
Masud, son of Sultan Mahmud of Gazni
Fort Munro
69. Fort Munro is part of the Sulaiman Mountain range. The
range is located in central Pakistan, extending southward about
44
280 miles (450 km) from the Gumal Pass to just north of
Jacobabad, separating the North-West Frontier Province and
Punjab from Balochistan. Its heights gradually decrease toward the
south, with summits averaging 6,000–7,000 feet, the highest being
the twin peaks (30 miles from the Gumal Pass) called Takht-i
Sulaiman, or Solomon's Throne, which legend connects with King
Solomon's visit to Pakistan; the higher of the peaks, at 18,481 feet
(5,633 m), is the site of a Muslim Ziyarat (shrine) visited annually
by many pilgrims. The range's eastern face dips steeply to the
Indus River, but on the west the range declines more gradually.
Juniper and edible pines abound in the north and olives in the
centre, but vegetation is scarce in the south. The Ghat, Zao,
Chuhar Khel Dhana, and Sakhi Sarwar are the principal passes in
the north. In the south, west of Dera Ghazi Khan, lies the hill
station of Fort Munro
Fort Derawar
70. Derawar fort is one of the historical fort exist in Pakistan near
Bahawalpur. It is shaped as a large square fortress. As it covers
the large area of land so its forty bastions are visible for many
miles in the cholistan desert. The walls are measured as
circumference of 1500 meters and height is measured up till 30
45
meters long. The Fort was constructed in 1733 by Sadiq
Mohammed Khan I, the first nawab of Bahawalpur. It remains the
property of the Abbasi family, one of the wealthiest families of
Pakistan, and can only be visited with their permission.
71. Visible for many kilometers, the fort has 40 enormous
bastions, most of them intact, and it stands more than 30m high
with a circumference of 1.5km. Most of the interior is in need of
renovation and there isn’t actually that much to see.
72. The mosque outside the fort is in good repair, however.
Made of marble, it was built on the exact lines of the Moti Masjid in
the Red Fort of Delhi (India). You may also be able to get a
glimpse of the royal graveyard through a walled enclosure, which
is a five-minute walk to the east. Its tombs are adorned with
exquisite blue tiles but it’s not open to visitors unless they are
accompanied by a member of the Abbasi family. The exterior of
the fort warrants a visit in any case.
73. The first on the site was built by Rai Jajja Bhati, whose sister
got married to a famous prince of Jaisalmer named as Deoraj. It
remained in the hands of royals of Jaisalmer until captured by the
Nawabs of Bahawalpur and later on it was rebuilt by them in 1733.
In 1747, the fort slipped from the hands of the Abbasis owing to
46
Bahawal Khan’s preoccupations at the land of Shikarpur. Nawab
Mubarak Khan took the strong hold towards the fort back in 1804.
We should be proud that we live in a such country were ALLAH
ALMIGHTY has gifted us with such a beautiful places which still
exist even in this modern era of advancement and technology,
where people still love to visit such places to recall our passionate
history and enhance the patriotism in us and I would like to say
that our youth should promote tourism an visit our historical places
to learn about the background which we belong to.
Lahore Fort
74. The Lahore Fort, locally referred to as Shahi Qila is citadel of
the city of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It is located in the
northwestern corner of the Walled City of Lahore. The trapezoidal
composition is spread over 20 hectares.
75. Origins of the fort go as far back as antiquity, however, the
existing base structure was built during the reign of Mughal
Emperor Akbar between 1556–1605 and was regularly upgraded
by subsequent Mughal, Sikh and British rulers. It has two gates
one is known as Alamgiri Gate build by Emperor Aurangzeb which
opens towards Badshahi Mosque and other older one known as
Maseeti (Punjabi language word means of Masjid) or Masjidi Gate
47
which opens towards Masti Gate Area of Walled City and was built
by Emperor Akbar. Currently Alamgiri Gate is used as the principal
entrance while Masti Gate is permanently closed .The fort
manifests the rich traditions of Mughal architecture.[1] Some of the
famous sites inside the fort include: Sheesh Mahal, Alamgiri
Gate, Naulakha pavilion, and Moti Masjid. In 1981, the fort was
inscribed as a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site along with
the Shalimar Gardens.
76. Origins. The origins of Lahore Fort are obscure and are
traditionally based on various myths. However, during the
excavation carried out in 1959 by the Department of Archaeology,
in front of Diwan-e-Aam, a gold coin of Mahmood of Ghazni dated
AH 416 (1025 AD) was found at a depth of 7.62 meters from the
level of the lawns. Cultural layers continued to a further depth of 5
meters, giving strong indications that people had lived here long
before the conquest of Lahore by Mahmood in 1021 AD. Further
mention of the fort is traceable to Shahab-ud-din Muhammad
Ghuri's successive invasions of Lahore from 1180 to 1186 AD. In
1758, the fort was captured by the Maratha forces under
Raghunathrao.
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77. Then the Bhangi Sikh Dynasty (1716–1810), one of the 12
Sikh Kingdoms (Misl) of Punjab ruled Lahore City from 1760s until
1799 and expanded the City of Lahore. When Ranjit Singh,
another Sikh chief from the Gujranwala area took Lahore from the
Bhangi Misl the Lahore Fort fell to Ranjit Singh and in 1801 he was
crowned as the emperor of all of the Punjab.
78. Lahore Fort and the city from (1799–1849) remained under
the control of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Sher-e-Panjab, and his sons,
grandsons and wives, until the fall of the last Sikh empire or the
Lahore Darbar in 1849.
Fort Abbas
79. Fort Abbas, formerly Pholra, is a town and a tehsil in
Bahawalnagar District in the Cholistan Desert of Punjab, Pakistan.
It is situated South of Haroonabad, near Faqirwali, on the border of
Pakistan and India. Fort Abbas is a historical city and has strategic
importance during the Nawab of Bahawalpur's rule. It was known
as Pholra until it was renamed in 1927 by Nawab Sir Sadiq, who
named it on his eldest son, Muhammad Abbas.
Phrasal Fort
80. Phrasal Fort is about 40km from Rawalpindi near Chirah
Village. It is a Gakhar fort built in the 15th century on the ruins of a
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10th century fort of a Hindu ruler. It was conquered by Emperor
Babar in 1519AD, so is also known as Babar Fort. The fort was
handed back to the natives after the reconciliation of the Mughals
with Gakhar. Later, in 1825, the Sikhs expelled the Gakhars from
this fort.
81. The Hathi (elephant) Gate of the fort towards the north
eastern corner is still grand, while the Begum Gate opens towards
the south western end, though greatly damaged, it stands tall at a
sheer rock rising from the Swan River. The north western gate is
greatly damaged and a smaller gate towards the south eastern
end retains its boundary walls and is used by the inmates as the
main entrance
Pharwala Fort
82. Pharwala is a historic fort located about 40 km from
Rawalpindi in Punjab, Pakistan. It is naturally defended by one
side by a small Himalayan range and the other by the Swaan
River. It is a Gakhar fort built in the 15th century on the ruins of a
10th century Hindu Shahi Fort. The Mughal Emperor Babur
conquered the fort in 1519, however after the Mughals reconciled
with the Gakhars the fort was returned to them.[1] Later, in 1825,
Sikhs expelled Gakhars from this fort. The fort is in a bad shape,
50
being situated in the Kahuta area, is only open for Pakistani
visitors. A small community of Kiani Gakhar lives inside the fort
these days. An old and huge Banyan tree is also found inside the
fort. There is no road and electricity for the fort.
Sheikhupura Fort
83. Located some 35 kilometers north-west of Lahore, the fort
built as a hunting base camp by Mughal Emperor Jahangir has
been prone to natural calamities like the earthquakes and heavy
downpours, as well as vandalism. According to Punjab
archaeology department officials, the monument is badly in need
of swift conservation and consolidation. Otherwise, they
apprehend, the monument may succumb to multiple destructive
influences. “The Mughal and Sikh structures in the fort are in a
dilapidated condition, while the later period additions made from
time to time to the structure are going fragile and may be ruined,”
said an official.
Sialkot Fort
84. Sialkot Fort is one of the oldest forts in Pakistan. The city
of Sialkot, which is one of the oldest cities of Pakistan, has
historical significance due to the Fort. Historian Diayas Jee has
stated that Raja re-established Sialkot city around the 2nd century
51
CE. And ruled over the area between the rivers Ravi and Chenab.
Sálbán built the Sialkot Fort in two years (which, at the time, had
double walls) for the defense of the city. Raja Sálbán, supposedly,
used more than 10,000 laborers and masons for the repair and
extension of the Fort with stone slabs and rocks which were
brought to the location from Pathankot.
85. From 1179 to 1186, Shahab ud-Din Ghori ruled Lahore and
Sindh. With the help of the Raja of Jammu, he captured the Sialkot
Fort. The Sialkot Fort was given to the Janjua tribes by
Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq who accepted their suzerainty in that
region around late 14th century CE.
86. Rashid Niaz, another historian who has authored Tareekh-i-
Sialkot, has written that the second wall of the ancient Sialkot Fort
was discovered by the Sialkot Municipal Corporation in 1923 while
carrying out civil works in the city. At that time, archaeology
experts from Taxila and Delhi visited Sialkot and confirmed that the
stone wall (faseel) was 5,000 years old. Later, that wall was re-
buried.
87. At present, few ruins, including a bastion, are all that is left of
the Fort. Among the many ills plaguing it is the growing number of
52
encroachments which are a blot on its face. The offices of the
district government are located on the premises of the Fort.
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Balochistan
Quetta Fort
88. The earliest mention of Quetta in the history is around the
11th century when it was captured by Mahmood of Ghazni on one
of his invasions of the subcontinent. In 1543 the Mughal emperor
Humayoun rested here on his retreat to Persia, leaving his one-
year - old son Akbar until he returned two years later. The Moghuls
ruled Quetta until 1556, when it was taken by the Persians, only to
be retaken by Akbar in 1595. Quetta has been under the
domination of the Khans of Kalat from 1730. In 1828 the first
westerner to visit Quetta described it as a mud-walled fort
surrounded by 300 mud houses. Although occupied briefly by the
British during the First Afghan War in 1839, it was not until 1876
that Quetta came under permanent British control and Robert
Sandeman was made political agent in Balochistan
Kalat Fort
89. It has been known in earlier times as Kalat-i-Seva (from a
legendary Hindu king) and Kalat-i Nicari which connects it with the
Brahoi tribe of Nicari , which is generally accepted as belonging to
the oldest branch of the indigenous Brahois. The town of Kalat is
54
said to have been founded by and named Qalat-e Sewa (Sewa's
Fort), after Sewa, a legendary hero of the Brahui people.
Punnu Fort
90. The ruins of Punnu Fort (also called Punnu’s Fort) are sited
about 15km from Turbat, a city in southern part of Balochistan.
According to archaeologists Punnu Fort could date back to 6000-
8000 BC.The fort looks like it would have been small and possibly
made of mud and stones. There are vantage points where one
could see quite distance across Turbats plains to the Makran
mountain ranges. The remains of Punnu Fort, surrounded by date
trees on a high ground can be a good picnic point in a nice
weather.
Mir Chakar Fort
91. Mir Chakar Fort is situated in Sibi (a city at a distance of 160
km south east of Quetta).The fort was constructed by Mir Chakar
Khan Rind in 15th century. Mir Chakar Khan Rind also known as
Meer Chakar Khan or Chakar-i-Azam was a well-known Sardar of
Baloch tribe. He is remembered as a Baloch Hero who defeated
Lashari Tribe after war which lasted thirty years. After that victory,
he went to lead a war against King Sher Shah Suri of Afghanistan.
Mir Chakar Khan was defeated in that war and had to settle in in
55
Punjab, where he died in 1565.The tomb of great Baloch Worrier
and Head of Rind Tribe is in Satghara which is a small town near
Okara. Mir Chakar Fort is now one of the famous historical tourist
destinations in Sibi. The fort has lost its dignity due to lack of
attention and proper preservation. It has been surrounded by
village; its wall has broken down. A big wooden door is still intact &
reminds us of our rich heritage. The fort needs Government
attention to salvage it from further destruction.
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Sindh
92. Sindh’s history and its past can be explored through the
magnificent forts present in Sindh. The more well-known ones are
Rani Kot fort, Kot Diji Fort, Umerkot Fort and Pakka Fort popularly
known as ‘Pakka Qila’ of Hyderabad. There are many other forts in
Sindh too which include Fort of Ghulam Shah Kalhoro, Sehwan
Sharif Fort, Dahleel Kot Fort, Kalan Kot Fort, Nind Kot Fort,
Kherien Kot Fort, Fort of Karachi, Ratto Kot Fort, Ranno Kot Fort,
Malaaki Kot Fort and others.
Kot Diji Fort
93. The Kot Diji Fort, formally known as Fort Ahmadabad,
dominates the town of Kot Diji in Khairpur District, Pakistan about
25 miles east of the Indus River at the edge of the Nara-Rajisthan
Desert. The fort was built between 1785 to 1795 by Mir Sohrab
Khan Talpur, founder of the Kingdom of Upper Sindh in 1783. In
addition to the fort, a 5 kilometer, 12 feet wide mud wall was built
around the city. This defensive wall had bastions throughout its
length and a huge iron gate served as the city's only entrance.
The fort was considered invincible and served as the residence of
the Emirs of Khairpur in times of peace. It is, therefore, the
ancestral home of royal house. During war time
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the zenana (female members of the royal family), would be shifted
to Shahgarh Fort, formerly within the realm but since 1843, after
the conquest of the rest of Sindh, it is in the Thar and Jaisalmer
desert, now in India. When the Zenana moved into the comfort of
palaces, it stood mainly as a decorated reminder of more violent
times. Throughout its whole history, however, Fort Kot Diji was
never attacked.
Battle Position
94. After the merger of the State with Pakistan in 1955, the fort
could have been included with the personal property of the Mir of
Khairpur (as is the case with other ex-sovereign rulers who still
possess their forts). However, Mir Ali Murad II thought it
appropriate to hand it over to the government of Pakistan,
expecting better maintenance. Since then, the fort has fallen into
serious disrepair and is presently in a derelict condition. Most of
the lime mortar plaster has fallen of the walls, leaving the bricks
exposed. During the time of Ayub Khan, 192 cannons and mortars
based at and collected in the fort were stolen or destroyed by
being thrown from the bastions; other decorative fixtures and
fittings were stolen as well. Apart from many indigenously made
cannons, the collection included those built for Nadir Shah, the
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Qajar emperors, and the Kalhora, Mughal and Safavid dynasties,
along with antique European cannons.
Pacco Qillo
95. Pacco Qillo or the strong fort is a centuries old landmark of
the present day Hyderabad city in the Sind province of Pakistan. I
had only heard of the place in history books but never saw it till
some years before when I happened to have gone to Karachi
by train. And there it was vividly visible from the train window, the
sadly dilapidated Pacco Qillo, badly encroached, and in poor state
of maintenance.
96. The fort was built by the Kalhora chief Ghulam Shah Kalhora
on one of the three hills in the present day Hyderabad in 18th
century (1766 to be precise). The fort was built on a higher ground
due to the changing course of the River Indus as the official
residence of Ghulam Shah Kalhora. The massive half-a-square
kilometer (about 36 acres) garrison was completed by 1768, which
also served as the court of Ghulam Shah Kalhora as well. The fort
braved the atrocities of time but finally succumbed to its almost
demise and present day decayed form when the Muslims
migrating from India in 1947 sought temporary refuge in inner
premises to make room for their residences. But then they made it
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their permanent abode and continue to do so till date, turning this
famous land markintoa permanent locality.
Ranikot Fort
97. Ranikot For is a historical fort in Sindh province of Pakistan.
Ranikot Fort is also known as the great wall of Sindh and It is the
world's largest fort with a circumference of approximately 26 km or
16 miles. Since 1993, it has been on the tentative list of UNESCO
World Heritage Sites.
98. Location. Ranikot Fort is situated in the Kirthar Range,
about 30 km southwest of Sann, in Jamshoro District, Sindh
Province, Pakistan. It is approximately 90 km north of Hyderabad,
in vicinity of 25.8965N, 67.9025E.
99. Dimensions. Ranikot Fort, one of the largest forts in the
world. Ranikot Fort has an approximate diameter of 6 km. Its walls
are on the average 6 meters high and are made of gypsum and
lime cut sandstone and total circumference is about 20 km. While
originally constructed for bow and arrow warfare it was later
expanded to withstand firearms .It is reputed to be the largest
unexplored fort in the world. The purpose of its construction and
the reason for the choice of its location are still unknown. Ranikot
is the most talismanic wonder of Pakistan and Sindh Province.
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Visible from five kilometers, its massive undulating walls twist and
dip over the hills. With the circumference of about twenty
kilometers, its walls, built with dressed sandstone and reinforced
with 45 bastions along the outer wall, of which 7 are rectangular
and the remaining are round. All modified through the ages to
accommodate the use of gunpowder, this perhaps makes it the
largest fort in the world.
100. History. The original purpose and architects of Ranikot Fort
are unknown. Some archaeologists attribute it to Arabs, or possibly
built by a Persian noble under the Abbasids by Imran Bin Musa
Barmaki who was the Governor of Sindh in 836. Others have
suggested a much earlier period of construction attributing to at
times the Sassanians Persians and at times to the Greeks. Despite
the fact that a prehistoric site of Amri is nearby, there is no trace of
any old city inside the fort and the present structure has little
evidence of prehistoric origins.
101. Archaeologists point to 17th century as its time of first
construction but now Sindh archaeologists agree that some of the
present structure was reconstructed by Mir Karam Ali Khan
Talpur and his brother Mir Murad Ali in 1812 at a cost of 1.2 million
rupees (Sindh Gazetteer, 677).
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102. Fort Ranikot is located in Lakki Mountains of the Kirthar
Range to the west of the River Indus at a distance of about 30
kilometers from the present day town of Sann. A mountainous
ridge, Karo Takkar (Black Hill), running north to south, forms its
western boundary and the 'Lundi Hills' forms its eastern
boundary. Mohan Nai, a rain-stream enters the fort from its rarely
used western 'Mohan Gate', where it is guarded by a small
fortification, changes its name to 'Reni' or 'Rani Nai' or rain-stream
and gives the fort its name. Ranikot is thus the 'fort of a rain
stream' - Rani. It runs through it, tumbles in a series of turquoise
pools to irrigate fields and leaves the fort from its most used 'Sann
Gate' on the eastern side. It then travels about 33 kilometers more
to enter the Lion River - Indus.
103. Research. The size of Ranikot defies all reasons. It stands in
the middle of nowhere, defending nothing" writes Isobel Shaw. So
why was this fort built here in the desolate terrain of the Kirthar
range? Many theories have been developed to answer this
question. According to Ishtiaq Ansari, the Talpurs had sent their
families to Thar and Kachchh when Afsharids attacked Sindh
during the times of Kalhoras. However, after acquiring the rule of
Sindh, they wanted a safe and secure place where they can send
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their families during the troubled times. This might have prompted
them to rebuild this fort to their needs. Rahimdad Khan Molai
Sheedai holds view that its location in Kohistan on the western
frontiers of Sindh gave it its strategic value. Whereas Mazher
Ansari is of the opinion that, it was first constructed in the
Achaemenid Dynasty of the Persian Empire (550 - 330 BC). As
this empire stretched from Turkey in the west, where a similar wall
is constructed near the Caspian Sea called The Great Wall of
Gorgan, which is 155 km in length and to the east up to River
Indus in Sindh, where this majestic fort is located. Access to this
man-made marvel of ancient times is possible through a metaled
road, which goes up to Meeri Kot.
Qasim Fort
104. The Qasim Fort is a small fort constructed in the 18th century
by the Talpur dynasty when the port of Karachi traded with Oman
and Bahrain. The fort was stormed by the British in 1839 because
of the strategic location of Karachi. Although the fort is now buried
beneath the naval base, the lighthouse is a visible reminder of the
British presence having been built in 1889 to assist vessels
approaching Karachi harbor.
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105. History of modern day Karachi begins from this fort as.... On
February 1, 1839, a British ship, the Wellesley, anchored off the
island of Manora. By 3 February, the fort at Kolachi had
surrendered without firing a single shot and this small fishing
village crossed a turning point in its life.
Umarkot Fort
106. Umarkot is a fort located in Umerkot, sindh, also called
Amarkot. Emperor Akber was born in Umarkot Fort when his father
Humayun fled from the military defeats at the hands of Sher Shah
Suri on 15 October 1542. Amir Hussein of Umarkot, who had risen
to power with the help of the Mirza clan, had given refuge to
Mughal Emperor Humayun and it was there Hamida Bano Begum
gave birth to young Akbar. Later the Mughal Emperor Akbar
became the Shahenshah of Hind and was a popular figure with
both Hindus and Muslims. Umerkot has many sites of historical
significance such as Mughal emperor Akbar's birthplace at
Umarkot Fort.
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PART - III
TOURISM POTENTIALS IN PAKISTAN
107. Tourism in Pakistan has been stated by the Lonely Planet
magazine as being the tourism industry's "next big thing".
Pakistan with its diverse cultures, people and landscapes has
attracted 0.7 million tourists to the country, almost double to that of
a decade ago. Pakistan's tourism industry was in its heyday during
the 1970s when the country received unprecedented amounts of
foreign tourists, thanks to the Hippie trail. The main destinations of
choice for these tourists were the Khyber Pass, Peshawar,
Karachi, Lahore, Swat and Rawalpindi.
108. The country's attraction range from the ruin of civilization
such as Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and Taxila, to the Himalayan hill
stations, which attract those interested in winter sports. Pakistan is
home to several mountain peaks over 7000 m, which attracts
adventurers and mountaineers from around the world, especially
K2. The north part of Pakistan has many old fortresses, ancient
architecture and the Hunza and Chitral valley, home to small pre-
Islamic Animist Kalasha community claiming descent from
Alexander the Great. The romance of the historic Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa province is timeless and legendary, Punjab province
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has the site of Alexander's battle on the Jhelum River and the
historic city Lahore, Pakistan's cultural capital, with many
examples of Mughal architecture such as Badshahi Masjid,
Shalimar Gardens, Tomb of Jahangir and the Lahore Fort. Before
the Global economic crisis Pakistan received more than 500,000
tourists annually. However, this number has now come down to
near zero figures since 2008 due to instability in the country and
many countries declaring Pakistan as unsafe and dangerous to
visit.
Types of Tourism in Pakistan
109. The tourists usually travel to see different places and things
other like different climates, nature, cultures, people, customs,
arts, cuisines, languages, unique festivals, old historical buildings
and sites etc. The reason why Pakistan has a great potential in
tourism industry is that it possess every single things that could
meet the demand of visitors. Following are the types of tourism in
Pakistan:-
a. Heritage Tourism. Pakistan is a home to the most
spectacular ancient cities of the World including the
Indus and Gandhara civilization. Taxila , Moenjodaro
and Harrppa, museums, Mughal heritage and the silk
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route, Badshahi Masjid, Shalimar Gardens, Tomb of
Jahangir and the Lahore Fort and the great heritage of
Mughals in Punjab
b. Religious / Spiritual or Pilgrimage Tourism.
Pakistan is also famous for its shrines and temples.
Each year not only Muslims from different countries
come to visit the holy shrines but also the Hindus,
Sikhs and Buddhist visit Pakistan for pilgrimage.
c. Cultural Tourism. Besides archaeological sites and
architecture masterpieces of Mughal emperors and
British antecedents, Pakistani cuisine and festivals are
yet another interesting part of rich Pakistani culture.
The food streets in pakistan are becoming a major
source of attraction for tourists as they can enjoy the
local Pakistani food as well as the colorful streets and
people shopping in the streets at the same time.
Famous food streets in Pakistan are Food street
Gawalmandi and Aarkali in Lahore, Melody and Blue
Area food street in Islamabad, Burns Road in Karachi,
Ghantar Ghar in Peshawar.Festivals tend to provide
celebration,joy,mental and physical refreshment to not
only local people but also the tourists who come with
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the aim to explore and enjoy different cultures and
festivals. Some of the famous cultural ceremonies and
festivals of Pakistan include Lok virsa mela, Horse and
cattle shows, Basant or kite flying, Festival of lamps
Northern areas festivals including the famous (Kalash
festivals, Silk route festivals)etc.
d. Adventure or ECO Tourism. Eco or adventure
tourism is the most significant part of the tourism
industry as Pakistan is blessed with worlds most
beautiful and renowned mountains, lakes valleys,
glaciers and passes. Tourists not only enjoy the site
viewing but also perform activities like skiing, hiking,
surfing, camping and cruising. Mountaineering and
trekking are the most exciting activities that tourists
enjoy. World’s second largest mountain K2 and
Switzerland of Asia known as Swat Valley is also
located in Pakistan. Silk route is also included among
Pakistan attractions as it is an ancient route connecting
east and the west. Pakistan is also a home to 31
natural and manmade lakes and reservoirs. The
helicopter or train safari is also very famous among
tourists as they travel to see the most spectacular
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views of landscapes and mines across the country.
The helicopter safari is the latest means of travelling as
it takes you high in the sky so you can enjoy the
highest peaks in the north and deserts in the south.
e. Wild Life Tourism. There are about 14 national parks
which give a beautiful glimpse of the rich Flora and
Fauna of Pakistan. And there are 2 safari parks with
various types of animals like tigers, lions, monkeys,
elephants, giraffes, pythons, birds, deer’s etc.
f. Sports Tourism. Pakistan is popular as a tourist
sports destination. Himalayan range which is the
world’s highest mountain range in the world demands
for professional trekking along with general trekking.
Other types of sports tourism include white water
rafting, wild boar hunting in deep forests, shandur polo
games, mountain biking, golf, ice climbing, rock
climbing, snowboarding, skiing, caving and pot holding
etc. Rich people and Prince come from middle east for
deer hunting in Pakistan. All the above mentioned
factors contribute positively to Pakistan tourism
industry but along with these, there are also negative
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factors which are affecting our tourism industry and
have resulted in the loss of tourists’ arrival in Pakistan.
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110. Factors Effecting Tourism of Pakistan
a. Unfavorable Political Conditions. Pakistan has been
one of the favorite places for tourists but now the
situation has been completely changed. The reason is
its unfavorable political conditions. People think it an
unsafe place after the assassination of popular political
figures like Benazir Bhutto and Salman Taseer
(governor of major province Punjab). Moreover the
corrupt leaders don’t pay attention to this major
industry which can take its economy to the highest
peak
b. Lack of Proper Infrastructure. Infrastructure in
Pakistan is a great cause of the failure of profitable
tourism industry. There are not proper roads, railway
tracks and other transportation services. So tourists
find it difficult to visit different places in Pakistan. Poor
infrastructure is a hindrance in the way of developed
and flourished tourism industry.
c. Inability to Cope with Natural Disasters. Pakistan’s
government lacks the ability to cope with the natural
calamities. Northern areas of Pakistan have been the
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tourists’ favorite place but after earthquake of 2005,
those areas suffered incomparable loss but nothing
had been done for their re-construction and
redevelopment. Poor disaster management caused a
loss to the tourism industry.
d. Inefficiency of Airlines. Transportation sector is most
important sector of any economy and aviation industry
is major part of this sector. In Pakistan the
transportation and communication sector holds more
than 10% share in GDP (Gross Domestic Production).
The aviation industry can affect the other sector of the
economy, e.g. the International Trade, tourism and
socio-economic condition of the country. But there are
some crashes which pull down the image of Pakistan in
the eye of others and in result people found it unsafe to
visit Pakistan, which is affecting the tourism of our
country.
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PART - IV
Recommendations
111. The tourism sector has faced economic losses since 1988.
The major events such as US invasion in Afghanistan and Iraq
2003; and Mumbai terror attacks 2008, all seem to have a
combined adverse effect on the business of hoteliers and tour
operators, and inflicted huge financial losses on the economy in
Pakistan. Hence, efficient integrated approaches, which focus on
all the aspect of ecotourism, are essential to control the negative
impacts on tourism:-
a. To control the sectarian clashes and terrorism, the root
causes should be identified and treated. These issues
require urgent attention. A clear political status, political
stability, and public awareness, are basic elements for
the abolition of sectarianism.
b. The dichotomist administration and public
unawareness appear to be the major causes of the all
critical situation, the lack of intentional direction,
absence of approachable decision-making, integrated
and holistic policy for community issues resolutions,
contribute to typical pitfalls.
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c. Constrains to sustainable tourism, also include
unawareness of public and religious monopoly.
General public is unaware of religious, political and
social rights, due to which they cannot understand
causes and effects of ongoing invoked sectarianism.
The societal backwardness of the area, certainly
contributes to sectarian violence
d. Long-term plans for tourism, appear to be impossible.
The upgrading in economic status of the area, through
policy implementations and self-governance, would
certainly help to work out various economic issues.
e. Tourism education is the key tool to develop innovative
development and awareness in tourism sector. To
promote sustainable tourism, there is need for up to
dated and issue- focusing curriculum modules in
educational institutions, academic occupational and
f. Tourism management skill is another important aspect,
which should be considered to address the challenges
in tourism sector. There are a few aspects such as
management of economic, human resources,
operation, communication, problem solving capability,
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decision making, and strategy have emerged all the
way through research on management skills
g. To accomplish the demands of eco-tourists, who at a
time require entertainment, education, comfort,
adventure and security, compel the marketers, for
better management in tourism industry, to maintain the
interest of tourists and significance of destination. This
can be achieved by innovative management skills.
h. The concept of sustainable tourism (ecotourism),
should be essentially considered for restoring tourism
sector. Lack of sustainable indicators and benchmarks,
inaccessibility due to poor infrastructural facilities, and
inadequate transportation system, are major
challenges for sustainable development as
communication, co-ordination and interaction between
stakeholders is impossible without proper
transportation system. Locally affordable and
accessible lodging for service employees and tourists.
i. For sustainable tourism, an innovative approach should
be taken by all stakeholders, under the umbrella of
integrated and comprehensive policies, strategies,
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actions and tools, which ensure community active
participation.
j. The tourism is often controlled by private and non-local
organizations, seeking temporary advantage and
conflicting with the preservation of local rights. On the
other hand, competition for revenue from tourism,
increased while maintenance and reinvestment in the
community, may be low on the priority list.
k. Worldwide attention is given to initiatives, which
combine aspects of tourism development of the
community reinvestment of income, cultural
inheritance, and conservation.
l. The sources for security of tourists, accessibility to
international market and human resources stock,
business culture, and publicity of eco-tourism potential
areas, must be explored.
m. A policy reform is needed from the national level to
local level. Policy instruction is the prime responsibility
of the Government. Considering the specific needs of
this mountainous area, it is crucial, that firm
components should be incorporated within the policy.
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Good safety measures are major elements for
sustainable tourism.
Conclusion
112. Our country has a rich and continuous history that saw some
of the oldest civilizations and many foreign invaders and rulers
who came to this region and all left their imprints in different ways.
Among the legacy of such an extensive history are the forts that
still stand, ranging from simple defensive structure to massive
complexes. The best way to honor the past is to preserve it. That
is what several important buildings and sites may speak today.The
cultural heritage that exists today in physical form and in historical
records is the common heritage of us all, giving us an awareness
of our common history and common future, as well as being an
essential part of our cultural identity. Being custodian of this
common heritage, we are responsible for its preservation and
continuation for the benefit of our present as well as future
generations. This responsibility is to be shared jointly and
scrupulously by the society so that its continuity is ensured in the
full richness of its authenticity for the times to come.
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