Post on 04-Apr-2018
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The Way It Works
1)Potential
4) Electrical
2) Kinetic 3) Mechanical
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MAJOR COMPONENTS OF HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECTS
River Diversion Structures
Dam
Spillway
Desilting Arrangements
Power Intake Structure
Headrace Tunnel/ChannelSurge Shaft
PenstockPower house
Tailrace Tunnel/Channel
Hydro mechanical works such as Gates, Hydraulic hoistsElectromechanical works
Hydroelectric power plants capture the energy of falling water togenerate electricity. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of fallingwater into mechanical energy. Then a generator converts the
mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy. It isprimarily the type & layout of the components, which leads
uniqueness to each project. Three basic elements are necessary inorder to generate power from water: a means of creating head, aconduit to convey water and a power plant.
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Dam / Barrage
Reservoir
PenstockWater Conductor
Tail Race
IntakeSurge Shaft
Power House
COMPONENTS OF HYDRO POWER PROJECTS
COMPONENTSOF
HYDROELECTRICPROJECT
http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.industcards.com/arrow-lakes.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-canada.htm&h=220&w=300&sz=66&tbnid=Yj2BCT7URa0J:&tbnh=81&tbnw=111&hl=en&start=11&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtailrace%2Bchannel%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26as_qdr%3Dall7/31/2019 Fluid Machine
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Reservoir Scheme
Run of River SchemePump Storage Scheme
Types of Hydroelectric Power Schemes
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Rockfill dam
Clay coreRock Rock
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Power HousePower House is a building housing the turbines,
generator, control and protection equipments' and
other auxiliaries foroperating the machines. APower House has following components in general,
for which hydel civil design should make adequate
arrangements;
Spiral case and wicket gates
Turbine
Draft tube
Tail Race Channel / Tunnel
GeneratorGovernors
Buswork, circuit breakers
Transformers
Switchyard
Auxiliary equipment
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Trash racks
Trash rack is a screen provided at the
intake to prevent entry of floating debris like
grass, leaves, trees, timber etc., into thewater conductor system. Each screen
consists of vertical trash bars welded to
space bars consisting of flat/channel
sections.
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Intake Structure
A water intake must be able todivert the required amount of water
into the power canal or into thepenstock without producing anegative impact on the localenvironment and with the minimumpossible headloss.
Components of Intake Structure
Trash rackTrash rack supporting structure
Stop logs & control gatesAnti-vortex arrangements
Bell mouth & transition
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Stop logs and control gates
Stop logs and control gates are
provided for regulation of flow into thewater conductor system. Stop logs are
used when the intake gate needs
maintenance and repairs. Grooves for
stop logs and gates are provided
generally in the intake body or piers.
Bell Mouth and transitions
The entrance is shaped in the form ofa bell mouth so as to have a smooth
flow and reduced losses. As already
mentioned, the intake may be inclined
or vertical with respect to the dam axis.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://beteru.free.fr/coupe_fichiers/barrage.gif&imgrefurl=http://beteru.free.fr/detailbarrage.htm&h=915&w=1188&sz=22&tbnid=PAzldG-ALY4J:&tbnh=115&tbnw=150&hl=en&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2B%2522barrage%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26as_qdr%3Dallhttp://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.esotec.co.nz/hb/DrawGIFs/Bellmouth.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.esotec.co.nz/hb/HTML/Drawings.html&h=315&w=475&sz=7&tbnid=G2cMPHD28k8J:&tbnh=83&tbnw=126&hl=en&start=8&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbellmouth%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26as_qdr%3Dall7/31/2019 Fluid Machine
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Surge Shaft / Tank
Surge Tank is provided in water conductor
system primarily to reduce the surge pressureto be considered in the design of penstock /pressure shaft. This economizes the design ofpenstock / pressure shaft justifying the extracost in the provision of Surge Tank.
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Penstock / Pressure Shaft
Conveys water from the intake structure to thepowerhouse A canal, pipe, or tunnel is required, where
the powerhouse is separated from the intake. A
penstock may be several miles long at diversion-type
projects. The remainder of the penstock, where most of
the drop in elevation occurs, would be a pressurized
tunnel or pipe. Because the cost of a pressurized tunnel
or pipe is much greater than that of a low-pressure
tunnel or pipe, it is usually desirable to minimize the
length of the high-pressure penstock.
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Rammam Hydel Project, West
Bengal
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Rammam Hydel Project, West
Bengal
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Khandong Penstock Project, Assam
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Chandil Dam Penstock, Bihar
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Spillway
Stilling Basin / Flip Bucket
Energy dissipation arrangement
Spillway is to discharge surplus flow without damage tothe dam, powerhouse, or riverbed below the dam. The
most common type of spillway is the overflow. To permitmaximum use of storage volume, movable gates aresometimes installed above the crest to control discharge.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.learnz.org.nz/trips05/images/big/b-hp51clyde-spillway-contac.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.learnz.org.nz/trips05/hydro51.php&h=640&w=445&sz=31&tbnid=24Uk9nMWZP4J:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&hl=en&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2B%2522spillway%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG%26as_qdr%3Dall7/31/2019 Fluid Machine
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Desilting Chamber / Basin
Most of the rivers carry heavy sediment load either insuspension or as bed load. The suspended load,
especially the sharp edged fine sand (quartz) transported
by rivers in hilly terrain causes rapid wear of turbine runner
blades / buckets due to abrasion. This abrasion tendency
increases with the head. In course of time, this may result
in shut down of units for considerable duration thereby,
causing enormous loss of power and revenue. Therefore,
it is necessary to provide necessary arrangements for
exclusion of sediments from the water.
http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/fluid/abrasion/wb_desilting_basins_of_hydro_power_plants.jpg/image&imgrefurl=http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/fluid/abrasion/wb_desilting_basins_of_hydro_power_plants&h=208&w=221&sz=12&tbnid=AeykLp4DaioJ:&tbnh=96&tbnw=102&hl=en&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddesilting%2B%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26as_qdr%3Dall7/31/2019 Fluid Machine
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Cross- sectional view of
Turbine Generator
assembly
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GEN SEC
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TYPE OFTURBINE
KAPLAN
FRANCISPELTON
REVERSIBLE
BULB
Turbine- converts the potential energy of water intomechanical energy, which in turn drives the generator.
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MACHINING OF RUNNERS
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Bulb generators
32.6 MVA78.9 rpm76 poles10.5 kV
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Spiral case and wicket gates- to direct and control the water
entering the turbine runner. The spiral case is a steel-lined conduitconnected to the penstock or intake conduit, and it distributes flow
uniformly into the turbine. Wicket gates are adjustable vanes that
surround the turbine runner entrances and they control the area
available for water to enter the turbine.
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NationalHydroelectricPower
CorporationL
td.
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BUTTERFLY VALVE
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ASSEMBLY OF MIV
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Draft tube- conveys the water from the discharge side of the turbine to the tailrace.It is designed to minimize exit losses.
Tail Race Channel / Tunnel
The Channel/ Tunnel, through which the water returns to the river after passing
through the turbine is called Tail Race Channel / Tunnel. This is the last leg of the
journey of water to watts. Its design as a channel / Tunnel follows the same
principles as in the case of Head Race Channel / Tunnel, except that often it has
reverse slope. Another important criteria in design of Tail Race Channel / Tunnel is
the determination of Tail water Level, which actually determines the net availablehead, and therefore, power generation potential.
Generator converts the mechanical power produced by the turbine into electricalpower. The two major components of the generator are the rotor and stator, The rotor is
the rotating assembly, which is attached by a connecting shaft to the turbine, and the
stator is the fixed portion of the generator.
Governors- regulates the speed and output of turbine-generator units by controlling the
wicket gates to adjust water flow through the turbine.
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Gate Radial gate is to regulate the flow / discharge.Vertical gates can be lowered or raised through a
tunnel, or across its entrance, to control the flow of
water through it. Gates are often constructed from steel.
A vertical gate
stored in the top of a
tower while water is
flowing through theoutlet below
The gate hoisting gear on
a floor above the gate
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WICKET GATES
AND RUNNER
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SPIRAL
CASE
WITH
GUIDE
VANES
R di l G t S i il j t
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Radial Gate Srisailam project
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Radial Gate Srisailam project
High Pressure Radial Gate & Hydraulic
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High Pressure Radial Gate & Hydraulic
Hoist Beas Project
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Vertical Slide Gate Tenom Pangi HEP,Malaysia
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SPIRAL CASE AND STAY RING
Spiral Case Inlet Dia 4.68m
Spiral Case Largest Dia. 4.68m
Distance b/w Spiral case inlet axis & unit axis 5.62m
Stay Ring height ~2.0m
Internal Dia. Of stay vanes 6.015m
No. of Stay vanes 20
Spiral case volume 500m3
weight of spiral case 240 Tons
Weight of stay ring 70Tons
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Distributor
Pitch Diameter 5.284m
Wicket gate length 0.91m
Wicket gate height 0.021m
Distributor central line elevation 498m
No. of wicket gates 20
No. of upper guide bearing
Wicket gate max. thickness 0.162m Weight of guide bearing 10 tons
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Main shaft
Outside diameter 0.17m
Inside diameter 0.25m Length 4.53m
Weight 45 Tons
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MACHINING OF SHAFT
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Lubricating & Governing oil
Volume of guide bearing lubrication oil 2.0 m2
Volume of governing oil 10.0m2
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MAIN INLET VALVE
No. of valves 4
Type of valves butterfly, lattice
Outlet diameter 5000mm Max. overflow to cut off 110% of max
turbine discharge
Maximum overpressure 220 m.w.c.
Opening & Closing time about 60sec
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DISCUSSION
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