Fluid Machine

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The Way It Works

1)Potential

4) Electrical

2) Kinetic 3) Mechanical


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MAJOR COMPONENTS OF HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECTS

River Diversion Structures

Dam

Spillway

Desilting Arrangements

Power Intake Structure

Headrace Tunnel/ChannelSurge Shaft

PenstockPower house

Tailrace Tunnel/Channel

Hydro mechanical works such as Gates, Hydraulic hoistsElectromechanical works

Hydroelectric power plants capture the energy of falling water togenerate electricity. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of fallingwater into mechanical energy. Then a generator converts the

mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy. It isprimarily the type & layout of the components, which leads

uniqueness to each project. Three basic elements are necessary inorder to generate power from water: a means of creating head, aconduit to convey water and a power plant.


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Dam / Barrage

Reservoir

PenstockWater Conductor

Tail Race

IntakeSurge Shaft

Power House

COMPONENTS OF HYDRO POWER PROJECTS

COMPONENTSOF

HYDROELECTRICPROJECT
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Reservoir Scheme

Run of River SchemePump Storage Scheme

Types of Hydroelectric Power Schemes


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Rockfill dam

Clay coreRock Rock


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Power HousePower House is a building housing the turbines,

generator, control and protection equipments' and

other auxiliaries foroperating the machines. APower House has following components in general,

for which hydel civil design should make adequate

arrangements;

Spiral case and wicket gates

Turbine

Draft tube

Tail Race Channel / Tunnel

GeneratorGovernors

Buswork, circuit breakers

Transformers

Switchyard

Auxiliary equipment


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Trash racks

Trash rack is a screen provided at the

intake to prevent entry of floating debris like

grass, leaves, trees, timber etc., into thewater conductor system. Each screen

consists of vertical trash bars welded to

space bars consisting of flat/channel

sections.


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Intake Structure

A water intake must be able todivert the required amount of water

into the power canal or into thepenstock without producing anegative impact on the localenvironment and with the minimumpossible headloss.

Components of Intake Structure

Trash rackTrash rack supporting structure

Stop logs & control gatesAnti-vortex arrangements

Bell mouth & transition


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Stop logs and control gates

Stop logs and control gates are

provided for regulation of flow into thewater conductor system. Stop logs are

used when the intake gate needs

maintenance and repairs. Grooves for

stop logs and gates are provided

generally in the intake body or piers.

Bell Mouth and transitions

The entrance is shaped in the form ofa bell mouth so as to have a smooth

flow and reduced losses. As already

mentioned, the intake may be inclined

or vertical with respect to the dam axis.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://beteru.free.fr/coupe_fichiers/barrage.gif&imgrefurl=http://beteru.free.fr/detailbarrage.htm&h=915&w=1188&sz=22&tbnid=PAzldG-ALY4J:&tbnh=115&tbnw=150&hl=en&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2B%2522barrage%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26as_qdr%3Dallhttp://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.esotec.co.nz/hb/DrawGIFs/Bellmouth.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.esotec.co.nz/hb/HTML/Drawings.html&h=315&w=475&sz=7&tbnid=G2cMPHD28k8J:&tbnh=83&tbnw=126&hl=en&start=8&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbellmouth%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26as_qdr%3Dall


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Surge Shaft / Tank

Surge Tank is provided in water conductor

system primarily to reduce the surge pressureto be considered in the design of penstock /pressure shaft. This economizes the design ofpenstock / pressure shaft justifying the extracost in the provision of Surge Tank.


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Penstock / Pressure Shaft

Conveys water from the intake structure to thepowerhouse A canal, pipe, or tunnel is required, where

the powerhouse is separated from the intake. A

penstock may be several miles long at diversion-type

projects. The remainder of the penstock, where most of

the drop in elevation occurs, would be a pressurized

tunnel or pipe. Because the cost of a pressurized tunnel

or pipe is much greater than that of a low-pressure

tunnel or pipe, it is usually desirable to minimize the

length of the high-pressure penstock.


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Rammam Hydel Project, West

Bengal


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Rammam Hydel Project, West

Bengal


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Khandong Penstock Project, Assam


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Chandil Dam Penstock, Bihar


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Spillway

Stilling Basin / Flip Bucket

Energy dissipation arrangement

Spillway is to discharge surplus flow without damage tothe dam, powerhouse, or riverbed below the dam. The

most common type of spillway is the overflow. To permitmaximum use of storage volume, movable gates aresometimes installed above the crest to control discharge.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.learnz.org.nz/trips05/images/big/b-hp51clyde-spillway-contac.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.learnz.org.nz/trips05/hydro51.php&h=640&w=445&sz=31&tbnid=24Uk9nMWZP4J:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&hl=en&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2B%2522spillway%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG%26as_qdr%3Dall


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Desilting Chamber / Basin

Most of the rivers carry heavy sediment load either insuspension or as bed load. The suspended load,

especially the sharp edged fine sand (quartz) transported

by rivers in hilly terrain causes rapid wear of turbine runner

blades / buckets due to abrasion. This abrasion tendency

increases with the head. In course of time, this may result

in shut down of units for considerable duration thereby,

causing enormous loss of power and revenue. Therefore,

it is necessary to provide necessary arrangements for

exclusion of sediments from the water.
http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/fluid/abrasion/wb_desilting_basins_of_hydro_power_plants.jpg/image&imgrefurl=http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/fluid/abrasion/wb_desilting_basins_of_hydro_power_plants&h=208&w=221&sz=12&tbnid=AeykLp4DaioJ:&tbnh=96&tbnw=102&hl=en&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddesilting%2B%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26as_qdr%3Dall


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Cross- sectional view of

Turbine Generator

assembly


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GEN SEC


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TYPE OFTURBINE

KAPLAN

FRANCISPELTON

REVERSIBLE

BULB

Turbine- converts the potential energy of water intomechanical energy, which in turn drives the generator.


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MACHINING OF RUNNERS


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Bulb generators

32.6 MVA78.9 rpm76 poles10.5 kV


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Spiral case and wicket gates- to direct and control the water

entering the turbine runner. The spiral case is a steel-lined conduitconnected to the penstock or intake conduit, and it distributes flow

uniformly into the turbine. Wicket gates are adjustable vanes that

surround the turbine runner entrances and they control the area

available for water to enter the turbine.


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NationalHydroelectricPower

CorporationL

td.


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BUTTERFLY VALVE


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ASSEMBLY OF MIV


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Draft tube- conveys the water from the discharge side of the turbine to the tailrace.It is designed to minimize exit losses.

Tail Race Channel / Tunnel

The Channel/ Tunnel, through which the water returns to the river after passing

through the turbine is called Tail Race Channel / Tunnel. This is the last leg of the

journey of water to watts. Its design as a channel / Tunnel follows the same

principles as in the case of Head Race Channel / Tunnel, except that often it has

reverse slope. Another important criteria in design of Tail Race Channel / Tunnel is

the determination of Tail water Level, which actually determines the net availablehead, and therefore, power generation potential.

Generator converts the mechanical power produced by the turbine into electricalpower. The two major components of the generator are the rotor and stator, The rotor is

the rotating assembly, which is attached by a connecting shaft to the turbine, and the

stator is the fixed portion of the generator.

Governors- regulates the speed and output of turbine-generator units by controlling the

wicket gates to adjust water flow through the turbine.


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Gate Radial gate is to regulate the flow / discharge.Vertical gates can be lowered or raised through a

tunnel, or across its entrance, to control the flow of

water through it. Gates are often constructed from steel.

A vertical gate

stored in the top of a

tower while water is

flowing through theoutlet below

The gate hoisting gear on

a floor above the gate


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WICKET GATES

AND RUNNER


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SPIRAL

CASE

WITH

GUIDE

VANES

R di l G t S i il j t


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Radial Gate Srisailam project


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Radial Gate Srisailam project

High Pressure Radial Gate & Hydraulic


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High Pressure Radial Gate & Hydraulic

Hoist Beas Project


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Vertical Slide Gate Tenom Pangi HEP,Malaysia


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SPIRAL CASE AND STAY RING

Spiral Case Inlet Dia 4.68m

Spiral Case Largest Dia. 4.68m

Distance b/w Spiral case inlet axis & unit axis 5.62m

Stay Ring height ~2.0m

Internal Dia. Of stay vanes 6.015m

No. of Stay vanes 20

Spiral case volume 500m3

weight of spiral case 240 Tons

Weight of stay ring 70Tons


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Distributor

Pitch Diameter 5.284m

Wicket gate length 0.91m

Wicket gate height 0.021m

Distributor central line elevation 498m

No. of wicket gates 20

No. of upper guide bearing

Wicket gate max. thickness 0.162m Weight of guide bearing 10 tons


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Main shaft

Outside diameter 0.17m

Inside diameter 0.25m Length 4.53m

Weight 45 Tons


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MACHINING OF SHAFT


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Lubricating & Governing oil

Volume of guide bearing lubrication oil 2.0 m2

Volume of governing oil 10.0m2


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MAIN INLET VALVE

No. of valves 4

Type of valves butterfly, lattice

Outlet diameter 5000mm Max. overflow to cut off 110% of max

turbine discharge

Maximum overpressure 220 m.w.c.

Opening & Closing time about 60sec


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DISCUSSION


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Fluid Machine

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