FIRST 2 YEARS BIOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

WHAT IS BIOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT?

• Body• Brain• Senses• Good health

HOW DOES THE BODY CHANGE IN THE FIRST 2 YEARS?

1 year old 2 year old

HOW MUCH DOES THE CHILD GROW?

• 2X birth weight by 4 months• 3X birth weight by age 1• 4X birth weight by age 2

WHAT IS HEAD SPARING?

• If starving, the body stops growing, but not the brain• The brain is the last part of the body to be

damaged by malnutritionIntrauterine Growth Restriction

SLEEP

• Good sleep = good health• Newborns sleep 15 – 17 hours• REM sleep• Rapid eye movement• Flickering of closed eyes• Rapid brain waves

• Dreaming• ½ of newborn sleep is REM sleep• Declines with age

DO YOU REMEMBER?

• How much does a child grow by age two?• What is head sparing?• What is REM sleep?• How does REM sleep relate to dreaming and age?

BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

WHAT ARE NEURONS?• Basic nerve cell in central nervous system• Axons• Dendrites• Synapses

• Intersection on neurons (axons & dendrites)• Neurotransmitters• Chemical messengers• Carry information from one neuron to another

• Transient Exuberance & Pruning• Transient Exuberance – Increases dendrites• Pruning – Misconnected dendrites atrophy and die

BRAIN STRUCTURE

WHAT DOES THE BRAIN STEM DO?

• Automatic responses• Heartbeat• Breathing• Temperature

WHAT DOES THE BRAIN CORTEX DO?

• Outer layer of the brain• Activities• Thinking• Feeling• Sensing

• Visual• Auditory• Sensory• Motor

WHAT DOES THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX DO?

• Last to develop• Self-control of impulses• Reasoning• Analysis• Ethics• Plans• Anticipates

DO YOU REMEMBER?

• What are neurons?• What are synapses?• What do neurotransmitters do?• What does the brain stem do?• What does the brain cortex do?• What does the prefrontal cortex do?

EXPERIENCE

• Expectant Experience• All infants• The brain naturally expects to learn some things• E.g. learning language

• Dependent Experience• Culture based• E.g. Which language is learned

WHAT IS SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME?

• Life threatening• Blood vessels rupture in the brain• Neural connections beak• “Abusive Head Trauma”

SENSORY & MOTOR SKILLS

SENSATION-PERCEPTION-COGNITION

• Sensation• Detects stimulus

• Perception• Processes the stimulus• Based on experience• This is a rattlesnake

• Cognition (Thinking)• Gives meaning to the stimulus• Dangerous! – move away

WHAT MOTOR SKILLS DEVELOP?

• Gross motor skills• Large muscles• E.g. walking• Muscle strength• Brain maturation (Motor cortex)• Practice

• Fine motor skills• Small muscles• E.g writing

DO YOU REMEMBER?

• What is expectant and dependent experience?• What is the “shaken baby syndrome”?• What is the difference between sensation,

perception, and cognition?• What are examples of gross and fine motor skills?

VISION

• Least developed at birth

WHAT CREATES GOOD HEALTH?

IMMUNIZATION (VACCINATIONS)• Creates antibodies for specific contagious diseases by

stimulating the immune system.• The flu• Chicken pox• Polio• DPT• Diphtheria• Tetanus• Pertussis

• MMR• Mumps• Measles• Rubella

• Risk of disease is much greater than risk from immunization

BREAST FEEDING

• Breast is best• Colostrum• High calorie fluid – first 3 days

• Milk• Rich in iron & vitamins• Provides antibodies (if mother has antibodies)• Decreases risk of allergies, asthma, and stomach aches• Decreases risk of obesity and heart disease in adulthood

(many other factors involved)

DO YOU REMEMBER?

• What is the least developed sense at birth?• What are some of the basic immunizations a child

should receive?• How do the risks from disease relate to the risks

from immunization?• What is the difference between colostrum and

milk?