Post on 08-Feb-2016
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Europe in 800Europe in 800
European Rivers European Rivers Barriers or Barriers or Highways?Highways?
Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. Holy Roman Emperor: Dec.
25, 80025, 800
Charlemagne’s Empire Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Collapses:
Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843
FeudalismFeudalism• Relationships between lord and
vassal based on specific contractual obligations of loyalty and protection
• Peasants provided labor in return for security– Controlled through an intricate set of
obligations, fees, rituals and taxes• Only the wealthy could engage in
warfare, and society became divided– Those who fought (nobles and knights)– Those who prayed (the clergy)– Those who worked (peasants and
artisans)
FeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.
FeudalismFeudalism
National MonarchiesNational Monarchies• City-states lacked complexity of City-states lacked complexity of
modern nationsmodern nations• Rulers began to establish Rulers began to establish
hereditary claims to the throneshereditary claims to the thrones• Bureaucracy of modern nation-Bureaucracy of modern nation-
state can be seen in several state can be seen in several nationsnations
• Monarchs had to eMonarchs had to establish the power to tax subjects– Usually had to get support and
approval from other political bodies
Magna CartaMagna Carta “Great Charter” Signed in 1215 Monarchs were not above the law Eventually led to the creation of Parliament Other nation-states created councils and representative bodies to limit power of monarchs
The Hundred Years’ WarThe Hundred Years’ War1337 to 14531337 to 1453
• A series of wars fought by England and France over the French throne– Challenged ideas of medieval warfare
as English longbows and infantry destroyed French mounted knights
• 1429 – 1429 – Joan of ArcJoan of Arc helped the French helped the French Army break the siege of OrleansArmy break the siege of Orleans– Her success threatened the French Her success threatened the French
Dauphin, so Joan was killedDauphin, so Joan was killed• By 1453, England held only the city By 1453, England held only the city
of Calaisof Calais
Schools and UniversitiesSchools and Universities• Growth of cities quickened Growth of cities quickened
intellectual life intellectual life • Universities taught a variety of Universities taught a variety of
subjects, without the separation of subjects, without the separation of spiritual and material subjectsspiritual and material subjects
• Theology was the “queen of the Theology was the “queen of the sciences” and liberally borrowed sciences” and liberally borrowed from other disciplines to elaborate from other disciplines to elaborate its truthsits truths
• Led to the creation of Led to the creation of ScholasticismScholasticism
Medieval UniversitiesMedieval Universities
ScholasticismScholasticism• Mid-13Mid-13thth Century: Aristotle’s philosophies Century: Aristotle’s philosophies
were rediscoveredwere rediscovered• Pagan ideas regarding logic and the Pagan ideas regarding logic and the
natural world were synthesized into natural world were synthesized into Christian dogma to explain divine truthsChristian dogma to explain divine truths
• This intellectual system came to dominate This intellectual system came to dominate the universities until the 18the universities until the 18thth century century
• St. Thomas AquinasSt. Thomas Aquinas – Christian scholar – Christian scholar who embraced scholasticismwho embraced scholasticism– Note: much of the Renaissance was directed Note: much of the Renaissance was directed
against what was perceived as the against what was perceived as the Scholastics’ focus on stale logic and Scholastics’ focus on stale logic and impractical learningimpractical learning
The Medieval Catholic The Medieval Catholic ChurchChurch• At the height of its political, At the height of its political,
spiritual and cultural influencespiritual and cultural influence• Pope and Holy Roman Emperor Pope and Holy Roman Emperor
vied for power in Central Europe, vied for power in Central Europe, essentially checking each otheressentially checking each other– Growing criticisms of the behavior of Growing criticisms of the behavior of
the clergy and the lack of regularity the clergy and the lack of regularity in church doctrine and practicein church doctrine and practice
• Led to the crisis of the Led to the crisis of the Babylonian Babylonian CaptivityCaptivity
The Babylonian Captivity The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schismand the Great Schism
• 1307 – Pope began exile in France1307 – Pope began exile in France• Not a captive of the French, but prestige Not a captive of the French, but prestige
of the pope decreased due to increased of the pope decreased due to increased bureaucratic apparatus necessary to run bureaucratic apparatus necessary to run the Church and increased material wealththe Church and increased material wealth
• Great Schism (1378-1417)Great Schism (1378-1417) resulted from resulted from efforts by French and Italian cardinals to efforts by French and Italian cardinals to elect a popeelect a pope– Ended up with two popes, then threeEnded up with two popes, then three– Nations of Europe were forced to chose Nations of Europe were forced to chose
sidessides
Opposition to the Catholic Opposition to the Catholic ChurchChurch• Reformers used the Great Schism as Reformers used the Great Schism as
an example of why the Church had an example of why the Church had to changeto change
• John Wyclif (the Lollards)John Wyclif (the Lollards) – England – England• Jan Hus (the Hussites)Jan Hus (the Hussites) – Bohemia – Bohemia
– Attacked the institutional power and Attacked the institutional power and wealth of the church and began a call wealth of the church and began a call for a simpler Christianityfor a simpler Christianity
• Council of Constance ended the Great Council of Constance ended the Great Schism, but the foundation was laid Schism, but the foundation was laid for the for the Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation
Illuminated ManuscriptsIlluminated Manuscripts
Gothic Architectural Gothic Architectural StyleStyle
“Flying” Buttresses
• Pointed arches.• High, narrow
vaults.• Thinner walls.• Flying
buttresses.• Elaborate,
ornate, airier interiors.
• Stained-glass windows– Designed to
educate the illiterate population
Obsession Obsession with Death with Death and Dyingand Dying• Representations of Representations of
death became a death became a prominent theme prominent theme in European arts in European arts throughout the throughout the plague yearsplague years
• Apocalyptic images Apocalyptic images featuring the featuring the allegoric figure of allegoric figure of Death attempted Death attempted to explain the to explain the importance of the importance of the Black Death for Black Death for European societyEuropean society
The The “Danse Macabre”“Danse Macabre”
CannonsCannons• Petrarch wrote "these instruments which Petrarch wrote "these instruments which
discharge balls of metal with most discharge balls of metal with most tremendous noise and flashes of fire...were a tremendous noise and flashes of fire...were a few years ago very rare and were viewed few years ago very rare and were viewed with greatest astonishment and admiration, with greatest astonishment and admiration, but now they are become as common and but now they are become as common and familiar as any other kinds of arms.“familiar as any other kinds of arms.“
• Beginning of the end for walled fortificationsBeginning of the end for walled fortifications• Allowed New Monarchs to consolidate power Allowed New Monarchs to consolidate power
by eliminating fortified towns and castles of by eliminating fortified towns and castles of nobilitynobility
LongbowLongbow• HHigh rate of fire and igh rate of fire and
penetration powerpenetration power• CContributed to the ontributed to the
eventual demise of the eventual demise of the medieval knightmedieval knight
• Used particularly by the Used particularly by the English to great effect English to great effect against the French against the French cavalry during the cavalry during the Hundred Years' War Hundred Years' War (1337-1453). (1337-1453).
• Longbow helped New Longbow helped New Monarchs to create Monarchs to create cost-effective standing cost-effective standing armies, to maintain and armies, to maintain and expand powerexpand power
Printing PressPrinting Press• Developed in Developed in 1439 1439
by Johann by Johann GutenbergGutenberg
• MMade possible ade possible thethe dissemination of dissemination of knowledge to a knowledge to a wider populationwider population– LLead to ead to mmore ore
egalitarian societyegalitarian society• Laid the foundation Laid the foundation
for the Renaissance, for the Renaissance, Reformation and Reformation and EnlightenmentEnlightenment
Towns and CommerceTowns and Commerce• Towns acted as magnets for Towns acted as magnets for
skilled labor, ideas, and goodsskilled labor, ideas, and goods• Typically lay outside of the feudal Typically lay outside of the feudal
structurestructure• Banded together in leagues to Banded together in leagues to
protect independence and protect independence and promote commercepromote commerce– Hanseatic LeagueHanseatic League – German trading – German trading
centers in the Baltic region, centers in the Baltic region, controlled the herring marketcontrolled the herring market
Hanseatic LeagueHanseatic League
Medieval TradeMedieval Trade
Medieval GuildsMedieval Guilds
Guild HallGuild Hall
Central institutions of most townsCentral institutions of most towns
Commercial Monopoly: Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece] Controlled prices [No Free Market!][No Free Market!]
Medieval Guilds: A Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopGoldsmith’s Shop
Agricultural Agricultural ImprovementsImprovements• Three-crop field rotationThree-crop field rotation
• Iron plowIron plow• WindmillsWindmills
• More land brought under More land brought under cultivationcultivation– Helped produce a food surplusHelped produce a food surplus– Increased trade networksIncreased trade networksBy 1300, population at an all-
time high of 75 million
Social OrderSocial Order• A new social order had evolved by 900 that was A new social order had evolved by 900 that was
distinctively medieval.distinctively medieval.– Alfred the Great of England: a kingdom Alfred the Great of England: a kingdom
needs “men of prayer, men of war, and men needs “men of prayer, men of war, and men of work.”of work.”
• Tripartite view of societyTripartite view of society– The ClergyThe Clergy– The Landed Nobility (knights)The Landed Nobility (knights)– The Peasantry and Village ArtisansThe Peasantry and Village Artisans
• A fourth emerged after the 13A fourth emerged after the 13thth century: middle century: middle class merchants & townspeople– burgesses in English, bourgeoisie in French, burghers in German
Gender RolesGender Roles• Women’s roles limited by legal and Women’s roles limited by legal and
economic prescriptionseconomic prescriptions• Many women did find ways to express Many women did find ways to express
autonomy, initiative, and talent within autonomy, initiative, and talent within these parametersthese parameters– Noblewomen often ran the manors in the Noblewomen often ran the manors in the
absence of their warrior husbandsabsence of their warrior husbands– Younger noblewomen joined conventsYounger noblewomen joined convents
• Allowed them to pursue intellectual and spiritual Allowed them to pursue intellectual and spiritual pursuits outside the control of menpursuits outside the control of men
– Ideal of courtly love and chivalry placed Ideal of courtly love and chivalry placed women at the center of an important women at the center of an important cultural traditioncultural tradition
ChivalryChivalry:: A Code of Honor and A Code of Honor and BehaviorBehavior• Chivalry began as Chivalry began as
the code of the code of conduct for conduct for mounted warriors.mounted warriors.
• Chivalry highly Chivalry highly esteemed certain esteemed certain masculine, militant masculine, militant qualities. qualities. – Military prowessMilitary prowess– GenerosityGenerosity– Loyalty, the glue Loyalty, the glue
that held feudal that held feudal society together.society together.
Gender RolesGender Roles• Cities and towns relied upon the Cities and towns relied upon the
labor of women in the food labor of women in the food preparation, brewing and the preparation, brewing and the production of clothproduction of cloth
• Peasant and serf women labored Peasant and serf women labored alongside husbands in mowing alongside husbands in mowing hay, tending the vegetables, or hay, tending the vegetables, or harvestingharvesting– Domestic chores actually played a Domestic chores actually played a
minor role for most womenminor role for most women
The Medieval ManorThe Medieval Manor• A powerful lord controlling the lives of A powerful lord controlling the lives of
an often large number of dependents.an often large number of dependents.• He required payments and services He required payments and services
from them and regulated their from them and regulated their ordinary disputes.ordinary disputes.– The structure of individual manors, and The structure of individual manors, and
the dues owed by peasants, varied the dues owed by peasants, varied tremendously across Europe.tremendously across Europe.
– Parallel sets of vertical bonds of Parallel sets of vertical bonds of associations:associations:• Feudal lords and vassals entered into Feudal lords and vassals entered into
political bondspolitical bonds• Lords and peasants entered into Lords and peasants entered into
economic bonds.economic bonds.
The Medieval ManorThe Medieval Manor
Life on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval Manor
SerfsSerfs at work at work
The Black Death: CausesThe Black Death: Causes• By 1300, the large population explosion By 1300, the large population explosion
had outgrown the food supply.had outgrown the food supply.– Progressively weakened by Progressively weakened by
malnutrition, Europe’s population malnutrition, Europe’s population was highly vulnerable to diseasewas highly vulnerable to disease
• Devastation resulted from the Devastation resulted from the Black Black Death (1348-1351)Death (1348-1351)– Killed about 40% of the European Killed about 40% of the European
populationpopulation– More important were the More important were the
psychological and social costs of the psychological and social costs of the disease disease
The Black DeathThe Black Death• Disease carried by fleas on rats, so Disease carried by fleas on rats, so
urban areas were devastatedurban areas were devastated• Many believed that this was God’s Many believed that this was God’s
punishment for living too wellpunishment for living too well– 60% of the60% of the
clergy diedclergy diedtreating thetreating thedisease, causingdisease, causingpeople topeople toquestion thequestion thepower of thepower of thechurchchurch
The Black DeathThe Black Death• Led to persecutionLed to persecution
of Jews, who wereof Jews, who wereblamed forblamed forpoisoning the wellspoisoning the wells
• Caused a laborCaused a laborshortage that undermined the feudal shortage that undermined the feudal structurestructure– Allowed peasants to bargain for Allowed peasants to bargain for
improved labor conditions and paymentimproved labor conditions and payment– Note: Did not affect Eastern Europe Note: Did not affect Eastern Europe
as much as Western/Central Europe, as much as Western/Central Europe, which allowed the feudal system to which allowed the feudal system to last much longerlast much longer
Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlague
Flagellants:Self-inflicted “penance” for our
sins!