GLOBAL HISTORY REVIEW. The Middle Ages Early Middle Ages: The Dark Ages.
PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 (Dark Age) High Middle Ages: 1000 –...
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Transcript of PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 (Dark Age) High Middle Ages: 1000 –...
PeriodizationPeriodization
Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
(Dark Age)
High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250
Late Middle Ages: 1250 – 1500
(Renaissance)
Fragmentation of Western Europe:
“Dark Ages”• Political—family based Germanic kingdoms, diverse in nature, replace centralized government
• Social—dependence upon strong people, nobles with castles, to protect weak, peasants from insecurities becomes the hallmark of Western Europe
• Religious—disagreements over doctrines with Eastern Church (schism 1054) – RCC the unifying force of the Middle Ages
• Language—Latin used in church business but local areas fall to dialects (vernacular)– Romance languages– Germanic/Scandinavian– Slavic
• Economic—urban centers unsafe—trade all but stops, cut off from Eastern Europe– Barter returns– Rural economy—manorialism—self-sufficiency
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• Why do we consider Friday 13th unlucky?
Europe in the 6cEurope in the 6c
The FranksClovis
– Unifies the Franks– Converts to Christianity
• To please his Christian wife• To form a strong alliance
with the Church and Pope
• Charles Martel– The “Hammer”– Defeated the Moors
(Muslims) • Battle of Tours in 732• Saved Europe for
Christianity– Strengthened the
power of the King– Starts the Carolingian
Dynasty pjh
The FranksPepin the Short
– Defeats the Lombards to protect the Pope
– Makes a donation to the Church from the lands he gained
• Homage to the Pope• Papal States
Charlemagne – Defended the Church against the Saxons, Magyars,
Vikings, and Muslims– Crowned Holy Roman Emperor Dec. 25, 800– Stressed religion, justice and education– Divided empire into counties administered by counts
—(Missi Dominici)pjh
Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814
Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s Empire
Pope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec.
25, 800
Pope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec.
25, 800
After the death of Charlemagne• Louis the Pious (the Fair)
– Son on Charlemagne– Fights many civil wars– More devoted to the Church– Leaves throne to be shared by
three sons• Treaty of Verdun (843)
– Empire divided – Charles the Bald (W. France--HRE)– Louis the German (E. France)– Lothair (M. France)
• Frequent invasions from Vikings and Magyars leads to feudalism
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Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:
Treaty of Verdun, 843
Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:
Treaty of Verdun, 843Becomes the Holy Roman
Empire
Becomes France
Papal States
Carolingian MinisculeCarolingian Miniscule
The Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian Renaissance
FeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.
Feudalism• Obligations of the Lord to his Vassal
– To protect the vassal in his fief– To right wrongs done to his vassal
• Obligations of the Vassal to his Lord– To give an oath of fealty (act of homage)– Judicial:
• To attend the lord’s court, to advise his, and to give judgment in cases concerning other lords
– Financial: • to make payments upon the knighting of the
lord’s son, the marriage of his daughter and to pay ransom if the lord is captured
• To pay a tax upon inheriting a fief• To give the lord lodging when he travels
– Military:• To serve the lord as a knight for a certain number
of days each year (sometimes forty days)• To provide the lord with other mounted men
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Parts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval Castle
The Road to KnighthoodThe Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGE
C o de o f C hiva lry
• Make gentlemen out of warriors
• Loyal to lord, lady, God
• Protect the weak
• Rules of warfare
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Weapons
• Stirrups
• Chain mail armor
Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior
Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior
• Obligations of the peasants/serfs to the lord– Work the lord’s land
a certain number of days (usually 3)
– Work for the lord in the kitchen, smiths, etc.
– Feudal dues—pay certain amount from harvest as rent, use of tools…
• Obligations of the lord to the peasants/serfs– Provide protection
in time of war or invasion
– Provide small plot of land they can farm for themselves
– Settle disputes as they arise
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The Medieval ManorThe Medieval Manor
Life on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work
Role of Women • Arranged marriages
– Political in nature– Alliances formed
• Could inherit land but husband controlled it– Wife ran estates when
husbands were absent• Artisans
– Tapestries (Bayeux Tapestry)
– Embroidery • Eleanor of Aquitaine
– Most powerful woman– Second Crusade– Wife to two kings,
mother to two kingspjh
Eleanor of Aquitaine
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The Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic Church filled the power vacuum left from the
collapse of the classical world.
Western Europe becomes known as Christendom
monasticism: (includes monks and nuns)
St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
provided schools for the children of the upper class.
inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.
libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.
monks missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]
The Power of the Medieval Church
The Power of the Medieval Church bishops and abbots played a large part
in the feudal system.
simony buying positions
primogeniture first born inherits all
the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe.
tried to curb feudal warfare only 40 days a year for combat. “Truce of God”
curb heresies Inquisition; excommunication
tithe 1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.
Canon law Church authority over all clergy & church property tried to extend to secular realm
Church Controversies Investiture Controversy
RCC vs. HRE– Secular kings wanted
to appoint bishops (simony)
– 1073-Pope Gregory VII issued a Papal Bull
– Henry IV, HRE ignored• Gregory
excommunicates• Penance/contrition—
Canossa—3 days snow
• Concordat of Worms, 1122– Compromise – Kings appoint– Popes approve
• Philip IV, Fr– Kidnaps the Pope in
1305– Babylonian Captivity– Popes govern Church
from Avignon for 70 years
– Friday the 13th, 1307 destroys Knights Templar
• The GREAT Schism– Italian cardinals want
Italian pope (1378)– French cardinals
appt own pope– 1414 3rd pope appt– 1417 4th pope appt—
others step down– Weakens RCC
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Henry IV waits in the snow
A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium
A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium
Preserved Greco-Roman knowledge
Illuminated ManuscriptsIlluminated Manuscripts
Romanesque Architectural Style 8th-10th centuries
Romanesque Architectural Style 8th-10th centuries
e Rounded Arches.
e Barrel vaults.
e Thick walls.
e Darker, simplistic interiors.
e Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.
Gothic Architectural Style 11th -14th centuries
Gothic Architectural Style 11th -14th centuries
e Pointed arches.
e High, narrow vaults.
e Thinner walls.
e Flying buttresses.
e Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.
e Stained-glass windows.
e Gargoyles
e Read exterior sculptures like a story
“Flying” Buttresses
Chartres
The Rise of European Monarchies:
England
The Rise of European Monarchies:
England• Alfred the Great unifies the Saxons against the Vikings
• Follows the similar pattern of rule established by Charlemagne by emphasizing education, religion and justice.
• Some historians think he may be the real “Arthur”
William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066
(Bayeux Tapestry)
William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066
(Bayeux Tapestry)
Evolution of England’s Political System
Evolution of England’s Political System
Henry I:
William’s son.
set up a court system.
Exchequer dept. of royal finances.
Henry II:
established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.
grand jury.
trial by jury.
challenges RCC authority—murders Thomas A’Becket at Canterbury
Wife: Eleanor of Aquitaine
Sons: Richard I (Lionheart)
John
Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215
King John I
Runnymeade
“Great Charter”
monarchs were not above the law.
kings had to consult a council of advisors.
kings could not tax arbitrarily.
The Beginnings of the British Parliament
The Beginnings of the British Parliament
Great Council:
middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c. (Edward I)
eventually called Parliament.
by 1400, two chambers evolved:
o House of Lords nobles & clergy.
o House of Commons knights and burgesses.
The Rise of European Monarchies:
France
The Rise of European Monarchies:
France• Frequent conflict with England
• Philip Augustus (II) reclaims some land from Prince John– Solidifies power– Creates bailiffs (judges)– Common law
• Philip IV creates Estates General (1307)– Never develops into a
legislature– Advisory only
• Hundred Years War (1337-1453)– Fr able to reclaim all
lands except Calais pjh
• Spain ruled by Moors—al Andalus• Spanish Crusade: The Reconquista
– Gradually lands won by Christians– Completed by Ferdinand & Isabella in 1492
The Rise of European Monarchies:
Spain
The Rise of European Monarchies:
Spain
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Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade
• Called upon by Byzantine Emperor
• Urban II sees opportunity to– Free the Holy Land– Reunite the Christian Church– Stop knights from fighting at home
• Urban II promises– Freedom from debts– Salvation if die in the Crusade
• Urban falsifies what Muslims did—makes it seem worse than it was
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Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade
Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade
Setting Out on CrusadeSetting Out on Crusade
1096—20,000 peasants
• Peter the Hermit
• Walter the Penniless
• Killed Jews in Belgrade
• Slaughtered by Muslims in Anatolia
• 1094-1097
• 50,000 to 60,000 knights trained in Fr & Ger
• Gained Crusader states (Outreamer), introduced feudalism, gathered learning & luxury goods
• Lasted 50 years
• 1147-1149
• Led by Louis VII of Fr & Conrad III, HRE
• Eleanor of Aquitaine (Amazons)
• Finally defeated
• 1187-Saladin captured Jerusalem
• 3 kings-Richard I-Eng, Philip II-Fr, & Frederick I-HRE (1189-1191)
• Frederick drowns, Richard & Phillip argue…Phil returns to Fr regains lands from John
• Richard fights, Saladin offers truce, Richard says no…loses…kidnapped on way home
• 1202-1204
• Innocent III calls knights who make a deal with Venetian merchants
• When finished-excommunicated, goes after Constantinople
• 1204-pillages for 3 days-Latin Empire
1212-Stephen led 30,000 children from ages 6-16
-sold into slavery
-many drowned or lost in the mountains
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Christian Crusades: East and West
Christian Crusades: East and West
Effects of the
Crusades
Pol
itica
lEconomic
Religious
Educational
• Power of kings increase
• Feudalism declines
• Serfdom declines
• National identities
develop
*Towns develop—demand for luxury items increases *Middle class develops—guilds *Banks develop *Bubonic plague spreads
• Church weakens (corrupt, too secular)
• Pope’s authority questioned
• Babylonian Capitivity
• Great Schism• G/R knowledge reintroduced
• Universities develop—literacy increases
• Writing in the vernacular (Chaucer, Dante)
• New Ideas challenge RCCpjh
Medieval UniversitiesMedieval Universities
Oxford UniversityOxford University
Late Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town Dwellings
Medieval TradeMedieval Trade
Revival of Trade• Warfare lessened, roads safer• Italy & Flanders saw urban revival
– Guilds – Increased manufacturing attracts freed serfs
• Italy (Venice, Genoa, Pisa)– Spices, textiles, banking (Florence)– Revive Mediterranean Maritime System
• Flanders (Ghent, Bruges, Ypres)– Fishing, wood trade, textiles (wool)
• Revival of coin usage, barter drops, banks develop
• Hanseatic League—trade in the Balticpjh
Medieval GuildsMedieval Guilds
Guild Hall
Guild Hall
Commercial Monopoly:
Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman
Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
Controlled prices in some cases
Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop
Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop
Crest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s Guild
Century of Turmoil• Great Schism ( 1304-1417)
– Babylonian Captivity– Destruction of the Knight’s Templar (Friday the
13th)– Too many popes
• Black Death (1347-1350)• Hundreds Years War (1337-1453)
– England vs. France– Claim to the throne of France– Dispute over land– Joan of Arc– Introduction of longbow, gun powder saw end of
effectiveness of mounted knights
Fleas & rats carried the bacteria and
would infect humans and food supply
Mongolia—E. Asia/China Constantinople
War & trade—grain caravans, catapults across walls of Kaffa
Boils, swelling, turned ashy color, died w/n 5 days 1/3-1/2 pop of
Europe
Burn victims, ashesBurn clothes, bodied…
mass graves
1347-1350
1. Questioned power of the RCC 2. killed Jews scapegoat 3. Feudalism declines, peasants revolt
Technological Advances• Water wheel• Iron production
– Mines– Deforestation
• Agriculture– Iron horseshoes– Horse collar– 3-Field system– Improved plow
• Military– Longbow– Trebuchet– Gun powder
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• Urban to rural following fall of Rome
• Black Death 1/3 to ½ population lost– Would take 100+ years to recover
• Rural to urban following Crusades and Black Death
Demographic Changes
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Environmental Changes• Temperatures increase (Little Ice Age ends)
– More land cultivated• Drained swamps• Cut forests
• Mining increased tore up land• Iron-working deforestation
– Charcoal for fires– Iron furnace could consume 5/8 of a mile within 40
days• Dams & canals changed course of rivers• Pollution
– Urban tanneries dumped waste in waterways• Mixed with human waste
– Burning smut in air– First anti-pollution law 1388 in England
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• Vernacular
• Secular
• Role of ind. stressed
• humanistic
• Petrarch
• Castiglione
• Boccaccio
• Machiavelli
• Renewed interest in learning
• Wealthy patrons support artists, authors
• Lorenzo de Medici
• RCC
• Realistic
• Perspective
• Humanistic
• Classical
• Sculpture
• Painting: Frescoes, oils
• Donatello
• Botticelli
• Brunelleschi
• Leonardo
• Michelangelo
• Raphael
• New views of the world
• Role of ind increased
• Questioning of authority
• Curiosity about the world (exploration, sci rev)
• Vernacular
• Call for reforms
• satires
• Erasmus
• Sir Thomas More
• Shakespeare
• Cervantes
• Photographic
• Attention to details
• Secular mostly
• Rich deep hues
• Van Eyck
• Holbein
• Bruegal
Ideas spread through
use of the printing
press Gutenberg
Centered in
Florence then to
Rome