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Project ID: F0338411
Ecology and Conservation of the Four-horned antelope in the Eastern Ghats of India
Final Report
Project Location: Madanapalle Forest Range, Chittoor (West) Forest Division,
Andhra Pradesh, India.
(August 2011 to November 2013)
Aim: To understand the ecology of Four-horned antelope and improve its habitat conditions
by involving local communities
Submitted by Suresh Jones
LORIS-The Biodiversity Conservation Society
#V-I-282, Shanthi Nagar, Arogyavaram, P.O., Chittoor, Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India, PIN-517330
Email: suresh@loris.in; Phone: +91-9441-818-778; Website: www.loris.in
August, 2014
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Table of Contents
Page No.
Acknowledgments_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3
Summary_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4
Introduction_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4
Project Members_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6
Aim and Objectives_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7
Methodology_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7
Outputs and Results_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9
Achievements and Impacts_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14
Conclusion_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15
Problems encountered and lessons learnt_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15
In the future_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16
Appendices_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17
Bibliography_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22
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Acknowledgments
We extend our sincere thanks to the Conservation Leadership Programme (CLP), its partner
organizations, and the CLP Team for supporting us to undertake this project. We are also
grateful to Idea Wild for providing necessary equipment for field work. We are grateful to the
Andhra Pradesh Forest Department for permitting us to undertake this work and the
Divisional Forest Office of Chittoor (West) Forest Division for the help during the course of
the project.
We also thank Dr. Bivash Pandav of Wildlife Institute of India, Dr. Koustubh Sharma of
Snow Leopard Trust, Dr. G.V. Reddy of Indian Forest Service and Dr. Ajith Kumar of WCS
for their support. We are grateful to Ms. Neema Pathak Broome and Mr. Pankaj Sekhsaria of
Kalpavriksh for providing us with useful contacts, information on legal procedures and
guidelines for proposing a Conservation Reserve. We also thank Mr. Kiran of ATREE and
Dr. G. Areendran of WWF-India for helping us with GIS-related work. We are grateful to
Ms. Diya Paul, Mr. N. Ramachandra and Mr. Bharath Nadella for helping us during the
project. Our sincere thanks also go to Mr. K. Suryanarayana for providing training to the
team members.
We thank the elected leaders of village governing bodies and volunteers for facilitating
interactions with the communities and extending support to our efforts by encouraging the
local communities to actively participate. We are grateful to the Headmasters and teachers of
the three High Schools for extending their cooperation in undertaking Conservation
Education activities with their students during the project. We thank the students for eagerly
participating in the educational activities. We thank all the respondents who spared their time
and patiently answered our questions on conservation awareness both at the beginning and
end of the project. We are most encouraged by the voluntary action of local villagers who
assisted us in organizing village-level meetings and by involving in habitat improvement
activities like de-silting of waterholes. Our sincere thanks also go to the livestock herders and
other primary stakeholders for their cooperation, sharing of information and of course
criticism.
We are particularly grateful and highly indebted to the indigenous forest-dependent Yanadi
community for sharing their knowledge of natural history of the antelope and the vegetation
in the project area. Our very special thanks go to our local guides S. Anjaneyulu and B.
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Ramaiah, whose sincerity and resourcefulness helped us overcome highly demanding field
conditions on a difficult terrain.
Summary
This project aimed to understand the ecology of the Four-horned antelope outside Protected
Areas and address the anthropogenic pressures in its habitat. Two forest blocks in the Eastern
Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India, Viz. Noorukuppalakonda and Tavalam Reserve Forests
where the antelope are known to be present, were chosen. We worked towards enhancement
of conservation awareness among the local people, improving the habitat conditions with
their participation and addressing the biotic pressures. While our efforts to improve water
availability in the habitat helped the antelope overcome the crisis during summer, similar
efforts in the traditional grazing areas that helped their livestock won us the support of the
local villages. We understood the movement of the antelope in the study area during the dry
and wet seasons, which facilitated discussions on reducing livestock pressure on the habitat.
We understood that the persistence of the antelope in the area could be linked to the patchy
fires, which provides nutritious forage for extended periods during the year. Discussions
towards the collective effort of the communities to manage the resource were affected due to
the polarization of villages for political reasons towards the end of the project period, arising
out of the impending elections and abrupt bifurcation of the state.
Introduction
The Four-horned antelope Tetracerus quadricornis (de Blainville, 1816), one of the six
antelope species of India (Rahmani, A.R. 2001), is primitive in both physical and behavioral
characteristics (Sharma, K. et al, 2005). Known to be found mostly solitary and elusive in
low densities in hilly forests (Sharma, K. et al, 2009) across its range, it is the least studied
antelope of the Indian subcontinent. Studies on their ecology and behavior outside Protected
Areas are lacking.
Through this project we aimed to understand their ecology and address conservation issues in
a habitat with high anthropogenic pressure. We attempted to address the threats of habitat
loss due to over-grazing and hunting by taking up conservation awareness activities with the
forest-dependent local communities and habitat improvement measures by involving them.
This was achieved through regular discussions with the resource user groups like livestock
herders, fuelwood collectors, and through awareness programs with the communities. To
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sensitize the next generation towards conservation, we undertook educational activities at
three select high schools attended by the children of the project villages. From our field
surveys we found that these small antelope populations have been able to persist in these
highly disturbed forests partly due to the role of forest fires that meet the habitat requirements
of the antelope. We also addressed the critical issue of water scarcity in the antelope‟s habitat
by enhancing water availability by de-silting waterholes and persuading the local villagers to
reduce grazing pressure in critical areas.
This semi-arid and highly populated landscape has varying degrees of anthropogenic
pressures, natural predation and availability of water. The forests are patchy with vegetation
comprising of Southern Tropical Mixed Dry Deciduous and Southern Tropical Thorn Forests
(Champion, H.G. and Seth, S.K. 1968) (Appendix3). They support relatively high diversity of
flora and fauna and harbor remnant populations of many species of global conservation
significance. The terrain is mostly rocky with pockets of open to dense vegetation along with
scrub and grassy patches. The project area is located at the southeastern edge of the known
distribution range of the Four-horned antelope (Sharma, K., 2006).
The local village communities comprise mostly of agro-pastoralists who are highly dependent
on the same resource shared by the antelope. We identified the primary user groups, local
leaders, influential people and elected representatives for discussions on the sustainable use
of the resource while also conserving the antelope habitat. The team involved them not only
in discussions but also in undertaking physical work for habitat improvement. We had regular
interactions with the Forest Department both for appraisal on the progress of the project and
to seek their help in addressing the issues of illegal hunting and brewing. Our focus was on
three high schools, two of which are run by the government and the third privately owned.
We oriented the teachers about our efforts and worked with them to sensitize the students
towards conservation. We encouraged and involved the forest-dependent indigenous „Yanadi’
community who are the earliest known people of this landscape by acknowledging their
traditional wisdom and practices. We have identified ten youth from this community for
future training as conservation volunteers to monitor the species.
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Fig.1: Map showing location of the project area in the district
Project Members:
Suresh Jones (Project Leader) has many years of experience working with local
communities on ecological issues and has also undertaken various ecological studies and
conservation activities in the area. He was involved in the planning, implementation, and
monitoring of the project, and networking with the government departments and other
institutions. He is the founder of LORIS-The Biodiversity Conservation Society, which
works for conservation of threatened species in the Eastern Ghats.
Anant Deshwal (Project Assistant), an engineer by training and a passionate
herpetologist, joined the team during the second year of the project. He conducted
conservation awareness programs in schools and with the communities, recorded plant
phenology and undertook GIS-related work for the project. He is currently pursuing
higher studies in the University of Arkansas, USA.
Joshi Jayakumar (Field Assistant) was a member of the previous „Future Conservationist
Award‟ team and has assisted in the current project during its first year. He was involved
in implementing habitat improvement measures, community meetings, social surveys and
field data collection.
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T. Seshunath (Field Assistant) has more than ten years experience in working with local
communities and was with the team during the first 16 months. He assisted the team in
organizing community meetings, undertaking awareness surveys, involving locals in
habitat improvement measures, recording plant phenology and implementing
conservation awareness programs in the schools.
Aim and Objectives
The main aim of the project is to understand the ecology of the Four-horned antelope in
habitats facing severe anthropogenic pressures and to involve the local communities in
improving the habitat conditions towards long-term conservation of the species.
We planned to achieve our goals by the objectives of enhancing conservation awareness
among the local forest-dependent village communities and their school-going children;
focus on initiating discussions with various resource user groups to reduce biotic
pressures on the antelope‟s habitat, encourage active involvement of these communities
to undertake habitat improvement measures by addressing the issues of water scarcity
during summer, illicit brewing at waterholes, over-grazing and felling in the habitat.
Other objectives included the attempt to understand the impact of forest fires on the
habitat and the corresponding behavioral responses of the antelope by monitoring
vegetation changes and antelope‟s movement in its habitat. We also aimed to actively
involve the villagers in discussions towards working for proposing the project area to be
declared as a Conservation Reserve and gain legal status for its long-term management by
the local communities.
Methodology
Team‟s Preparation: We started with permission from the Forest Department to
implement the project and also procured GIS database
of the project area and topographic sheets to plan our
intervention. This was followed by defining the roles
and responsibilities of each team member. Over a
period of 5 days, reconnaissance visits were made to the
forest areas and the dependent villages and sample
surveys were conducted. We identified the primary Internal training for team members
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resource user groups and local influential leaders in all the dependent villages. Three high
schools were identified and discussions held with the Headmasters. The teachers were
briefed about the work we intended to do with a select group of students i.e. of Class IX.
Baseline survey questionnaire was prepared and critical waterholes for physical
intervention were identified. Internal training for team members for five days on
conducting awareness programs and surveys, executing habitat improvement measures,
organizing community level meetings, and documentation was also held.
Conservation Awareness: Baseline surveys on conservation awareness were conducted by
choosing random respondents from villages and Class IX students of three High Schools.
A questionnaire with 25 questions was administered. Conservation awareness programs
using audio-visual media and talks by the team members were conducted at both village
and school levels. Environmental and Conservation educational activities were taken up
for the students using modules prepared by WWF-India and Center for Environmental
Education for the specific age group.
Habitat Improvement: Critical waterholes frequented by the antelope were identified and
local villagers including livestock herders were encouraged to participate in the de-silting
activity. Individual brewers were identified and enlightened about the damage being done
to the quality of the waterholes due to their actions and persuaded them not to use these
waterholes for brewing. Discussions with the Forest Department resulted in the
confiscation of some illegal guns used for hunting in three villages. This deterred other
hunters in the area from hunting wildlife to a large extent.
Impact of fire on habitat use: We noticed that the antelope movement during certain
periods of the year is restricted to areas that get regularly burnt. Five species identified as
food plants by the indigenous people were monitored post-fire and their phenological
states were compared with those in areas with no incidence of fire. Burnt areas were
mapped and GPS coordinates of the midden locations obtained and overlaid on the layer
depicting the extent of fire using QGIS and Google Earth imagery, and maps indicating
presence of the antelope were derived.
Preparations for proposing a Conservation Reserve: We obtained information on legal
provisions available and steps to follow for proposing a Conservation Reserve. We got
the guidelines under the Scheduled Tribes and Forest Dwellers‟ Act (2006) of India
compiled by the national NGO „Kalpavriksh’ translated in to the local language
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(Appendix2) and distributed among the local villagers, their elected leaders before
initiating further discussions.
Outputs and Results
Conservation Awareness in schools and villages: Baseline surveys on conservation
awareness using questionnaire (Appendix 1) were conducted in 26 villages and 3 high
schools at the beginning of the project and the same was repeated at the end of the
project. This helped us to understand the impact of our efforts in improving conservation
awareness among the people. We assessed the performance based on answers for 5
important questions out of the 25. They are a) “What is Biodiversity?” (Q.No.7); b) “What
is conservation?” (Q.No.10); c) “Is having rich biodiversity useful for you or your village?”
(Q.No.22); d) “In your opinion, what are the major threats to biodiversity?” (Q.No.23); and e)
“What do you suggest to improve the biodiversity in your forests?” (Q.No.24). The details
of participation and performance are given in Tables 1 & 2.
Environmental Education and Conservation awareness activities in local schools
Table1. Participation in the conservation awareness survey at the beginning and end of the project
At the beginning of the project At the end of the project
No. of villages No. of respondents No. of villages No. of respondents
Male Female Total Male Female Total
26 548 289 837 26 412 232 644
No. of schools Male Female Total No. of schools Male Female Total
3 174 129 303 3 146 118 264
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Table2. Comparison of responses to the five questions on conservation awareness
At the beginning of the project At the end of the project
Students (n=303) (n=264)
Q.No. No. of respondents who answered
either “No” or “Do not know”
% No. of respondents who answered
either “No” or “Do not know”
%
7) 264 87 14 5
10) 271 89 23 9
22) 143 47 12 4
23) 156 51 37 14
24) 169 55 42 15
Villagers (n=837) (n=644)
7) 311 37 206 32
10) 187 22 128 20
22) 68 8 3 0.4
23) 77 9 0 0
24) 23 3 7 1
Results show while there is significant learning among the students, the adults of the
villages showed little progress in learning particularly on “Biodiversity” and
“Conservation”. This probably is due to the fact that we had more interactions with the
students than individual villagers. However, almost all the villagers had clear knowledge
about uses of and threats to biodiversity while also offering suggestions for improved
protection and management of the habitat.
Habitat improvement: De-silting and repair of existing waterholes in the antelope habitat
was undertaken (Table3) by involving local communities. A total of 13 waterholes in
areas frequented by the antelope were de-silted by using hired labor from the villages. We
also helped the livestock herders by making water available at the foot hills away from
the antelope habitat and closer to their settlements. This helped us in the form of their
voluntary participation in similar work in the forest. A total of 38 waged man-days were
spent on this activity to which, the livestock herders‟ voluntary contribution added
another 14 man-days. Since 2012 summer, shortage of water in the habitat has been
addressed as 9 of these waterholes are providing a perennial supply. No illicit brewing of
liquor has been noticed at any of these 13 waterholes ever since.
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Table3. Details of de-silting of waterholes as part of habitat improvement measures
No. of
waterholes
identified
No. of
waterholes
de-silted
No. of
man-days
(waged)
No. of man-
days
(volunteered)
Availability of water
Before
intervention
After
intervention
15 13 38 14 All seasonal 6 seasonal and
9 perennial
De-silting of waterholes as part of habitat improvement work
Fire and Phenology of food plants: We recorded the incidence of fire for the two
summers of 2012 and 2013. The extent of fire was mapped and the presence of antelope
in these areas was identified and plotted using QGIS and Google Earth images (Fig.4).
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We also obtained data on the flowering and fruiting of five species of food plants of the
antelope from an area of 200x200m in both burnt and un-burnt areas (Fig. 2 & 3). The
phenology of these food plants varied in burnt areas as the plants were found to be at
various stages of flowering and fruiting in different places. Flowering of two species Viz.
Randia dumetorum and Zizyphus mauritiana was more in burnt areas. However, in un-
burnt areas, fruiting was significantly lower for all but one of the species, i.e. Pterolobium
indicum, which is also the most abundant in the habitat. We understand that, between the
two areas, the availability of flowers and fruits are not uniform and hence this preferred
forage of flowers and fruits is available for a longer period. We assume this could be a
factor drawing the antelope to the burnt areas at a particular time of the year.
Fig.2: Flowering of food plants of the antelope in burnt and un-burnt areas between Aug2012 and June2013
Fig.3: Fruiting of food plants of the antelope in burnt and un-burnt areas between Aug2012 and June2013
02468
101214161820
Randia dumetorum
Zizyphus aenoplea
Zizyphus mauritiana
Acacia sundra
Pterolobium indicumA
vera
ge N
o. o
f P
lan
ts w
ith
Flo
we
rs
Without Fire
With Fire
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Randia dumetorum
Zizyphus aenoplea
Zizyphus mauritiana
Acacia sundra
Pterolobium indicum
Ave
rage
No
. of
pla
nts
wit
h f
ruit
s
Without Fire
With Fire
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Fig.4: Images showing burnt areas (in Red) and the points of antelope presence within the Noorukuppalakonda Reserve (Green)
Fire-affected areas of 2012 Fire affected areas of 2013
Preparations for proposing a Conservation Reserve: All the households in the villages of
the project area are either directly or indirectly dependent on the forest. We identified
various groups like livestock herders, fuel wood and green manure collectors, charcoal
makers, medicinal plants and honey collectors, hunters, brewers, etc. We conducted 23
village-level meetings involving all these user-groups and the identified local leaders. We
discussed their needs and enlightened them about the sustainable use of the resource and
regulated extraction as the forest also harbors threatened species like the Four-horned
antelope. We shared with them the legal provisions available for proposing the area as a
conservation reserve and the norms for its management by the community. While there
was initial progress in the discussions, a majority of the groups was apprehensive about
the rights for resource use in a conservation reserve and felt restrictions will be imposed.
This, coupled with political disturbances, could not bring a common understanding of the
need for a conservation reserve to protect the threatened fauna. We feel that more
discussions over a longer period of time are required before all the stake-holders could
equally participate and contribute to the preparation of the proposal.
Discussions with village elders, resource user-groups and others on the benefits of a conservation reserve
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Achievements and Impacts
The project has enhanced the capacity of the team members to address social issues
arising out of conservation priorities. This is a very useful learning as we are likely to
face similar situations in future. The importance given to addressing the needs of the
stake-holders before developing a long-term perspective for conservation was welcomed
by the villagers, who otherwise feared exclusion.
The success of imparting conservation awareness and education in the schools, while
having a lasting impact on the students, has also generated interest among the school
authorities. This has given us the hope that we can take forward the efforts put in during
this project through a long-term plan for the conservation of the antelope in the area in
future by working with schools.
All the volunteers who helped in the de-silting of waterholes for habitat improvement
have assured their continued support in future for the maintenance and upkeep of the
waterholes by offering their free services.
The livestock herders were particularly satisfied when their need for water for their
animals was met. They have assured us that they will regularly get their animals
vaccinated against contagious diseases, a service provided for free by the Government.
This will prevent spread of diseases by sharing the same waterholes with the wild
animals.
The information we shared from the „Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 of India‟ wherein the
legal protection offered to Scheduled species including the Four-horned antelope, and the
gravity of the punishment if convicted were mentioned, was hitherto unknown to these
people involved in hunting.
Our understanding of how fire impacts the habitat preference of the antelope was first-
time information for the species. However, while it requires similar exercise over a larger
area to confirm the finding, this study has provided some leads to investigate, which when
confirmed would be a major contribution to the preparation of species management plan.
Two summers have passed without a crisis for water in the antelope habitat after our
interventions. Also, no brewing has been observed at these waterholes. This is the first
time the villagers have willingly changed their ways that are detrimental to wildlife in the
area.
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Conclusion
The primary aim of the project was to work for the conservation of the antelope by
addressing critical habitat requirements. This has been achieved by addressing the issues
of water scarcity, illicit brewing, hunting and competition from livestock. The other
important aim of understanding the ecology of the antelope outside Protected Areas was
achieved by gaining insight into the role of fire on habitat use. Our finding that fire is
positively contributing to the availability of preferred forage at an otherwise dry period of
the year is first time information for the species. The project area is part of an important
bio-geographic region as it has a landscape connectivity between two protected areas and
harbors many remnant species of global conservation significance. This warrants for more
studies and conservation efforts to be focused in this area. The cooperation of the locals
earned through this project provides valuable social base for such future interventions and
will also aid in networking with other villages through them.
Problems encountered and lessons learnt
The habitat improvement activities received a good response from the local villagers and
the results were encouraging. The reason for the success of this effort is the involvement
of the locals in both decision making and participation in the execution of the work. It not
only helped the antelope but also the stakeholder group of herders as water was a pressing
issue even for their livestock. Making water available for domestic animals away from the
antelope habitat not only reduced the pressure on the few perennial waterholes but also
minimized the threat of diseases spreading from livestock to wild animals.
We also felt that an ecological study like understanding the influence of fire on plant
phenology requires more vigorous scientific inputs and intense monitoring over larger a
spatial scale before arriving at definite conclusions.
An important learning for the team from this project is that in order to involve the local
communities, in a biomass-dependent country like India, it is imperative to understand the
traditional or customary linkages that the community has with the resource and the need
for addressing their livelihood issues. In an economically poor society, it is natural for the
community to seek immediate monetary or material benefits than invest efforts in long-
term ecological returns. The commitment and participation from the villages is not very
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encouraging if there is no immediate financial benefit from our interventions, but for few
exceptions.
The major setback the team suffered was lack of efficient manpower. Both the Project
Assistants who expressed their willingness to be part of the team decided not join after
the award was received and we could not find a replacement for one year. The first half of
the project period was managed with just two Field Assistants who lack technical skills.
Due to this, we could not invest in equipment as the field assistants were not capable of
using them. However, during the latter half of the project period, we could employ a full-
time Project Assistant on salaried basis using funds meant for the equipment. The
problems continued as both the Field Assistants left the team after the first year due to
personal reasons. This affected the quality of our work.
Just as we had initiated discussions with the various stakeholders as a step towards
proposing the project area for recognition as a Conservation Reserve, political
disturbances arising out of abrupt bifurcation of the state led to lot of public unrest and
agitations that went on for three months. Transport was adversely affected and the
Government departments did not function during this period. This was followed by
national and state elections during which, the villages got highly polarized due to political
compulsions and we found it difficult to get them onto a common platform for pursuing
our goal of a collective action towards preparation of the proposal.
In the future
There is an urgent need to understand the status and ecology of the Four-horned antelope
across its distribution range. We intend to replicate our work in other unprotected areas of
the Eastern Ghats towards the long-term conservation of the species. In order to
understand the ecology, behavior and population biology of the Four-horned antelope in
the entire Chittoor (West) Forest Division, a research proposal is being prepared in
collaboration with the Department of Endangered Species Management at the Wildlife
Institute of India.
----------
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Appendix1
Conservation Awareness Questionnaire-Page1 Conservation Awareness Questionnaire-Page2
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Appendix2
Salient features of the Forest Rights Act (2006)
Page1 Page2
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Appendix3
Map showing land use and cover in the project area
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Appendix4
Media Reports in local newspapers on the project activities
21
Appendix5
Expenditure Details of the project
Itemized expenses Total CLP requested (USD)
Total CLP used (USD)
PHASE I - PROJECT PREPARATION
Communication (Telephone, Internet, Postage) 760.00 768.00
Insurance (Nine installments for two team members) 667.00 620.00
Reconnaissance (Food and travel expenses for Recon. Visits) 355.00 355.00
Team training (Food & Stationery expenses during training workshops )
100.00 105.00
Medical supplies/First Aid 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00
EQUIPMENT
Scientific/field equipment and supplies 528.00 528.00
Photographic equipment 733.00 733.00
Camping equipment 0.00 0.00
Vehicle Hire 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00
PHASE II - IMPLEMENTATION
Accommodation for team members and local guides (During outstation visits for consultations with scientists, meeting Govt. officials for maps and permission, etc. )
290.00 284.00
Food for team members and local guides (During field visits for the team, snacks for school children during awareness programs, and outstation travel of team members @ Rs. 200 per peson per day during survey, Rs. 250 per person per day during outstation travel and Rs. 25 per person for snacks per session during awareness programs )
3,500.00 3,507.00
Travel (For field and village visits,local and outstation travel by team members )
7,000.00 7,024.00
Outreach/education activities and materials 0.00 0.00
Workshops 0.00 0.00
Stipend and Wage: (Stipend for Team Leader @$100 per month and salary for Project Assistants= $4000; wages for for de-silting and local guide=$1453)
5,453.00 5,460.00
PHASE III - POST-PROJECT EXPENSES
Report production 100.00 102.00
Other 0.00 0.00
Total 19,486.00 19,486.00
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2. Rahmani, A.R. 2001: Antelopes. Part 4: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia.
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Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.viii + Pp.178-187.
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Four-horned antelope Tetracerus quadricornis in India. Final Report-DST. Bombay
Natural History Society, Mumbai.
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