Post on 04-Jan-2016
description
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Farmakologi SosialFarmakologi Sosial
NI PUTU EKA LELIQIA, S.FARM., M.SI., APT.
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
PHARMACOLOGYPHARMACOLOGY
The science that essentially deals with the origin, nature, chemistry, effects, and uses
of DRUGS
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
DRUGSDRUGSchemical compound of synteticc, semisintetic,
natural or biological origin which INTERACTS with human or animal cells. The interaction may be quatified, where by these resulting action are
intended to prevent, to cure, to reduce ill effects in the human or animal body or to detect desease
causing manifestations
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Pharmacologic Principles
DRUG PHARMACOLOGY
PharmaceuticsPharmacokinetics
PharmacodynamicsPharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacognosy
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
PharmaceuticsThe study of how various drug forms
influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activities
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Pharmacokinetics• The study of what
the body does to the drug:
– Absorption
– Distribution
– Metabolism
– Excretion
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Pharmacodynamics
The study of what the drug does to the body
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Pharmacotherapeutics
The use of drugs and the clinical indications for drugs to prevent and treat diseases
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Pharmacognosy
The study of natural (plant and animal) drug sources
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Absorption
Penyerapan/ masuknya obat dari tempat pemberian ke jaringan target, meliputi transformasinya dari bentuk
saat diberikan (a dosage form) menjadi bentuk yang dapat
digunakan scr biologi (a biologically usable form)”
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Factors That Affect Absorption
• Administration route of the drug
• Food or fluids administered with the drug
• Dosage formulation
• Status of the absorptive surface
• Rate of blood flow to the small intestine
• Acidity of the stomach
• Status of GI motility
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Administration route of the drug
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Dosage formulation
• Oral Preparations
– Liquids, syrups
– Suspension solutions
– Powders
– Capsules
– Tablets
– Coated tablets
– Enteric-coated tablets
FastestFastest
SlowestSlowest
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Distribution
The transport of a drug in the body by the bloodstream to its site of action.
• Protein-bindingProtein-binding
• Water soluble vs. fat solubleWater soluble vs. fat soluble
• Blood-brain barrierBlood-brain barrier
• Areas of rapid distribution: heart, liver, Areas of rapid distribution: heart, liver, kidneys, brainkidneys, brain
• Areas of slow distribution: muscle, skin, fatAreas of slow distribution: muscle, skin, fat
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Metabolism / Biotransformation
The biologic The biologic transformation of a transformation of a drug into drug into an inactive an inactive metabolite, a more metabolite, a more soluble compound, soluble compound, or a more potent or a more potent metabolite.metabolite.
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Excretion
The elimination of drugs from the body
• Kidneys (main organ) Kidneys (main organ)
• Biliary excretionBiliary excretion
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Pharmacodynamics
• Drug-Receptor Interactions
– Binding
• Dose-Response
– Effect
• Signal Transduction
– Mechanism of action, Pathways
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Receptor interaction
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Signal Transduction
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Pharmacodynamics
Onset• The time it takes for the drug to elicit a
therapeutic response
Peak• The time it takes for a drug to reach its
maximum therapeutic response
Duration• The time a drug concentration is sufficient to
elicit a therapeutic response
Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.