Evolution of Management Thought

The emergence of Management Thought

Early Approaches to ManagementClassical Approach

Behavioral ApproachQuantitative ApproachModern Approaches to

ManagementEmerging Approaches in

Management Thought.

sonali dhawan

The emergence of Management Thought

Frederick W. Taylor Acknowledged as “the father of Scientfic

management”.

His primary concern was to increase productivity through greater efficiency in production and increased pay for workers, through the application of the scientific method.

Taylor’s famous work entitled “The principles of Scientific Management was published in 1911”.

sonali dhawan

The emergence of Management Thought

Henry L. Gantt(1901):-

called for Scientific selection of workers and “harmonious cooperation: between labour and management.

Stressed the need for training.

sonali dhawan

The emergence of Management Thought

Frank and Lillian Gilberth (1900) Frank is known primarily for his

time and motion studies. Lillian an industrial psychologist, focused on the human aspects of work and the understanding of worker’s personalities and needs.

sonali dhawan

The emergence of Management ThoughtHenri Fayol

Refferred to as “ the father of modern management theory” .

Divided industrial activities into six groups:

Technical , Commercial, Financial, Security, Accounting and Managerial.

Formulated Fourteen Principles of Management.

sonali dhawan

Hugo Munsterberg (1912):- Application of psychology to

industry and management.Walter Dill Scott :-

Application of psychology to advertising, Marketing and personnel.Max Weber:-

Theory of BureaucracyVilfredo Pareto:-

Reffered to as “the father of the social systems approach” to organisation and management.

The emergence of Management Thought

sonali dhawan

The emergence of Management Thought

Elton Mayo:- Famous studies at the Hawthrone

plant of the western Electric Company.F.J.Roethlisberger:-

Influence of social attitudes and relationships of work-group performance.

sonali dhawan

The emergence of Management Thought

Chester Barnard :- The task of

managers is to maintain a system of cooperative effort in a formal organisation.

He suggested a comprehensive social systems approach to management.

sonali dhawan

Classical Approach

Approach Rationale Focus

Scientific Management

One best way to do each job

Job level

Administrative Principles

One best way to put an organisation together

Organisational Level

Bureaucratic organisation

Rational and impersonal organisational arrangements

Organisational Level

sonali dhawan

Behavioral ApproachName Perio

d Contribution

Mary Parker

1868-1933

Emphasized group influence and advocated the concept of ‘power sharing’ and integration.

Elton Mayo

1880-1949

Laid the foundation for the Human Relations movement; recognised the influence of group and workplace culture on job performance.

sonali dhawan

Behavioral Approach

Name Period Contribution

Abraham Maslow

1908-1970

Advocated that humans are essentially motivated by a hierarchy of needs.

Douglas McGregor

1906-1964

Differentiated employees and manages into Theory X and Theory Y personalities.

Chris Argyris

- Classified organisations based on the employees set of values.

sonali dhawan

Approaches to Management (1) Empirical or Case Approach

Studies experience through cases.

Identifies successes & Failures.

Casesituation

Why?

Failure Success

sonali dhawan

(2) Managerial Roles Approach

Interpersonal Roles

Decision Roles

Informational Roles

sonali dhawan

(3) Contingency Or Situational Approach

Managerial Practice depends on circumstances.Contingency Theory recognizes the influence of given solutions on organizational behaviour patterns.

Cause Effect

Contingency

Situation

sonali dhawan

(4) Mathematical or “Management Science” Approach

Managing is seen as mathematical processes, concepts, symbols, and models.Looks at management as puerly logical process, expressed in mathematical symbols and relationship.

sonali dhawan

(5) Decision Theory Approach

Focus on the making of decisions, persons or group making decisions, and the decision-making process.Some theorists use decision-making as a springboard to study all enterprise activities.The boundaries of study are no longer clearly defined.

sonali dhawan

(6) Reengineering Approach

Operations

Input Transformation OutPut

sonali dhawan

(7) Systems Approach

Systems concepts have broad applicability. Systems have boundaries, but they also interact with the external environment.Organizations are open systems (open to external environment)

sonali dhawan

(8) Socio-Technical Systems Approach

Technical system has great effect on social system (personal attitudes,group behaviour).Focus on production, office operations and other areas with close relationships between the technical system and people.

sonali dhawan

(9) Group Behaviour Approach

Emphasis on behaviour of people in groups.Based on sociology and social psychology.The study of large groups is often called “organization behaviour”.

sonali dhawan

10) Interpersonal Behaviour Approach

Focus on interpersonal behaviour, human relations, leadership, and motivation.Based on individual psychology.

sonali dhawan

11)McKinsey’s 7-S frame work :-

STRUCTURE

SYSTEMS

STYLE

STAFF

SKILLS

STRATEGY

SHAREDVALUES

sonali dhawan

12) Total Quality Management Approach.

sonali dhawan

13) Management process or operational Approach

Draws Knowledge from approachesAbove

Integrates the approahes with scienceAnd theory that is practical.

OPERATIONALAPPROACH

sonali dhawan

Theory X (Douglas McGreor)• Management's only responsibility is to

improve the company's "bottom line."• The employees of an organization are

tools to be used to meet this goal.• People are basically unwilling to work

in the best interests of the company, cannot handle responsibility, and must be tightly controlled, prodded, and punished to get their work done.

sonali dhawan

Theory Y (Douglas McGregor)• Management should create conditions that

enable and encourage employees to attain their own goals by working toward the goals of the organization.

• Employees are inherently ready to accept responsibility, do a good job, and work in the best interests of the company.

• It is management's responsibility to create the conditions that will allow employees to develop their fullest potential.

sonali dhawan

Theory Z (Dr. William Ouchi’s)

Based on Japanese management practices and motivational pattern.Ouchi has suggested five broad features of Theory z.

TrustStrong Bond between organisation &

Employees.Employee Involvement.No formal structure.Coordination of Human Beings.