Ethnobotany. Lecture 33

Alexey Shipunov

Minot State University

April 22, 2013

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Outline

1 PharmacognosyPlant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseasesPlant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

PharmacognosyPlant remedies for infectious and

parasitic diseases

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Antiprotozoal and antihelminth drugs

Most of these diseases are restricted to tropicsSometimes, control on the transmission is much more effectivethan any treatments

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Cinchona, Cinhona spp., Rubiaceae, South America

Cinchonae cortexQuinoline alkaloids, such as quinine toxic to malarian parasite butin large doses also to humansExtremely bitter

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Cinchona

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Quinine

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Lapacho, Tabebuia spp., Bignoniaceae, SouthAmerica

Large tropical trees, inner bark is usedNapthoquinones, especially lapachol are active against multipleprotozoan diseases and even cancers; cytotoxic in big doses

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Tabebuia

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Lapachol

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, Compositae,China

Small annual herb, leaves and stems are usedSesquiterpenes like artemisinin are active against malarianparasite, PlasmodiumNon-toxic (!)

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Sweet wormwood

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Moringa, Moringa oleifera, Moringaceae, South Asia

Large tropical tree with edible leaves and oil-containing seedsContains multiple active compounds like alkaloid spirochin withantibacterial and antihelminth effects

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Moringa

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Wild bergamot, Monarda fistulosa, Labiatae, NorthAmerica

Prairie herb with large clusters of flowersContains rich set of essential oils: thymol, pinene, carvacrol,antibacterial and antihelminth

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Wild bergamot

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Carvacrol

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal agents

Unlike antibiotics, have a broad spectrum of activityMost can be taken in form of herbal teas (like balm tea fromMelissa)

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Garlic, Allium sativum, Amaryllidaceae, Eurasia

(Covered previously)Contains allicin, and different diallyls

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Tea tree, Melaleuca alternifolia, Myrtaceae, Australia

Melaleucae atheroleumMedium-sized tree from north-west coast of AustraliaOils (in form of tea) are widely used as antiseptics: contain cineoleand other essentian oil monoterpenes

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Melaleuca, tea tree

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Urinary tract infections (cystitis)

Majority of women have some form of this infectionPlant remedies are often work better because they do not haveside effects (however, they are not recommended to patients withblood problems)

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Bearberry, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Ericaceae, NorthHemisphere

Uvae ursi foliumSmall prostrate evergreen shrubTraditionaly used in cystitis; glycoside arbutin and its derivativeshave stable antimicrobial activity

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Bearberry

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Arbutin

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Ericaceae, NorthAmerica

Minuscule shrub from bogs and coastsContains anthocyanins which are suspected to be activecompounds: cranberry juice suppresses urinary infections

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Insecticidal agents

Most derived from terpenoids and essential oilsAlkaloids like veratridine (from Veratrum spp.) were used in thepast but now abandoned due to toxicity

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Pyrethrum, Chrysanthemum/Tanacetum spp.,Compositae, North America

Multiple herb species, all contain pyrethrin widely used as a spray,for fumigation etc.Synthetic pyrethrins are often subjects for increased resistancefrom insects

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Pyrethrum

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Pyrethrin

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Quassia, Picrasma excelsa and Quassia amara,Simaroubaceae, Japan and Central America

Wood of these trees is normally used (e.g., for smoke)Quassinoids like quassin are not only insecticides but alsoanthyheminth and antibacterial drugs

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Quassia

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for infectious and parasitic diseases

Quassin

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)

PharmacognosyPlant remedies for endocrine and

urinary diseases (the rest)

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)

Antidiabetics

Used for treatment in case of type 2 diabetes(non-insulin-dependent)Lower concentration of glucose in blood (hypoglycaemic effects)

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)

Bitter melon, Momordica charantia, Cucurbitaceae,South Asia

Leaves and fruits contain triterpene glycosides momordicosidesHave hypoglycaemic effects

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)

Bitter melon

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)

Momordicin

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)

Guar, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, Leguminosae,Africa

Cyamopsidis seminisSeeds are normally used, they contain galactose and mannosepolymers which reduce absorption of glucose

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)

Guar

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)

Gymnema, Gymnema sylvestris, Apocynaceae, India

(Covered previously)Large vine, leaves chewing results in temporary disappearance ofsweet taste

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)

Raspberry, Rubus idaeus, Rosaceae, NorthHemisphere

Tea from raspberry leaves was traditionally used to facilitate childbirthActive components are most probably polypeptides and flavonoids

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)

Raspberry leaves

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)

Summary

Plant quinones and essential oils tend to be antimicrobial

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)

For Further Reading

A. Shipunov.Ethnobotany [Electronic resource].2011—onwards.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310

M. Heinrich and others.Fundamentals of pharmacognosy amd phytotherapy (selectedchapters). [Electronic resource].Churchhill Livingstone, 2004.Mode of access: http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310/heinrich2004_fund_pharm_part.djvuChapters 15, 17–19.

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