Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35

Alexey Shipunov

Minot State University

April 24–26, 2013

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 1 / 60

Outline

1 PharmacognosyPlants for musculosceletal system and skinPlants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 2 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

PharmacognosyPlants for musculosceletal system

and skin

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 3 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Arthritis, rheumatism and muscle pain

Numerous unrelated diseases, from infections to psychologicalAs a result, no general treatment availableMain synthetic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugd (NSAIDs:aspirin, ibuprofen) are cyclo-oxygenases which inhibitprostaglandin synthase enzymes

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 4 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Willows, Salix spp., Salicaceae, Northern Hemisphere

Salicis cortexContains salicylic acidWork much better with stomach than pure salicylis oracetylsalicylis acids (aspirin)

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 5 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Willow

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 6 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Salicylates

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 7 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Meadowsweet, Filipendula ulmaria, Rosaceae,Eurasia

Perennial herb growing in wet places, leaves and flowers are usedContain high amounts of salicylic acid, “aspirin” is a derivarivefrom old name of plant, “spiraea”

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 8 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Meadowsweet

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 9 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Devil’s claw, Harpagophytum procumbens,Pedaliaceae, South Africa

Harpagophyti radixPlant with extremely spiny fruits; roots are collectedContains bitter iridoids harpagide and harpagoside working well inarthritus

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 10 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Devil’s claw

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 11 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 12 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Turmeric, Curcuma domestica, Zingiberaceae, SouthAsia

Curcumae domestuicae rhizomaHerbaceous plant similar to ginger, rhizomes are usedPlant came from Ayurveda and TCMCurcuminoid phenolic compounds are active, antagonist of someinflammatory factors

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 13 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Turmeric

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 14 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Cucrumin

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 15 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, Colchicaceae,Eurasia

Used against gout: severe inflammation of foot joints caused byformation of uric crystalsColchicine is an active compound; extremely toxic!

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 16 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Autumn crocus

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 17 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Colchicine

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 18 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Cold and influenza

Mixture of diseases, anti-inflammatory, antiviral drugs andimmunostimulants are usedDemulcents and emollients used for symptomatic treatment

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 19 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Linden, Tilia spp., Malvaceae, North Hemisphere

Tiliae flosDeciduous trees with insect-pollinated, fragrant flowersActive components are different essentioal oils, polysaccharides;some are capable to bind with inhibitory GABA receptors

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 20 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Linden

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 21 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Coltsfoot, Tussilago farfara, Compositae, Eurasia

Herb with dimorphic leaves and early flowering (both flowers andleaves are used)Main active components are acidic polysaccharides

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 22 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Coltsfoot

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 23 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Common marshmallow, Althaea officinalis, Malvaceae,Eurasia

Althaeae radixHigh herbaceous perennial plantTissues are rich of mucilage polysaccharides and flavonoids

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 24 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Marshmallow

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 25 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Echinacea, Echinacea purpurea and other species,Compositae, North America

Perennial herb, widely used by native tribesContain numerous glycosides and other compounds, e.g.,echinacosideImmunostimulant and anti-allergic plant, often combined withgarlic

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 26 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Echinacea

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 27 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Echinacoside

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 28 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Wintergreen, Gaultheria procumbens, Ericaceae,North America

Leaves and stems contain oils rich of methyl salicylatesOften used topically, e.g., for many kinds of muscular pains

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 29 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Wintergreen

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 30 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Red pepper, Capsicum spp., Solanaceae, CentralAmerica

(Already covered)Provides the revulsive effect

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 31 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Skin diseases

Eczema, dry skin, infectious diseases, local inflammation etc.Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and some specific drugs are used

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 32 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Yarrow, Achillea millefolium, Compositae, Eurasia

Perennial plant with dissected leaves, all parts are usedEssential oils and tannins are responsibe for anti-inflammatoryand astringent effects

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 33 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Yarrow

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 34 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Arnica, Arnica montana, Compositae, Eurasia

Perennial mountainous plant from AlpsContain a rich combination of active compounds: proteins,essential oils, sesquiterpene lactons (e.g., helenalin)

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 35 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Arnica

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 36 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Helenalin

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 37 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Aloë vera, Asparagaceae, Africa

African tree with succulent leavesMixture of different components with antibacterial,anti-inflammatory and other effects

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 38 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Aloë vera

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 39 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Calendula, Calendula officinalis, Asteraceae, Eurasia

Herbaceous plant with bright yellow or orange inflorescencesOils, polysaccharides, saponins (like calenduladiol),carotenes—with anti-inflammatory and antiseptic effects

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 40 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Calendula

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 41 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Evening primrose, Oenothera spp., Onagraceae,North America

Used by local tribesActive is γ-linolenic acid which has topical anti-inflammatory andanti-eczematic effects

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 42 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Evening primrose

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 43 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

γ-linolenic acid

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 44 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Witch hazel, Hamamelis virginiana, Hamamelidaceae,North America

Shrub with hazel-like leaves and extremely early (or late) floweringLeaves and bark contain tannins with positive astringent effects toskin

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 45 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin

Witch hazel

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 46 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx

PharmacognosyPlants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 47 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx

Eyebright, Euphrasia spp., Orobanchaceae, Eurasia

Traditional European plant remedyActive components are iridoid glycosides: aucubin, euphrosideetc., lignans and tanninsHelps in conjunctivitis

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 48 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx

Eyebright

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 49 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx

Jaborandi leaf, Pilocarpus spp., Rutaceae, SouthAmerica

Contains alkaloid pilocarpineStimulating eye muscles, contracting pupils after atropine; usedagainst glaucoma

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 50 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx

Jaborandi leaf

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 51 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx

Pilocarpine

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 52 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx

Deadly nightshade, Atropa belladonna, Solanaceae,Mediterranean

Contains alkaloid atropineUsed for medical examination to open iris

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 53 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx

Deadly nightshade

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 54 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx

Atropine

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 55 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx

Essential oil plants for nose and orthopharynx

Essential oils are using as antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agentsSage (Salvia officinalis), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) andpeppermint (Mentha × piperita) are most frequently used

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 56 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx

Clove, Syzygium aromaticum, Myrtaceae, SouthwestAsia

Caryophylli flosFlower buds extremely rich of eugenolUsed also as a culinary spice

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 57 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx

Clove

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 58 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx

Summary

Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and astringent compounds aremost important for treating cold and skin diseases

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 59 / 60

Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx

For Further Reading

A. Shipunov.Ethnobotany [Electronic resource].2011—onwards.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310

M. Heinrich and others.Fundamentals of pharmacognosy amd phytotherapy (selectedchapters). [Electronic resource].Churchhill Livingstone, 2004.Mode of access: http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310/heinrich2004_fund_pharm_part.djvuChapters 19–21.

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 34–35 April 24–26, 2013 60 / 60