Transcript of 連続的なリスクのどこに「線」を引くのか:米国EPAのPM2.5基準値改訂、その"正当化ロジック"を読む...
- 1. 2013/1/23 @FoRAM EPAPM2.5 13124 1
- 2. HP( http://www.nirs.go.jp/information/qa/qa.php )13124
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- 3. http://crms.u-shizuoka-ken.ac.jp/cont/kouza/120/13124 3
- 4. PM2.5 EPA1214 EPA
http://crms.u-shizuoka-ken.ac.jp/cont/kouza/120/13124 4
- 5. 13124 5
- 6. 1. - PM2.5 - PM 2. 2012 - - 7 - 13124 6
- 7. 176 R. D. Brook PM2.5 Figure 1 Size, sources and composition
of PM air pollution RBC, red blood cell; SVOC, semi-volatile
organic carbons; UFP, ultra-ne particles; VOC, volatile organic
carbons. Brook (2011) in Clinical Science 115, 175-18713124
(cardiovascular) system [13]. In the present review, CV elemental
carbon). Particle sizes range from clusters of 7
- 8. (2011) PM2.5 13124 8
- 9. 2.1.1.3 PM2.5(SASS) (2004~2008 ) (2009) 13124 9
- 10. HP http://www.nies.go.jp/kanko/kankyogi/05/06.html13124
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- 11. PRIMARY SECONDARY Aqueous phase reactions Organic Gas phase
of dicarbonyls, organic acids Compounds reactions and OH, NO2, O3
of alkanes, aromatics, alkenes, olefins, etc Aerosol and OH, O3,
NO2 phase Droplet reactions evaporation products products products
Gas/particle partitioning Nucleation, sorption,
condensation/evaporation Figure 3-4. Primary emissions and
formation of SOA through gas, cloud and condensed phase reactions.
It should be noted that many of the products of terpene oxidation
are oxidative in nature, and US EPA merely nonreactive oxidation
products. Organic peroxides represent an important class of are not
(2009) Integrated Science Assessment for Particulate Matter
reactive oxygen species (ROS) that have high oxidizing potential
and could cause oxidative stress in13124 11
- 12. 60 2010PM2.513124 12
- 13. (2011)13124 13
- 14. M2.5 50 TEOM 2001 2008 2.1.1.1 2.1.1.1 PM2.5(50 TEOM)M2.5
(2009) 13124 14
- 15. 2.1.1.7 PM2.5(SASS) (2008 ) (2009) 2.1.1.7 PM2.5(SASS)13124
15
- 16. 2.1.1.2 PM2.5(50 TEOM) (2001 2008 )1.2. (2009) 13124
16
- 17. (2009) 13124 17
- 18.
http://business.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/report/20120306/229497/
http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20130114/k10014790051000.html13124
18
- 19. http://j.people.com.cn/94475/7700074.html13124 19
- 20. 70 ( (SPM) ) ( (SPM) ) 60 (PM2.5) 2.5) ( (PM (PM2.5) 2.5)
50 PM (PM2.5) 2.5 (g/m3 ) 40 30 20 10 0 4.5.2.3 SPM PM2.5 SPM
(2009) 4.5.3.13124 20
- 21. 1. - PM2.5 - PM 2. 2012 - - 7 - 13124 21
- 22. Clean Air Act National Ambient Air Quality Standard: NAAQS)
H19 13124 22
- 23. PM 24 260 g/m3 (1971) TSP ( ) 75 g/m3 24 150 g/m3 1 (1987)
PM10 ( ) 50 g/m3 * 24 65 g/m3 PM2.5 ( )* 15 g/m3 2 (1997) * 24 150
g/m3 PM10 ( )* 50 g/m3 * 24 35 g/m3 PM2.5 ( )* 15 g/m3 3 (2006) *
24 150 g/m3 PM10 * * 24 98 3 * 3 * 3 * 3 10% 2 24 0.9 H19 13124
23
- 24. PM 1987National Resources Defense Council vs EPA PM10
1997American Track Association vs EPA PM2.5EPA 2001EPAPM2.5 EPA is
not permitted consider the cost of implementing NAAQS. ... NAAQS
should be neither more nor less stringent than necessary.
2009American Farm Bureau Federation vs EPA PM2.5 EPA failed to
adequately explain why the standard ... provided the requisite
protection from both of short- and long-term exposure to ne
particles, including protection for at-risk populations such as
children.13124 24
- 25. 1. - PM2.5 - PM 2. 2012 - - 7 - 13124 25
- 26. 2008 [1] Integrated Review Plan for the NAAQS for PM 2009
[2] Integrated Science Assessment for PM CASAC2010 [3] Quantitative
Health Risk Assessment for PM Review & Public2011 [4] Policy
Assessment for the Review of the PM NAAQS Comm. 2012 [5] Responses
to Signicant Comments on the 2012 Proposed Rule on the NAAQS for PM
[6] NAAQS for PM [7] Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Final
Revisions to the NAAQS for PM13124 26
- 27. 1. - PM2.5 - PM 2. 2012 - - 7 - 13124 27
- 28. [1] Integrated Review Plan for the NAAQS for PM Integrated
Review Plan for the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for
Particulate Matter Finalized in 2008, pp8513124 28
- 29. [1] IRP - - - specify13124 29
- 30. 3 KEYLINKS TO OF
CONTENTS..................................................................................
18 TABLE OTHER NAAQSISSUES AND OTHER RELATED AGENCY ACTIVITIES
.............13 2 1.5REVIEW SCHEDULE
........................................................................................................
16 1 POLICY-RELEVANT REVIEWS 12
3.1INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................16
REVIEW SCHEDULE
........................................................................................................
1
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................
1 KEY ISSUES RELATED TO THE PRIMARY PM NAAQS
..........................................................................18
1
3.2INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................18
3 1.1REVIEW SCHEDULE
........................................................................................................
16 POLICY-RELEVANT ISSUES
..................................................................................
3 3.1 1.2 [1] IRP TABLE
OFREQUIREMENTS...........................................................................................................3
CONTENTS OVERVIEW OF THE NAAQS REVIEW
PROCESS...............................................................................2
2
1.1INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................
1 OVERVIEW OF THE NAAQS REVIEW
PROCESS...............................................................................2
ISSUES RELATED TO THE PRIMARY PM PM NAAQS
....................................................................21
POLICY-RELEVANT SECONDARY NAAQS
..........................................................................18
1 1.1 KEYISSUES RELATED TO THEISSUES
..................................................................................
18 LEGISLATIVE
REQUIREMENTS...........................................................................................................3
OVERVIEW OF THE NAAQS REVIEW
PROCESS...............................................................................2
1 1.2 LEGISLATIVE THE NAAQS REVIEW
PROCESS...............................................................................2
4 1.1 SCIENCE ASSESSMENT OF PRIMARY PMPM PM
.............................................................................5
3.1 3.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 OVERVIEW OF 3 1.2KEYLEGISLATIVEREVIEWS
OFSECONDARYFORNAAQS
....................................................................21
HISTORY OF REVIEWS
..................................................................................................
18 POLICY-RELEVANT ISSUES
..................................................................................
23 ISSUES RELATED TO THE NAAQS
..........................................................................18
ISSUES RELATED TO THE THE NAAQS FOR PM
.............................................................................5
HISTORY OF
REQUIREMENTS...........................................................................................................3
THE NAAQS LEGISLATIVE
REQUIREMENTS...........................................................................................................3
3.2 ISSUESRELATED TO THE THE NAAQS FOR PM
..........................................................................18
RELATED TO THE SECONDARY PM NAAQS
....................................................................21
1 1.3
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................
1 3.1 ISSUES AND REVIEWS SCOPE OF THE CURRENT PRIMARY PM
NAAQS.............................................................................5
4.1SCIENCE ASSESSMENTOF
REVIEW...................................................................................................12
1.4 1.4 4 1.3 SCOPE OF THE CURRENT
REVIEW...................................................................................................12
HISTORY OF
ORGANIZATION.............................................................................................................23
..................................................................................................
23 3.2 HISTORY OFOF THE NAAQS REVIEWAND OTHER RELATED AGENCY
ACTIVITIES .............13 OVERVIEW REVIEWS OF REVIEWS
PROCESS...............................................................................2
THE NAAQS FOR PM
.............................................................................5
1.5 1.1 4.2 1.5 4 1.4 SCOPE TO OTHER TO THE SECONDARY PM NAAQS
....................................................................21
ISSUESTO OTHER NAAQS REVIEWS AND OTHER RELATED AGENCY ACTIVITIES
.............13 LINKS RELATED NAAQS
..................................................................................................................24
1.4 SCIENCE OF
THEAPPROACHREVIEW...................................................................................................12
ASSESSMENT CURRENT LINKS ASSESSMENT
..................................................................................................
23 4.1 AND
ORGANIZATION.............................................................................................................23
SCOPE OF
THEREQUIREMENTS...........................................................................................................3
1.2 1.5 LEGISLATIVE CURRENT
REVIEW...................................................................................................12
LINKS TO OTHER PUBLIC REVIEW
...................................................................................................40
SCIENTIFIC AND NAAQS REVIEWS AND OTHER RELATED AGENCY ACTIVITIES
.............13 4.3SCIENCESCHEDULE
........................................................................................................
23 4.1 2 1.3 LINKS TO OF
ORGANIZATION.............................................................................................................23
SCOPE AND 4 1.5 REVIEW SCHEDULE
........................................................................................................
16 2 4.2 REVIEW ASSESSMENT OFREVIEWS AND OTHER RELATED AGENCY
ACTIVITIES .............13 REVIEWS
..................................................................................................
16 ASSESSMENT APPROACH
..................................................................................................................24
HISTORY OTHER NAAQS THE NAAQS FOR PM
.............................................................................5
4.2 ASSESSMENT APPROACH
..................................................................................................................24
5 4.3REVIEW SCHEDULE
........................................................................................................
16 SCOPE AND AND PUBLIC REVIEW
...................................................................................................40
SCIENTIFIC
ORGANIZATION.............................................................................................................23
2 4.1REVIEW HEALTH RISK AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS
....................................... 16 1.4HUMAN SCHEDULE
........................................................................................................
41 3 4.3KEY SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLIC
REVIEW...................................................................................................12
SCOPE OF THE CURRENTISSUES
..................................................................................
18 2 4.2 KEYASSESSMENT APPROACHISSUES
..................................................................................
18 POLICY-RELEVANT REVIEW
...................................................................................................40
3 5.1 POLICY-RELEVANT LINKS TO OTHER TO THE
..................................................................................................................24
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................41
1.5HUMAN HEALTH NAAQS REVIEWS AND
OTHER..........................................................................18
RELATED AGENCY ACTIVITIES .............13 5 4.3KEY SCIENTIFIC
ANDRISK AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS
....................................... 18 3 5.2 3.1 3.1 ISSUES
..................................................................................
41 POLICY-RELEVANT RISK ASSESSMENT FROM LAST
REVIEW..........................................42 ISSUES RELATED
TO THE PRIMARY PM NAAQS
..........................................................................18
ISSUES RELATED PRIMARY PM NAAQS 5 5.1 HUMAN HEALTH PUBLICISSUES
..................................................................................
18 3.2 OVERVIEW OF HEALTH REVIEW
...................................................................................................40
3 3.1KEYISSUES RELATEDRISK AND EXPOSURE NAAQS
....................................................................21
POLICY-RELEVANT ASSESSMENTS .......................................
41
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................41
ISSUES RELATED TO THE PRIMARY PM NAAQS
..........................................................................18
ISSUES RELATED TO THE SECONDARY PM NAAQS
....................................................................21
3.2REVIEW SCHEDULE
........................................................................................................
16 TO THE SECONDARY PM 2 3.1 5 3.2HUMANQUALITY CHARACTERIZATION PM
PM NAAQS LAST REVIEW..........................................42
5.3 5.1 5.2 ISSUES RELATED TO THE PRIMARY
...............................................................................................44
AIR HEALTH RISK AND ASSESSMENT FROM ISSUES RELATED TO THE SECONDARY
NAAQS
..........................................................................18
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................41
OVERVIEW OF HEALTH RISKEXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS
....................................... 41
....................................................................21
4 3.2 SCIENCE ASSESSMENT
..................................................................................................
23 5.4SCIENCE ASSESSMENT
..................................................................................................
23 POPULATION EXPOSURERISK ASSESSMENT FROM
....................................................................21
ASSESSMENT PM NAAQS LAST
REVIEW..........................................42 APPROACH
...................................................................45
3 5.1 KEYISSUES AND OF HEALTH ISSUES
..................................................................................
18 4 5.3 5.2 5.5 POLICY-RELEVANT SECONDARY
.......................................................................................49
RELATED TO THE OVERVIEW AIR QUALITY CHARACTERIZATION
...............................................................................................44
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................41
HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH 4 5.2SCIENCE ASSESSMENT
..................................................................................................
23 4.1 5.3 5.4 4.1 SCOPE
ORGANIZATION.............................................................................................................23
OVERVIEW OF CHARACTERIZATIONPM APPROACH
...................................................................45
SCOPE RELATED TO THE PRIMARY
...............................................................................................44
AIR QUALITY HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FROM LAST
REVIEW..........................................42 POPULATION
EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT NAAQS
..........................................................................18
ISSUES AND
ORGANIZATION.............................................................................................................23
3.1SCIENCE ASSESSMENT
..................................................................................................
23 4 4.1 5.6 4.2 5.4 5.5 4.2 BROADER RISK
CHARACTERIZATION............................................................................................53
HEALTH RISK APPROACH ASSESSMENT APPROACH
...................................................................45
ASSESSMENT APPROACH
..................................................................................................................24
SCOPE AND
ORGANIZATION.............................................................................................................23
ASSESSMENT EXPOSURE
..................................................................................................................24
POPULATION ASSESSMENT APPROACH
.......................................................................................49
5.3 3.2 4.1 AIR QUALITY CHARACTERIZATION
...............................................................................................44
ISSUES RELATED TO THE SECONDARY PM NAAQS
....................................................................21
SCOPE AND AND PUBLIC REVIEW
...................................................................................................54
5.7 4.3 4.2 SCIENTIFIC
ORGANIZATION.............................................................................................................23
...................................................................................................40
ASSESSMENT EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT APPROACH
...................................................................45
5.5 4.3 5.6 5.4 POPULATION APPROACH REVIEW
...................................................................................................40
SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLIC
..................................................................................................................24
HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH
.......................................................................................49
BROADER RISK
CHARACTERIZATION............................................................................................53
4 4.3 VISIBILITY RISK APPROACHREVIEW
...................................................................................................40
4.2 ASSESSMENT
..................................................................................................................24
SCIENTIFICRISK
CHARACTERIZATION............................................................................................53
SCIENTIFIC AND RISK
..................................................................................................
23 BROADER AND PUBLIC REVIEW
...................................................................................................54
5.7SCIENCE ASSESSMENTAND APPROACH
.......................................................................................49
5.6 PUBLIC 5 5.5 HUMAN HEALTH PUBLICWELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENTS
............................ 41 HEALTH ANDASSESSMENT 6 4.3 HUMAN
HEALTH RISK AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS
....................................... 55 OTHER REVIEW
...................................................................................................54
SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLICREVIEW
...................................................................................................40
5 4.1 5.7 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS
....................................... 41 SCIENTIFIC
ORGANIZATION.............................................................................................................23
SCOPE AND AND 5.6HUMAN HEALTH
CHARACTERIZATION............................................................................................53
5.1 BROADER RISK RISK AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS
....................................... 41 5 6.1VISIBILITY AND
OTHER WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENTS ............................ 55
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................41
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................55
6 5.7HUMAN HEALTH RISK AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS
....................................... 41 5.1
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................41
5 5.1 VISIBILITY AND VISIBILITY-RELATED ASSESSMENTLAST
REVIEW..........................................42 4.2 ASSESSMENT
APPROACH
..................................................................................................................24
SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLICRISK ASSESSMENT FROM ASSESSMENTS
............................ 55 6 6.1 5.2 6.2 5.2 OTHER REVIEW
...................................................................................................54
OVERVIEW OF HEALTH WELFARE-RELATED FROM LAST
REVIEW............................55 OVERVIEW OF HEALTH RISK
ASSESSMENT FROM LAST
REVIEW..........................................42
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................41
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................55
4.3 5.1 5.3 6.3 SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLIC REVIEW
...................................................................................................40
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................41
5.2VISIBILITY ANDCHARACTERIZATION
...............................................................................................44
AIR QUALITY VISIBILITY-RELATED ASSESSMENT FROM LAST
REVIEW............................55 OVERVIEWAND OTHER
WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENT APPROACH
...............................60 VISIBLITY OF HEALTH RISK
ASSESSMENT FROM LAST
REVIEW..........................................42 6.1 5.3 6.2 6
5.2 OVERVIEW OF CHARACTERIZATION
...............................................................................................44
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................55
AIR QUALITY OTHER WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENTS
............................ 55 6.4 6.2 5.4 OVERVIEW OFEXPOSURE
REVIEW
...................................................................................................62
POPULATION HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FROM LAST
REVIEW..........................................42 5.3 HUMAN
HEALTHVISIBILITY-RELATED ASSESSMENT
...................................................................45
5.4 POPULATION EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT APPROACH
...................................................................45
SCIENTIFIC ANDRISK WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENTLAST
REVIEW............................55 OVERVIEW OF PUBLIC ASSESSMENT
APPROACH FROM APPROACH ...............................60 AIR
QUALITY CHARACTERIZATION
...............................................................................................44
5 5.3 6.3 6.1 VISIBLITY AND OTHERAND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS
....................................... 41
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................55
AIR QUALITY CHARACTERIZATION
...............................................................................................44
5.5 5.4 SCIENTIFIC OF ASSESSMENT APPROACH
.......................................................................................49
HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH
.......................................................................................49
POPULATION EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT APPROACH
...................................................................45
5.1AMBIENT AIRAND OTHER WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENT APPROACH
...............................60 6.3 5.5 6.4 6.2 7 5.5 VISIBLITY
AND PUBLIC REVIEW
...................................................................................................62
HEALTH RISK VISIBILITY-RELATED ASSESSMENT FROM LAST
REVIEW............................55
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................41
OVERVIEWRISK
CHARACTERIZATION............................................................................................53
5.4 5.6 6.4 5.6 5.2 6.3 SCIENTIFICOF OTHER RISK
.........................................................................................
63 MONITORING POPULATION EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT APPROACH
...................................................................45
BROADER RISK
CHARACTERIZATION............................................................................................53
HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH
.......................................................................................49
OVERVIEW AND PUBLIC REVIEW
...................................................................................................62
BROADER ANDHEALTHWELFARE-RELATEDFROM LAST
REVIEW..........................................42 ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT APPROACH ...............................60 VISIBLITY
MONITORING
.........................................................................................
63 5.5AMBIENT AIR AND PUBLIC REVIEW
...................................................................................................54
7.1 7 5.6 5.7 5.7 HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH
.......................................................................................49
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................63
SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLIC REVIEW
...................................................................................................54
BROADER RISK
CHARACTERIZATION............................................................................................53
SCIENTIFIC 5.3 6.4 AIR QUALITY CHARACTERIZATION
...............................................................................................44
SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLIC REVIEW
...................................................................................................62
7 5.7 AMBIENT
AIRANDCHARACTERIZATION............................................................................................53
5.6 7.2 HISTORICALMONITORING
.........................................................................................
63 BROADER RISK PUBLIC REVIEW
...................................................................................................54
7.1 SCIENTIFIC
PERSPECTIVE................................................................................................................63
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................63
6 5.7 VISIBILITY ANDISSUES RELATED TO THEAPPROACH
...................................................................45
5.4 7.3 7.1 MONITORING EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT PM
NAAQS...................................................................65
POPULATION 7.2AMBIENT AIR AND PUBLICWELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENTS
............................ 63 HISTORICAL OTHER REVIEW
...................................................................................................54
SCIENTIFIC
PERSPECTIVE................................................................................................................63
55
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................63
7 5.5 MONITORING
.........................................................................................
55 HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH
.......................................................................................49
6 7.3VISIBILITY
ANDPERSPECTIVE................................................................................................................63
6.1 6.1 7.2 MONITORING OTHER WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENTS
............................
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................55
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................55
HISTORICAL ISSUES RELATED TO THE PM
NAAQS...................................................................65
6 6.1 POLICY ASSESSMENT/ RELATED TO THE
........................................................................
71 7.1VISIBILITY AND OTHER WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENTS
............................ 55 8 5.6 6.2 6.2 7.3
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................63
OVERVIEW OFISSUES RULEMAKING PM
NAAQS...................................................................65
BROADER RISKVISIBILITY-RELATED ASSESSMENT FROM LAST
REVIEW............................55 MONITORING
CHARACTERIZATION............................................................................................53
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................55
OVERVIEW OF VISIBILITY-RELATED ASSESSMENT FROM LAST
REVIEW............................55 7.2 6.1 5.7 HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVE................................................................................................................63
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................55
SCIENTIFICAND OTHER WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENT APPROACH
...............................60 VISIBLITY AND PUBLIC REVIEW
...................................................................................................54
8 6.2 POLICY ASSESSMENT/ RULEMAKING
........................................................................
71 6.3 OVERVIEWAND OTHER WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENT APPROACH
...............................60 6.3REFERENCESOF
VISIBILITY-RELATED ASSESSMENT FROM LAST
REVIEW............................55 VISIBLITY
....................................................................................................................
9 6.3 POLICY ASSESSMENT/ RULEMAKINGPM
NAAQS...................................................................65
7.3 8 6.2 6.4 MONITORING ISSUES RELATED TO THE
........................................................................
72 VISIBLITY ANDVISIBILITY-RELATED ASSESSMENT FROM LAST
REVIEW............................55 OVERVIEW OF OTHER
WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENT APPROACH
...............................60 SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLIC REVIEW
...................................................................................................62
71 6.4 SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLIC REVIEW
...................................................................................................62
6 6.4 REFERENCESANDOTHER WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENT APPROACH
...............................60 9 6.3 VISIBILITY AND OTHER
WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENTS ............................ 72
VISIBLITY
....................................................................................................................
SCIENTIFICAND PUBLIC REVIEW
...................................................................................................62
55 APPENDIX
A...............................................................................................................................
77 8 6.4POLICY ASSESSMENT/ RULEMAKING
........................................................................
71 9 REFERENCES MONITORING
.........................................................................................
63 SCIENTIFIC
....................................................................................................................
72 7 6.1AMBIENT AIRAND PUBLIC REVIEW
...................................................................................................62
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................55
APPENDIX
A...............................................................................................................................
63 OVERVIEW MONITORING
.........................................................................................
77 7 6.2AMBIENT MATTER INTEGRATED SCIENCE ASSESSMENT - PROPOSED
OUTLINE ....................77 PARTICULATEAIR OF VISIBILITY-RELATED
ASSESSMENT FROM LAST REVIEW............................55 7.1
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................63
9 PARTICULATE AIR
....................................................................................................................
63 REFERENCES MONITORING
.........................................................................................
72 APPENDIX
A...............................................................................................................................
77 7 7.1AMBIENT MATTEROTHER WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENT APPROACH
...............................60 6.3 7.2 VISIBLITY AND INTEGRATED
SCIENCE ASSESSMENT - PROPOSED OUTLINE ....................77
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................63
HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVE................................................................................................................63
PARTICULATE MATTER INTEGRATED SCIENCE PM
NAAQS...................................................................65
7.1 7.2 6.4 7.3 MONITORING ISSUES RELATED TO THE ASSESSMENT -
PROPOSED OUTLINE ....................77
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................63
HISTORICALAND PUBLIC REVIEW
...................................................................................................62
SCIENTIFIC
PERSPECTIVE................................................................................................................63
APPENDIX
A...............................................................................................................................
77 7.2 7.3
MONITORINGPERSPECTIVE................................................................................................................63
HISTORICAL ISSUES RELATED TO THE ASSESSMENT - PROPOSED OUTLINE
....................77 PARTICULATE MATTER INTEGRATED SCIENCE PM
NAAQS...................................................................65131248
7 POLICY ASSESSMENT/ RULEMAKING
........................................................................
71 AMBIENT AIR MONITORING
.........................................................................................
63 30
- 31. [1] IRP Ch2 Table 2-1. Proposed Schedule for Development of
PM Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) and Review of PM2.5 and PM10
NAAQS Stage of Review Major Milestone Target Dates Integrated Plan
Literature Search Ongoing Federal Register Call for Information
June 2007 Workshops on Science/Policy Issues July 2007 Prepare
Draft Integrated Review Plan October 2007 CASAC Consultation
November 2007 Prepare Final Integrated Review Plan March 2008
Science Prepare First Draft ISA September 2008 Assessment
CASAC/Public Review of First Draft ISA December 2008 Prepare Second
Draft ISA March 2009 CASAC/Public Review of Second Draft ISA May
2009 Prepare Final ISA September 2009 Risk/Exposure Prepare Draft
Scope and Methods Plan October 2008 Assessments CASAC Consultation
on Scope and Methods Plan December 2008 Prepare First Draft
Risk/Exposure Assessments April 2009 CASAC/Public Review of First
Draft Risk/Exposure May 2009 Assessments Prepare Second Draft
Risk/Exposure Assessments November 2009 CASAC/Public Review of
Second Draft Risk/Exposure January 2010 Assessments Prepare Final
Risk/Exposure Assessments March 2010 Policy Advance Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking (ANPR) June 2010 Assessment/ CASAC
Review/Public Comment on ANPR August 2010 Rulemaking Proposed
Rulemaking January 2011 Final Rulemaking October 201113124 31
- 32. oracic coarse particles in the ambient air. This evaluation
of the available scientific evidence [1] IRPpolicy-relevant issues
by addressing a series of questions including thell focus on key
Ch3policy-relevant issuellowing: 3 KEY POLICY-RELEVANT ISSUES Has
new information policy-relevant issues to be addressed in this
review are presented below as occurrence of health The key altered
the body of scientific support for the a series of policy-relevant
questions that will frame our approach to determining whether the
effects following short- secondary NAAQS for PM should be
retainedtorevised. The ISA and and thoracic coarse current primary
and and/or long-term exposure or levels of fine risk/exposure
assessments to be conducted in this review will provide the basis
for addressing particles found questions. ambienttoair? questions,
and the resulting conclusions regarding the these in the The
answers these corresponding policy-relevant issues, will inform the
policy assessment/rulemaking that will lead Has new information
altered conclusions from previous reviews regarding the
plausibility to the decision of whether to retain or revise the
current 24-hour and annual primary and of adverse health effects
associated with exposures to PM2.5, PM10,10PM10-2.5, or secondary
standards for PM2.5 and the 24-hour primary and secondary standards
for PM . alternative PM indicators thatcategories of particle18 In
the last PM NAAQS review, EPA focused on particle mass and
primarily distinguished between two might be considered? on size
(i.e., fine- and coarse- pollution based What evidence is
particles), and conductedrecentevaluations offocused on specific
size fractions, fraction available from parallel studies the
available scientific evidence relating to each category. The
importance of specific PM components and sources was evaluated
within chemical components, sources, or environments (e.g., urban
andextent to the context of this basic size differentiation. In
this review, EPA will consider the non-urban areas) of PM to inform
our understanding of the available toof PM exposures particle are
linked to various which new information has become nature assess
and determine how that pollution is defined. Specific
characteristics to consider will include particle size/mass,
composition, and health outcomes? sources/environments (e.g., urban
and rural areas). This information will inform decisions related to
whether sufficient evidence exists to warrant consideration of
alternative indicators for To what extent and,key scientific
evidence becoming available to improve our PM, is if appropriate,
the development of new NAAQS. understanding of the health effects
THE PRIMARY PMvarious time periods of PM exposures, 3.1 ISSUES
RELATED TO associated with NAAQS The first step in reviewing the
adequacy of the current primary PM standards is to including not
onlywhether the available body ofor multi-day)assessedchronicand
addressed in years) consider short-term (daily scientific evidence,
and in the ISA (months to exposures, but air quality and
risk/exposure assessments, supports or calls into question the
scientific extent is critical the also peak PM exposures (less than
24-hour)? To what 13124 conclusions reached in the last review
regarding health effects related to exposure to fine and 32
- 33. [2] Integrated Science Assessment for PM December 2009
EPA/600/R-08/139F Integrated Science Assessment for Particulate
Matter Includes Errata Sheet created on 2/10/2010 Finalized in 2009
1071pp + Annex1157pp National Center for Environmental
Assessment-RTP Division Office of Research and Development U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, NC13124
33
- 34. [2] ISA PM2.5 - - 13124 34
- 35. 7.5. Cancer,Composition andDamage
_______________________________________________5-89 7.6.2.
Pulmonary DNA Source-Oriented Analyses of PM
___________________________ 7-10 2.4.4. PM ADVISORY
CGenotoxicityLinkedP ____________________________________-160
1.5.6. Second Measurement Techniques
______________________________________32-68 Mutagenicity,and
Constituents ___________________________________________ 1-26
Sources 10and OMMITTEE FOR to Health Effects
________________________ -22 5.1.10. 6.5.2.1. StepEvaluation of
ResponseARTICULATE MATTER NAAQS ______-185 3.9.1.2. CLEAN AIR
SCIENTIFIC.5.1. Epidemiologic Studies Variability and Correlations
___________________________65-10 1.5.6.1. PM
_______________________________________________________ 31-69 426H
1734H LII 42H 20H 17390H 1698H Ambient of
__________________________________________________ -22 150H 17098H
7.6.3. Within-City ChangesHuman Populations
____________________________________7-90 Epigenetic Effects
PM___________________________________________________ 2-27 3.9.1.3.
Effects on PM Exposure________________________________________ -186
59H 170H 20H 1768H 5.1.11. 6.5.2.2.
______________________________________________________________-174
36H 17284H 2.5. WelfareEffects of PM2.5 Cancer Mortality and
Incidence_______________________________7-92 7.6.4. 7.5.1.1. Lung
_______________________________________________________6 1-70 [2]
ISA 427H 1735H Effects Different Public Welfare 43H 21H 1739H 169H
15H 1709H Lung DevelopmentLong-term Exposure
10-2.5)_______________________________6 5-24 Windows
____________________________ 5.1.12. 6.5.2.3. Thoracic Coarse
Particles ________________________________________-184 1.5.6.2.
Effects on Variability
___________________________________________3-187 3.9.1.4. Temporal
____________________________________________________ -11 21H 1769H
37H 17285H (PM Effects____________________________7-95 60H 1708H
428H 1736H ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONSCancersVisibilityCopollutants
_______________________________6-190 2.5.1. 7.5.1.2. Correlations
Determinations______________________________________ 2-73 1.5.7.
Summary and Causal between
__________________________________________ -188 3.5.2.4. Ultrafine
Particles _____________________________________________ 3 -27
.9.1.5. of Effects on
________________________________________________ -24 4H 2H 17392H
16970H 7.6.5. SummaryOther
____________________________________________1LIV 152H 170H Concepts
in Evaluating Adversity of Health 2H 170H 38H 17286H 2.5.2. 6
.5.1.3. MarkersContributions or Susceptibility
______________________________7-12 61H 429H 173H 1709H 45H 1739H 7
.9.1.6. Source of on Climate to PM
_____________________________________32-73 Summary of Effects
Exposure ___________________________________________ -188 -28 23H
1697H 5.2. Systemic.6.5.1. PM2.5
________________________________________________________5-95
Inflammation 153H 170H 3.5.2.5. Chemical Components of
PM____________________________________6-191 39H 1728H 1.6. Summary
__________________________________________________________________7-97
2.5.3. ToxicologicalEcological Effects of PM
____________________________________31-29 Summary of Studies
___________________________________________________ -24 5.2.1. 6
.9.1.7. Policy-Relevant
Background______________________________________2-75 23H 62H 430H
17H 38 170H 46H 17394H 7.5.2. 7.6.5.2. PM10-2.5
______________________________________________________ 5-13
Endothelial Dysfunction and Altered Vasoreactivity
___________________________ -189 154H 1702H 3.5.2.6.
_______________________________________________ CHAPTER Chapter 1
ReferencesSource-Apportioned Acute Phase Response
_________________________-196 1.
INTRODUCTIONExposure_____________________________________________________651-2
24H 16972H 340H 1728H 6.6.5.3.
UFPs________________________________________________________ 7-97
Coagulation and PM Analyses ________________________________ 3 -30
431H 24H 63H 172H 39 170H 47H 17395H 5.2.2. 7.5.2.1. Mutagenesis
and Genotoxicity ____________________________________ 2-14 2.5.4.
Activation
____________________________________________________________1-76
Summary of Effects on
Materials__________________________________________ -189 15H 1703H
3.9.2. 6.5.2.7. Investigation of Concentration-Response
Relationship ________________6-197 Human -26 25H 64H 48H 341H 432H
17289H 17396H 173H 80 1702H 1.1. Legislativeof Health Effects
Determinations_____________________________________ 35-15 5.2.3.
7.5.2.2.
Carcinogenesis________________________________________________7-79
Atherosclerosis
_______________________________________________________ -189 25H
16973H 156H 1704H Requirements
_______________________________________________________-31 2 hapter
7 ReferencesCharacterizing Human Exposure
_________________________________6-200 3.9.2.1. and Causal C.6.
Summary.5.2.3. Summary and Welfare Effects Causal
Determinations__________________7-98 2 1-4 342H 17290H 6.5.3.
Summary
____________________________________________________________ 7-80
26H 43H 174H 38 2. Activation.5.3.1. EALTH AND ToxicologicalEFFECTS
OVERVIEW _______________6-200 7 .9.2.2. Spatial Scales of PM
Exposure Assessment ________________________3-190 of Studies
_________________________________ 157H 1705H 16958H CHAPTER
5.3.INTEGRATIVE
HAutonomicandWELFARE__________________________________________-16 3
of the PM _______________________________________________________ 5
-1 Other Multipollutant PM Exposures ___________________ 2 -5 65H
1703H 49H 1739H Epigenetic of the NAAQS for Heritable Pulmonary
Reflexes___________________3-191 Nervous System by DNA mutations
________________________ 7-80 34H 1729H 7.5.3. 6 Reviews Studies
43H 17382H C.2. History of.9.2.3. Multicomponent andPM 1 hapter 2
References
____________________________________________________________2-34 1
158H 1706H 2.5 3.5.3.2. PM 26H 27H 175H 16974H 34H 1729H 1H 1695H
CHAPTER 8. PTranslocation ofSPhysicalSolubleTO PM-RELATED HEALTH
EFFECTS ___________6-201 7.5.4. 6 .4.2.2. USCEPTIBLE PM
Components__________________________________ 8-28 4.9.2.4.
_____________________________________________________________ -1
Summary and or
_____________________________________________________ 4 1-9 435H
1738H OPULATIONS UFPs Causal
Determinations______________________________________7 2-2 6H 1704H
2.1. ISA DevelopmentImplications for Epidemiologic
Studies_____________________________35-81 5.4. Concentrations and
Sources of Atmospheric PM_____________________________________-17
159H 170H 10-2.5 Activity
_______________________________________________ 1.3. 3.5.3.3.
UFPs_______________________________________________________6-202
-191 345H 17293H 6 .5.4.1. PM 2.5
________________________________________________________7-81 450H
436H 17384H 17398H 28H 176H CHAPTER 8.1.SDisease7of Susceptible
E_______________________________________________________58-1
3.hapter 3 ReferencesPM10-2.5
______________________________________________________7-18 27H 201H
1749H 16975H OURCE .5.4.2.Cardiovascular and Other Organ
_____________________________________-82 2.1.1. Ambient
Disease______________________________________________________42-2
4TO HUMAN Populations Correlations Systems
____________________________ -28 the PM Variability and
___________________________________3-193 160H 1708H .4.2.3. 5.5.
Potentially Organization
XPOSURE_______________________________________________3 -3 12H
1690H 346H 17294H 437H 17385H C.4. Document 1
___________________________________________________________ 1-13 7
.1.1.1. Spatial Health Effects to Specific
__________________________________2-2 28H 20H 1750H 1697H 6.6.
Attribution of Ambient PMVariability across the U.S. Constituents
or Sources ____________6-202 2.4.2.4. Concurrent Exposures
__________________________________________4-29 4 67H 1705H 451H
29H