EOC PRACTICE QUESTIONS #2

Bio 3.1 - Explain how traits are determined by the structure and function of DNA.

DNA and RNA are both made up of _______________which contain a __________,___________, and a__________________.

• Nucleotides• 5-Carbon Sugar• phosphate group• nitrogen base

The sugar in DNA is _________ and in RNA is ____________.

• Deoxyribose• Ribose

The bases in DNA are:

• Adenine• Thymine • Guanine • Cytosine

The bases in RNA:

• Adenine • Uracil • Guanine • Cytosine

DNA shape is a ___________(twisted ladder)

• double helix

RNA shape is:

• single stranded

RNA has 3 forms:- Carries the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome ______.- Carries the amino acid from the cytoplasm to the ribosome ______. - Place where the amino acids are put

together to make a protein. ________.

• messenger-RNA (M-RNA)• transfer-RNA (T-RNA)• ribosomal-RNA (R-RNA)

Chromosomes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells contain ___________and _____________.

• nucleic acids• protein

DNA is the genetic information in the nucleus that codes for the production of ______________.

• proteins

DNA Replication (Copy, Synthesize, Duplicate, Complimentary Base Pairs) occurs in the ___________,

• nucleus

The weak bond that holds together the complimentary base pairs in DNA are ____________________.

• hydrogen bonds

Replicated DNA contains one old strand that serves as a template and one new strand making it _______________.

• semiconservative

Replication must occur prior to any type of cell division so that each daughter cell has a __________ to run the cell.

• copy of DNA

The stage of the cell cycle that DNA is replicated in is the _______ of _______.

• S-phase• Interphase

The process that converts the DNA code into messenger RNA so that it can leave the _____is called ________.

• nucleus• transcription

The process the converts messenger RNA into a protein is called _________ and occurs at the _____________.

• Translation• ribosome

Name the process, then tell where the process takes place.

ReplicationNucleus

TranscriptionNucleus

TranslationRibosome

A series of three nitrogen bases on messenger RNA is called a ______.

• codon

A series of three nitrogen bases on transfer RNA is called an _______.

• anticodon

Replicate TCC-AGT-TAG

• AGG-TCA-ATC

Transcribe TCC-AGT-TAG into mRNA.

• AGG-UCA-AUC

Translate the mRNA into a protein - AGG-UCA-AUC

Arginine-Serine-Isoleucine

If the anticodon on T-RNA reads UGC, what amino acid does it code for?

• ACG • Threonine

A random change in a DNA sequence is called a ______________.

• mutation

Radiation, radon, asbestos, chemicals are all ______________.

• mutagens

There are two types of mutations: _______ and ___________.

• Point• Frame shift

True or False - Most mutations are harmful.

• False

Identify the following types of frame shift mutations by labeling them as inversion, deletion, duplication or translocation.

• Original DNA Sequence – ABCDEF

• ADEF • ABCXYZ

• AEDCBF

• ABBCDEF

Deletion

Translocation

Inversion

Duplication

Bio.1.2.2 - Analyze how cells grow and reproduce in terms of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis.

Bio.3.2.1 - Explain the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction and genetic variation.

Cells must divide due to __________ratio and lack of ____to tell the cell what to do.

• surface area to volume• DNA

Cells have to divide to allow an organism to: _____, _____ injuries, and ______.

• Grow• Repair • Reproduce

Part of the cell cycle where the cell spends the majority of its life cycle growing and synthesizing DNA is _________.

• Interphase

The stages in mitosis are : ________

• PMAT• Prophase• Metaphase• Anaphase• Telophase

Label the diagrams below.

• A. Telophase • B. Metaphase • C. Prophase• D. Anaphase

This is when the nucleus divides: ____

• Mitosis

The division of the cytoplasm is called _____________.

• cytokinesis

In plant cells a ___________forms during cytokinesis for the cell wall to develop. In animal cells a ___________forms.

• cell plate• cleavage furrow

Type of division that makes haploid cells ____________.

• Meiosis

Type of division the makes diploid cells ___________.

• Mitosis

Type of division that occurs in somatic or body cells ___________.

• Mitosis

Type of division that occurs to form gametes _________.

• Meiosis

Type of division that makes 4 daughter cells ____________.

• Meiosis

Type of division that makes 2 daughter cells __________.

• Mitosis

Type of division that has two divisions ___________.

• Meiosis

Type of division that is one division ____________.

• Mitosis

Type of division that is asexual ______.

• Mitosis

Type of division that is sexual ______.

• Meiosis

Type of cell division that is does not allow for variation _______.

• Mitosis

Type of cell division that allows for variation _________.

• Meiosis

___________and _____________allow for genetic variation.

• Crossing over• fertilization

Name the processes below.

Mitosis

Meiosis

____________and __________ cause changes in DNA

• Gene Shuffling (crossing over and fertilization)

• mutations

Human gametes contain __________chromosomes.

• 23 (22X or 22Y)

Human somatic cells contain_________ chromosomes.

• 46 (44XX or 44XY)

Type of cell in the human that undergoes the most rapid mitosis is _________.

• skin

The __________ holds sister chromatids together when DNA replicates during the S-phase of interphase.

• centromere

Label the following types of asexual reproduction.

Binary Fission

Vegetative Propagation

Regeneration

•Sporulation

Chromosomes that are the same length, centromere is in the same location, and the same traits are called _______________.

• homologous pairs

These pairs line up during synapsis of prophase 1 of meiosis and gene shuffling occurs in the process called ______________.

• crossing over

If a corn anther contains 20 chromosomes in the cells, how many chromosomes will the pollen cell have?

• 10

_________is the process in which the gametes unite forming a ________.

• Fertilization• zygote

Label the stages of human development below

Gastrula (differentiation)

Fertilization Zygote Cleavage due to Mitosis

Blastula (stem)

This is a diagram of __________.

crossing over during meiosis

Gametogenesis in a male is called ______. It occurs in the _________. ______sperm are produced.

• Spermatogenesis• Testes• 4

Gametogenesis in a female is called _________. It occurs in the ________. ____________are produced.

• Oogenesis• Ovaries• 1 egg and 3 polar bodies

Bio.3.2.2 Predict offspring ratios based on a variety of inheritance patterns (including dominance, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits).

The transmission of genes from parent to offspring is called _________.

• heredity

A unit of hereditary information is called a __________.

• gene

Different forms of a gene are called ___________.

• alleles

Two of the same alleles is called _______________.

• homozygous or pure

Two different alleles is called _____.

• heterozygous or hybrid

The bossy allele that always shows itself and masks the other alleles is __________.

• Dominance

The quiet allele that only shows itself when paired with itself is the _______.

• Recessive

An organisms genetic make-up (actual genes) is its ______________.

• genotype

An organisms physical characteristics are its _______________.

• phenotype

Results in a phenotype where the two dominant alleles show up equally ____________.

• codominance

Results in a blended phenotype _____.

• incomplete dominance

Cross used to determine the genotype for a known phenotype ________.

• test cross

Type of organism always used in a test cross because it has a known genotype and phenotype.

• homozygous recessive

How can two organisms have the same phenotype yet different genotypes?

• One is homozygous dominant and one is heterozygous

Mendel’s principle that the alleles separate during meiosis _______.

• Principle of Segregation

Mendel’s principle that the bossy gene always wins

• Principle of Dominance

Mendel’s principle that the alleles separate independently of each other

• Principle of Independent Assortment

Cross involving one trait

• monohybrid

Cross involving two traits

• dihybrid

The likelihood an event will occur is called ______________.

• probability

Probability (is / is not) based on prior events.

• is not

The Probability that a woman will have three boys in a row is ________.

• ½ x ½ x ½ = 1/8

Tall is dominant over short in pea plants. Cross two hybrid plants. What is the genotypic ratio? What is the phenotypic ratio?

• 1:2:1 • 3:1

Short tails (S) are dominant to long tails (s). Brown hair (B) is dominant to White hair (b). What is the unknown parent’s genotype for the cross below?

• SsBb

For the cross below, how many of the offspring will be Short tailed and Brown?

9/16

For cross below, how many of the offspring will be Short tailed and white?

3/16

For cross below, how many of the offspring will be Long tailed and Brown?

3/16

For cross below, how many of the offspring will be Long tailed and White?

1/16

That makes the phenotypic ratio for this cross ______________.

9:3:3:1

In camellias there are red flowers, white flowers and red and white flowers. Is this an example of incomplete or codominance?

• Codominance

Cross a heterozygous red and white flower with a white flower and give the genotypic and phenotypic outcomes

• genotype 50% RR’ and 50% R’R’• phenotype 50%Red and White and 50% White

In snapdragons there are red flowers, white flowers and pink flowers. Is this an example of incomplete or codominance?

• Incomplete Dominance

Cross two heterozygous flowers and give the genotypic and phenotypic outcomes

• Genotypic ratio 1:2:1• phenotypic ratio 1:2:1

A dog with black fur (B) produces a litter of puppies in which 50% of the puppies are black and 50% are white (b). What is the genotype of the parent ?

Bb

List the genotypes and phenotypes of blood types

• Phenotypes

• A• B• AB• O

•Genotypes•IAIA, IAi

•IBIB, IBi

•IAIB

•ii

Is it possible for a mom with blood type A and a dad with blood type B to have a child with O blood? ____How?

YesIAi x IBi

Cross a type A mother whose mother had O blood with a father that has AB blood. Give the possible phenotypic outcomes.

• 50%A• 25%B• 25%AB

A trait that shows up only on the sex chromosomes is considered to be

• sex-linked

Two sex-linked diseases are

• Colorblindness • Hemophilia

The sex chromosomes of a female are _____and a male are _____.

• XX• XY

______inherit sex-linked traits most often. They get them from their _____.

• Sons• Moms

Cross a colorblind female with a normal male. What is the probability the offspring will be colorblind?

• 50% of the offspring, 100% of the boys

Is it possible for a carrier female to have a daughter that is color blind? _____ If so how?

• Yes• The father must be colorblind

A family tree is called a ________.

• pedigree

The symbol for a male is a _____ and for a female is a _______.

• Square• circle

If they have the disease the symbol is _________.

• colored in

What are the genotypes for each of the people on these pedigrees?

Which would represent colorblindness or hemophilia?

Sex-linked recessive

Which would represent sickle cell or cystic fibrosis?

Autosomal Recessive

Which would represent Huntington’s disease or Achondroplasia?

Autosomal Dominant

The diagram below is called a _____. It is a picture of ________. The person in the diagram below is a Male/Female.

• Karyotype• homologous pairs• Female

The person has the genetic disorder _________ , also called _________. This is caused by the failure of chromosomes to separate correctly which is called _____.

Down’s SyndromeTrisomy 21nondisjunction

Genetic disorder characterized by abnormal shape of red blood cell that make them unable to carry oxygen is ______. People who are heterozygous are immune to the mosquito carrying disease called ______________.• sickle cell anemia• malaria

Genetic disorder that leads to the buildup of a thick mucus in the lungs is _____.

• cystic fibrosis

Skin color, eye color, height are determined by many genes and are called _________ traits. The phenotype that shows up more frequently are blended.

• polygenic

Which diagram represents fertilization that will develop into a normal female zygote?

• 1

____________determined all sequence of all the alleles in humans.

• Human Genome Project

_________is the process of making changes in the DNA code of organisms.

• Genetic Engineering

A circular piece of DNA found in bacteria is called a _________.

• plasmid

The combination of genetic material from 2 or more organisms is called ________.

• recombinant DNA - rDNA

__________cut the DNA at the same sequence on different strands of DNA.

• Restriction enzymes

_________puts the two new pieces back together.

• DNA ligase

This technology is used to make ______and ________.

• Insulin human • growth hormone• Bt corn• Clotting factor• Drought and insect resistant crops

Bacteria are used in genetic engineering because they reproduce ________ (no variation) and _______. The DNA is then transcribed and translated producing the __________.

• Asexually• Rapidly• protein

Organisms that have genes from another organism are called ______. BT corn is an example.

• transgenic organism

The below is a picture of ________.

recombinant DNA (r-DNA)

The diagram below is called _______.

Who are the soldiers parents?

C&D

Gel Electrophoresis or DNA Fingerprinting

Fruits and vegetable with longer shelf lives and cows producing more milk are examples of

• Selective breeding or artificial selection• Genetic Engineering

The _________ makes many copies of a DNA sequence in a short amount of time

• polymerase chain reaction

_____________inserts normal gene sequences through inhalers into people with diseases like cystic fibrosis so that correct protein sequences may be produced.

• Gene therapy