Post on 12-Sep-2021
Ecosystems
consist of
studies interrelationships of
MatterCycling
Human Systems
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: CONCEPTS AND CONNECTIONS
interact with
Communities EnergyFlow
function through undergo
Change
consist of
Nonliving(Abiotic)Populations Living
(Biotic)
between primarilyfrom
Sunlight
through
Population DynamicsSuccessionEvolution
consist of
consist of
Physical FactorsChemical FactorsOrganisms
includes includes
ProducersConsumers
Decomposers
Resources
include
MatterResources
may be may be
Nonliving
Nonrenewable
includes
are
PotentiallyRenewable
includeprimarilydeterminedby
Minerals Air Water Soil
Living
provide
Land Systemsdeserts
grasslandsforests
Aquatic Systemsoceanslakes
streamswetlands
FoodResources Ecosystem Services
nutrient cyclingpest control
waste purificationgenetic material
Biodiversitygenes
speciesecosystems
Crops Livestock Fish
depend on
Climate Pest Control
may be
Biological Chemical(pesticides)
affects
EnergyResources
Renewabledirect sun
windbiomass
flowing waterconsist of
Nonrenewablefossil fuelnuclear
can sustain
can decrease
depletes
provide
meet needs and wants through
affect development of
Worldviews
Economics/Politics
Societies
Populations(size, density)
Environment/Human Health
Resource UseEcosystem Use
Preservation
Polluting
DegradationAir
WaterSoil
ManagementDoing
NothingPollutionControl
PollutionPreventionThrowaway
WasteManagement
WasteReduction
Loss ofBiodiversity
ClimateChange
StratosphericOzone Depletion
UnacceptableHealth Risk
developthroughdiffering
guide
influence
Unsustainable Sustainable
may be may be
maymay
Exceedcarrying capacity Stabilize Decline
affectqualityof
affected bystrategies of
includes includes includes
leading to
may be
Developed by Jane Heinze-Fry with assistance from G. Tyler Miller, Jr.(For assistance in creating your own concept maps, see the website for this book.)
includes
negatively affect positively affect
made of
Connections strongly influencingenvironmental quality
Negative Connections
Strongly Positive Connections
Moderately Positive Connections
Societies
pollution
concen-tration
chemical nature persistence treatmentsources
point nonpointnon-
degradableslowly
degradablebio-
degradable cleanup prevention
Populations
Map 1. Overview
guide
may be
mayundergo
mayundergomay
exceed
accelerates
may be
generally seek
often measured in
wideninggap
does notreflect
lower inhigher in
lessmore
Economics/Politics
resourceuse
carryingcapacity
doublingtime
economicgrowth
GNP percapita
influence
made of
Environment
unsustainable
place demands on
through
results in
consists of
of
may be may
result in result in
moreconsumption
per capitaeffects on
especially in
negatively affect positively affect
may
extended throughgenerally undergofrom vary in
may be may be may be
environmentalcosts
industrialization,resource/energy use
exponentialgrowthdeveloping
countriesdevelopedcountries
sustainable
stabilization,decline
unwantedby-products
non-renewables
potentialrenewables
economicallydepleted
degradenatural capital
preservenatural capital
ecosystemuse
reuse,recycling
exceedsustainable
yield
be lessthan or equal to
sustainableyield
Worldviews
Science
energy
quality change
heat
societiesform
electro-magneticradiation
ionizing(high-energy)
nonionizing(low-energy)
cannot be created ordestroyed
alwaysdecreasesin quality
chemicalenergy; food,
gasoline
nuclearenergy; stored
in nucleus
high qualityconcentrated
useful
one formto another
low quality,dispersed, not
very useful
highconcentrated
accessible
lowdispersed
hard to getunsustainable,
throw-away
temporarilysustainable,
matter-Recycling
sustainable,low-Waste
kineticenergy
movingmatter
quality changeform
matter
Ecosystems
data models
inputsthroughputs
outputs
EnvironmentalScience
Map 2a. Science, Matter, and Energy Resources
advances by
composed of
characterized by
may bemay be
includes
can be
potentialenergy
includes but
from
nucleus electrons
protons neutrons
isotopes
atom
made of
contains
determine
elements,compounds,
mixtures
smallest unit is
combinations of
physical chemical
fission fusion
nuclear
may be
may be
use leads to
may be
characterized by
may be
powered by
establishedby
includes
includestudies interactions in
attempts to discoverorder in nature through
collecting
explain
formulating
scientifichypotheses,
theories, laws
statisticalprobabilities,
not certainties
debate,speculation,consensus
fromexpressed in
returns to
operate through
made up of
of
in
made of
of
fill a
nonliving (abiotic)factors
consists of
consists of
Atmosphere (air)
Ecosphere
Ecosystems
interact with
such as such as
include
providesenergy for
may act as
includes
includes
can limit
to
connectmultipule
made of
give off
to
may be
may bemay obtainenergy from
may return matter to
through
such as
Map 2b. How Ecosystems Work
living (biotic) factors
communitites
populations nutrient (biogeochemical
cycles)
matter recycling
species
niche carbon cycle nitrogen cycle
phosphorus cyclewater cycle
physical/chemical role
food niche
consumer(heterotroph)
producer(autotroph)
biological role
existencegrowth
abundancedistribution
herbivore carnivore omnivore detritus feeder
decomposer
photosynthesis chemosynthesis
gravitationalattraction
sun (high-quality
energy)
pyramidof energy
flow
food webs
food chains
heat (low-quality
energy)
chemicalfactors
water supplywater salinity
plant nutrients
physical factors
sunlight temperature
nonliving limiting factors
range of tolerance
one-way energy flow
Earth
Lithosphere(crust and upper
mantle)
Hydrosphere(water)
Map 3a. Ecosystem Types
LivingSystems
Land (Biomes)
generallydefined by
may be
climate
primarilydefined by
precipitation
level islow in
moderate in
moderate to high in
deserts
grasslands
forests
divided bytemperatureinto
divided by temperature into
tropicaltemperate
cold
divided by temperature into
tropical(rain, deciduous);
temperate deciduous;evergreen coniferous
Water
divided by salinity into
salt water fresh water
includes
coastal
coralreefs
includes
estuaries
openocean
divided bypenetrationof light into
zones
include
lakes
oligotrophic;mesotrophic;
eutrophic
inlandwetlands
undergo
zones
littoral;limnetic;
profundal;benthic
may be
year-round;seasonal
from
thermoclines
turnovers
include
streams
divided by penetration of light into
classifiedby nutrient
supply as
notedfor
mayhave
photosyntheticproductivity
chemosyntheticproductivity
may be
still
in
moving
in
tropical(savannah);temperate;
polar (tundra)
euphotic
important for
food production
fragile
areare
affectquality of
barrier islands;wetlands;beaches
(rocky shore, barrier)bathyal
abyssal
Map 3b. Population Dynamics and Evolution
Populations
biologicalevolution
populationdynamics
can change by
checked by
including
sometimesresulting in
prompts
may causeon
determined by
chemicalevolution
naturalselection
agestructure
carryingcapacity
speciesrelationships
abioticfactors
densitydispersionsize
adaptation
speciation
extinctiongenetic
variations
emergedfrom
through
Map 4. Community Interactions, Species Interactions, and Succession
EnvironmentalStress
gradual catastrophictime delays synergisticinteractions
Communities
number ofspecies succession
naturallycaused
human-caused
simplifiedecosystems
requireprotection
arevulnerable
can affect
predicted by
may be
usually leads to
can change by
may be
vary in
can leadto a
on on
in contrast to
which
may be
may be characterized by
secondary
disturbedhabitat
more complexcommunity
theory of islandbiogeography
barrenhabitat
primary
communityinteractions
species interactions
include
competitionpredation
mutualism commercialism
parasitism
affects
affects
affectsaffects
Map 5. Human Population
HumanPopulationmay be may be
can becharacterizedby
Sustainable Unsustainable
by by
resource conservation
pollution prevention and
reduction
waste prevention
Total Size
resource consumption
wealth distibutionwealth
affects
affects
environmental quality
Age Structure
large percentage
moderatepercentage
even distibution
low percentage
leads to leads to leads to leads to
differs in percentage under age 11;may be
rapid growth slow growth zero growth population decline
control careful planning
resourcedepletion anddegradation
nutrition; infant mortality;
public healthcare
waste production
Growth Rate Distribution
may be
dispersal urban
may be
concentrated
affected by
land availability
transportsystem
reliesmostly on
cars masstransit
walkingcycling
isincreasingly
depends on
birth rate migrationdeath rate
fertilityrate
(children per women)
affected by
affected by
affected by
economic factors social factors biological factors controls
including including including including
migration policyeconomic development
family planning
infant mortality ratebirth control methods
women’s educationwomen’s employment
marriage agereligious beliefs
urbanization
child laborcost of child rearing
pension plans
stresspollution
Map 6a. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
HumanEnergy Demands
NonrenewableEnergy Resources
EnergyEfficiency
industrytransportation
buildings
advantages
geothermal
dry steam;wet steam; hot
water; molten rock;hot rock
stretches fossil fuels;reduces oil imports; lessens militaryintervention; reduces pollution andenvironmental degradation; saves
money; provides jobs; improvescompetitiveness
Earth’s heat
directly
passivesolar systems
activesolar systems photovoltaic
cells
collected andconcentrated
heat
indirectly
wind
throughsuch as
produced bydecomposing
can be burnedvery cleanly in
inin
may be
water
heatdifferential
freshwatersaline
wood; woodwastes; farm wastes;urban wastes; biofuels
(liquid and gas)
motion
tropicaloceans (OTEC)
solarponds
hydropowertidal powerwave power
hydrogen
water
vehiclesfurnaces
biomass
solar-basedresources
RenewableEnergy Resources
Needs
for
both
electricity
industrialheating (high)
space heating(low)
fuelsheat
meet
in the long run will be met by
include
may be used
can heatthrough
can produceelectricity through
through
includes
is
are met in the short termprimarily through
in
has
including
can be reducedthrough improved
Map 6b. Nonrenewable Energy Resources
HumanEnergy Demands
NonrenewableEnergy Resources
EnergyEfficiency
NuclearFossilFuels
environmentalimpacts
pollutionland
disruptionpossible
climate change
air water mining transportcarbon dioxideemissions
naturalgas
conventionalconventional breeder
environmentalimpact
supplyfairly
clean-burningmoderatelyabundant
highenvironmental
impact
largesupply
unconventionalconventional unconventional
oil
such as
is
have
including
of fromprimarilyfrom
such asmay be
limited by
may bemay be may be
has
includes
development expensive
advantages
doesn’t emit airpollutants; releases less
CO2 than fossil fuels;has multiple safety
features
ishas
including
has
including
in
developmentvery
expensive
isin early
may be
oilshale
tarsands
coal fusion
disadvantages
safetyconcerns (accidents);
radioactive wastes; retirementof old plants; aiding spread of
nuclear weapons; high cost(even with subsidies)
fission
are met in the short run primarily through
include
time scale can be extended through
includes combiningnuclei through
includes splittingatomic nuclei through
Map 7. Biodiversity: Ecosystems
Biodiversity:Ecosystems
Forms
ParksForests WildernessRangelands Rivers
second growth(moderately
diverse)
old growth(very diverse)
tree farms(simplified) degraded degraded
usedsustainably
degraded
survivalprofits
usedsustainably
resourceextraction
fire(natural, human-
caused)
insects/pathogens
(natural, human-introduced)
cash crops;cattle ranching;logging; mining;oil/coal; dams
population growth;poverty; foreign debt;
unsustainable small-scalefarming; cutting for
fuelwood
fewerroads (less fragments);
prescribed burning; selectivecutting; restricting cutting rate;
tree planting/restoration;recycling paper
economics:full-cost pricing;
removing harmful subsidies;debt-for-nature swaps;
conservation easements
policies:protect old growth;
protect large areas forindigenous people
usedsustainably
usedsustainably
usedsustainably
lost/degraded
overgrazing damspollution
reduced grazing;protecting riparian
zones; restoringdegraded land
economics:full-cost pricing;removing harmful
subsidies
increasingsize and number; selective
resource extraction by localpeople; restricting commercialactivities inside boundaries;controlling visitor numbers;
integrated management withsurrounding areas
restrictinguse; protecting
larger areas; includingall ecosystem types;biosphere reserves
land usecontrol; pollution
control; protectingvulnerable segments
or entire rivers
overuse;being too small;
poaching
Value
by providing
are important because they have undergo
may be
biodiversityecological services
resourcesrecreation
Management
usedsustainablydegraded protected
have many
including
can be
can be
by by
influenced by
for
fromvia
can be can be can be can be
bybyby
byby
influencedby
by
by
Map 8. Biodiversity: Wild Species
Biodiversity:Wild Species
Depleted/Lost
Strategies
can be protected andsustained by several
are importantbecause they have
Value
scientificknowledgeeconomic
such asincludes
about such as have an
medical ecologicalservices ethical
lifecrop strains;
paper; fiber; dyes;lumber; oils
testing
toxicity
offor
drugs,vaccines
drug source
nutrient cycling;pollination; soil fertility;
oxygen production; climatemoderation; waste recycling;detoxification; pest control;
gene pool/evolution
inherentright to exist
humanactions
naturalprocesses
population growth;poverty; habitat loss;
habitat fragmentation;hunting/poaching; use aspets/decorations; climate
change; pollution;introduced species
povertyreduction
wildlifemanagement
by including
includingincluding
of
such as
bycontrolling
bycontrolling
of
by
legislativestrategies
protection andimprovement
lawsregulation
fisherycommissions
treaties
by
by
geneticdiversity
gene banksbotanical gardens
zoos
fisheries
land use control;pollution control and
reduction; protecting spawningareas; hatcheries; control
species introduction; protectcoastal ecosystems; protect
inland wetlands
vegetativemanipulation;
habitat improvement;ecosystem protection/
restoration; wildliferefuges
habitatsport
hunting fishing
numbers;sex; age;seasons
harvest;size; length;
age
populationcontrol
are being
through
including
Map 9a. Soil
Soil
Erosion
windwater
naturalprocesses
excessiverain
inorganicmatter
humus
lowerlayers
upperlayers
porasity acidity(pH)
structure(clumped)
subsoil(B)
parentmaterial
(C)
topsoil(A)
litter(O)
humanprocesses
overgrazingfarmingfire construction excessiveirrigation
desertificationerosioncontrol
methodswaterloggingsalinization
organicfertilizer
inorganicfertilizer
compostanimalmanure
greenmanure
plantingmethods
land usecontrol
addingnutrients
plowingmethods
countourplanting;
alley cropping;windbreaks
low-tillage;terracing;contourfarming
flooding(sedimentbuildup)
waterpollution
(sediment)
lossof soil
nutrients
texture(mix of particle
types)
Layers
can undergo
can lead to
by
from
such as
can minimizedamagethrough
including
asinclude include
including
which canlend to
alsoleading to
such as
consists of
include
in in
includes
qualitydeterminedby
includes
Map 9b. Food Resources
HumanFood Needs
HealthProblems
undernutrition
disease-prone
chronicdisorders
keynutrients calories
malnutrition overnutrition
LoweringFood Demand
by reducing
populationgrowth
economicstrategies
IncreasingFood Supply
AquaticSystems
AgriculturalSystems
naturalecosystems aquaculturesustainabletraditional
politicalopposition
mixedindustrial/traditional
industrial
using highinputs of
usingcombinationof
using using
can belimited by
can belimited by can be
limited by
can belimited by
irrigation waterinorganic fertilizer
pesticidesfossil fuel energy
rainfallorganic fertilizer
natural pest controlhuman labor
too little rain;flooding; soil erosion;poverty (lack of land)
soil and waterconservation; organic fertilizer;integrated pest management;
renewable biological andenergy resources
soil erosion;water pollution; salinization;
waterlogging; groundwater depletion;loss of genetic diversity;
high energy prices
improving yields;harvesting more area;
using new foodsources
giving land to poorgovernment subsidies
food aid
influenced by
including
by
in
including including
overfishing pollution
may belimited by may be
limited by
if not met can cause can be met by
including
missing predominatesin
notenough
toomany
predominatesin
can result inmaking people
developingcountries
developedcountries
Map 9c. Pest Control
PestControl
AlternativesPesticides
disadvantagescultivation practices;natural pest enemies;
biopesticides; birth control(sterilization); sex attractants;insect hormones; radiating food;
integrated pest management
politicalopposition
broadspectrum advantages
save lives;increase food supply;
lower food costs; raiseprofits; work fast;
low risk
genetic resistance;kill nontarget species;eventual high costs;
threaten wildlife; threatto human health
selective
may use
may be have
including
including
limited byincluding
Map 10. Hazards and Risk
can undergofrom
dominate in
prevented by
can beameliorated by
include may be
include
includes
evaluated by
bydetermining
by carryingout
Risk
carcinogensmutagens
teratogens
living,working
conditions
prudent dietno smoking
safe sexexercise
sun protection
Hazards
includes
Analysis
cultural
cause
may be
involvesinvolvesbiological
disease
nontransmissibletransmissibleidentification evaluation
include
ionizing radiationnoisefire
floodearthquakes
volcanic eruptions
evaluatingrisk assessment;setting priorities;communicating
decisions
involves
comparing public and professional
perception of risk;communicating
risk to legislatorand public
physicalchemical
toxic hazardous
toxicology epidemiology
dose-responsecurve
healthsurveys
dominate in
calculation of
riskmanagement
risk perceptionand communication
riskassessment
how manypeople
occurrenceprobability
risk-benefitanalysis
level ofharm
systemreliability
developingcountries
developedcountries
Map 11a. Climate
Biomes
grasslandsforests deserts
ClimateChange
glacial periods(100,000 years)
interglacialperiods
(10,000 years)
geologictime changes
AtmosphericProblems(Map 11b)
PrecipitationTemperature
oceansun land biosphereatmosphere
currentsgas
absorption
carbondioxide
greenhouseeffect
earth’s tiltand rotation
Climate
determines types of undergoes
and isinfluenced byinteractionsof
both
such as
interacts with
naturallyoccursover
stronglyinfluencedby
suchas
during
including
plays a signifacant role inis primarily determined by
Map 11b. Climate Change and Ozone Depletion
ClimateChange
GreenhouseEffect
doingnothing
water carbondioxide
humanchoices
prevention control
wildlife
habitatloss
sealevels
rise
probable
through
diebackslower diversity
likelyfood and
water loss; tropicaldiseases; more
storms
full-cost pricing;reduce fossil fuel use;
shift to renewable energy;reduce deforestation;
sustainable agriculture;slow population growth
remove CO2 fromemissions; plantingand tending trees
increased skin cancer;decreased phytoplankton;
reduced crop yields;damage to materials
hurt from
causing
including including
can act onissue by
possible
food
productiveland shifts
carbon dioxidefertilization
droughts
largeuncertainties
forests
nitrogendioxidemethane ozone
bans
chlorofluoro-carbons
doingnothing
fossil fuelcombustion deforestation agriculture
substitutesrefrigerationplastic foams
solvents
reducingozone-depleting
chemicals
internationalagreements;national laws
humanhealth
StratosphericOzone
Depletion
AtmosphericProblems
include
may affect
affected by
primarily from
contributing
primarilyfrom
from
can cause
can act on issue by
through
by
strongly influenced by
from
Map 11c. Air and Air Pollution
ozone layer(UV filter)
Atmosphere
Air Pollution
StratosphereTroposphere
indooroutdoor
types
secondary
stationary
health materials
thermalinversions
buildingmaterials;decoratingmaterials
local climate;topography; urban
concentration(people, cars,industries)
banning harmfulsubstances; finding
substitutes
building codes;setting standards;
venting; bringingin fresh air
mobile
primary
sources
controlprevention
carbonoxides; volatile
organic compounds;suspended particles;
toxic compounds
banning harmfulemissions; redesigning cars
and manufacturing; improvingenergy efficiency; switching to
renewable energy; slowingpopulation growth;
full-cost pricing
enacting pollutionstandards; developing
control technology;emissions trading
consequences
nitrogen oxidessulfur oxides
power plantsfactories
carstrucks
PANsnitric acidaldehydes
ozone
aciddeposition
photochemicalsmog
humansother animals
plants
radon-222
primarilyon
fromfrom
primarily inprimarily in
fromfrom
done by
done by
done by
can bereduced by
can be reduced by
of
resultingfrom
done by
on
ground humans
workerproductivity
cigarettes open fires,stoves
fire preventionmaterials
prevention smokecontrol asbestosformaldehyde consequences
Air
found in
mostly in
contains
includeshas
may be
may be
include
include include
mostseverewith
includes
includes
can contribute to
can change to acidsand contribute to
can becontaminated by
developingcountries
developedcountries
Map 12a. Water
Water
topography
managed
demand
efficiency
economics
removing watersubsidies; raising
prices
distributionof water-savingdevices; building
codes
hydrogen bondingliquidity
good solventsurface tensionexpansion when
frozen
uniqueproperties
technology politics
supply
desalinationwater
transferdams wells
pollutionpopulationgrowth
dripirrigation
soil typeand cover
too much(flood)
too little(drought)
WaterResources
Polluted(Map 12b)
HydrologicCycle
waterdistribution
gaseouswatervapor
irrigation;industry;domestic/municipal
liquidwater
groundwater
surfacewater
land climate
change
solidice
waterpurification
HumanSystems
available as
can behas
including
determined by
controls
affected by
found as may provide
may undergo
including
through
waterneeds
have
areinclude
areaffected by
may influence
by
primarily byby increasing
tap
through
such assuch as such as
increasingdecreasing
tap
can overload capacity for
Map 12b. Water Pollution
Water
Polluted
lakesstreams
eutrophication
overloadrecovery
oxygen-demandingwastes and heat
excess plantnutrients
toxics
oceans
coastalareas
industrial waste;sewage sludge;
land runoff
groundwater
fertilizers;pesticides
cleanup
Sources
type
heat
numberof discharge
points
nonpointsources(multiple
discharges)
pointsources(single
discharge)
factories;sewage treatment
plants; ships
cropland;logged forests;urban areas;atmosphere
chemicals
control prevention
settingstandards technology
treatment plants;septic tanks; wetlands(natural and artificial);
holding ponds
banning harmfuldischarges; finding
substitutes; recycling andreusing harmful
chemicals
reduced fertilizer andpesticide use; sustainable
agriculture; planting buffer zones;land use controls; reduced airpollution; more trees; improved
soil erosion controls
full-costpricing; slowing
population growth
oxygen-demanding wastes;acids; salts; plant nutrients;toxics; sediment from land
disease-causingagents
AquaticEcosystems
Water Resources(Map 12a)
can beavailable as
from a variety of can affect all
including
whichrespond to
by
enhance
canbeaffectedby
especiallyvulnerable in
from
especiallyvulnerable to
extremelydifficult andcostly
vary in
may be
such as
such as
can be reduced bycan be reduced by
includesincludes
includes
such as
may be
Map 13. Wastes
Wastes
Solid
incinerationrecyclereusereduce burial(landfills)
lesspackaging
refillingbeveragebottles
composting;reprocessingaluminum and
glass
municipalities
glass; metal;tires; paper; plastic;
yard wastes
Hazardous
highlyreactive
throwaway(high waste)
flammable
conversionto lessharmful
substances
land treatmentincineration
biological treatment
producing less wastes;modifying manufacturing
processes; reuse;recycling
landfills; undergroundinjection; surface piles;surface impoundments
wasteprevention and
reduction(low waste)
burial
corrosive
toxiccarcinogenicmutagenic
teratogenic
unwanted/discardedmaterials
wastemanagement
(moderate waste)
wasteprevention
and reduction(low waste)
throwaway(high waste)
mining; oiland gas production;agriculture; industry
(scrap metal, plastics,paper, fly ash,
sludge)
can be
such as
originating
from
primarilyfrom
includes
can bemanagedthrough
includes
such as such as
by
such as
can be
can bemanagedthrough
by
includingby
Map 14a. Economics
Worldviews
productionwants
servicesgoods
needs
poverty
environmentaldegradation
HumanSocieties
PoliticalSystems
EconomicSystems
economicgrowth
economicresources
capitalnaturalresources
full-costpricing
GNPper capita
population growth;higher consumption
per capita
reducingpoverty
regulation; subsidies;tradable rights;
green taxes; user fees;cost-benefit analyses
trickle-down aid;massive aid; debt relief;
sustainable development;better land distribution;increased human rights;
eliminating tradebarriers
external, socialand environmental
costs
encouraging earth-sustaining growth; discouraging
earth-degrading economic growth;using economic indicators thatinclude environmental quality;
emphasizing pollution preventionand waste reduction
sustainable-Earth economy
are shaped by
help determine
are responsible for
requires
include
humanmanufactured
includes
try to satisfy
including elimination of
linked to
increased by
carefullyevaluatedin a
moves toward
controlling
by
of
generally measured by
hidesmost
can be reduced by
takes into account
from
Map 14b. Politics
Democracy
GradualChange
GovernmentBranches
executive legislative judiciary
implementlaws
pass laws
appropriationsfunds
citizenwatchdog
input
governmentregulatoryagencies
executiveand legislative
oversight
interpretlaws
FederalGovernment
foreigngovernments
localgovernments
StateGovernments
PowerGroups
environmentalgroups
anti-environment
pro-environment
corporationsdevelopers
grassrootswise-use movement
nonprofitprofit
specialinterestgroups
e.g.Earth Summit
at Rio
Individuals
system
work withinsystem
challengesystem
example
voteseducationlobbying
law suits consumerpower
economics
designed for
implemented throughchecks and balancesbetween
among
of
to to
via
influenceimplemented by
to
influenced by maythrough
cross link to
who lead byinteraction with
can be influenced bygenerally run by
respond to
interacts with
through
include
may be
such as
some
supportedprimarily by
such as such as
influence
EnvironmentalWorldviews
Map 14c. Worldviews
include various visions of
based on
assumes
variationsinclude
based on
assumes
Human-CenteredViews
Life-Centered/Earth-Centered
Views
PlanetaryManagement
sustainableliving
earth ethics
stewardship
conservationof earth capital
species humanculturesecosystems
workingwith nature
respectfor life
includes
including
eartheducation
processes
traps
emphasizeindividual
action
live simply,sustainably
knowledge of
how to
avoid
such as
can lead to depends onis prerequisite to
based on
Earth Wisdom
humandominanceover other
species
success depends on our
ability to controland manage
earth
humansone Strand on
web of life
economicgrowth can begood or bad
healthyenvironment
healthyenvironment
resourcesare limited and
not to bewasted
successfulcooperation
with nations andone another
pessimism;technological optimism;paralysis by analysis;
fatalism; extrapolation toinfinity; faith in simple,
easy answers
worldviews, orecological literacy:how earth works,connections in
nature
content
of
belief in
belief in belief inbelief in
alleconomicgrowth is
good
no limitson resources
“no problem”school
free-marketeconomy
technologicalfix
minimalgovernmentinterference
responsibleplanetary
management
caring andresponsible
management ofearth garden
mixture offree market and
regulation ofmanageable
spaceship earth