AP Biology Concepts and Connections Chapter 13 How...

AP Biology Concepts and Connections

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Chapter 13 How Populations Evolve

Reading Guide

Key Terms

Word Roots

bio- _ life; geo- _ the Earth (biogeography: the study of the past and present distribution of organisms) homo- _ like, resembling (homologous structures: structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry; homology: similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry) micro- _ small (microevolution: a change in a population’s gene pool over generations) muta- _ change (mutation: a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA) paleo- _ ancient (paleontologist: a scientist who studies fossils) vestigi- _ trace (vestigial organs: a structure of marginal or no importance to an organism that is the historical remnant of structures that had important functions in ancestors)

Introduction – How Populations Evolve

1. List some of the physical features boobies have that suit them to their environment.

2. How are these physical features evolutionary adaptations?

adaptation fossils microevolution artificial selection founder effect molecular biology balancing selection frequency-dependent mutation biogeography selection natural selection bottleneck effect gene flow neutral variation directional selection gene pool paleontologist disruptive selection genetic drift population evolution Hardy-Weinberg sexual dimorphism evolutionary tree equilibrium sexual selection extinction heterozygote advantage stabilizing selection fitness homologous structures strata fossil record homology vestigial organ !


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Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

13.1 – A sea voyage helped Darwin frame his theory of evolution

3. Identify these two unique inhabitants of the Galapagos Islands, and the physical adaptations suited for their environment.

4. What were some of the early views on the origin of species?

5. What did the study of fossils reveal? How would this impact our understanding of the origin of species?

6. Summarize Jean Baptiste Lamarck’s explanation for the evolution of life. Use your understanding of genetics to refute the mechanism proposed by Lamarck.

7. The following diagrams depict Charles Darwin’s voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836.) Label continents, countries, and Galapagos Islands.


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8. How did Charles Lyell’s book Principles of Geology influence Darwin while on his journey?

9. What was the significance of Darwin reading Alfred Wallace’s manuscript?

10. What was the name of Darwin’s published book? Summarize the mechanism driving evolution that Darwin proposed.

13.2 – Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution

11. Compare artificial and natural selection.

12. What impact did economist Thomas Malthus’s work have on shaping Darwin’s theory?

13. List the three key points about evolution by natural selection identified in the book. • • •

13.3 – Scientist can observe natural selection in action

14. How is the evolution of pesticide resistance an example of natural selection? Utilize the diagram in your explanation.


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13.4 – The study of fossils provides strong evidence for evolution

15. What four pieces of evidence did Darwin mainly use to support his theory of evolution? • • • •

16. Identify the different fossils and how they are formed in the graphic below.

17. Look at the diagram below. Explain how this strata of sedimentary rock reveals so much information about the evolution of organisms. Label where the oldest and youngest rock would be found.


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18. How can fossils show transition from one group to another? Label the diagram below depicting the transition to life in the sea.

13.5 – A mass of other evidence reinforces the evolutionary view of life

Biogeography

19. Define Biogeography –

20. How did Darwin use biogeography to provide support for the evolution of organisms?

Comparative Anatomy

21. Define and provide an example for each of the following: • Homologous Structures –

• Vestigial Organs –

22. Label the following homologous structures


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Molecular Biology

23. How does molecular biology provide evidence for the claim that all life-forms are related?

13.6 – Homologies indicate patterns of descent that can be shown on an evolutionary tree

24. Evolutionary trees are used to represent patterns of descent. Label the following evolutionary tree for tetrapods. Be sure to include explanations of branching points and hatch marks.

The Evolution of Populations

13.7 – Populations are the units of evolution

25. Define the following: • Population

• Gene Pool

• Microevolution

26. Use the terms population, gene pool and microevolution to explain why and individual cannot evolve.

13.8 – Mutation and sexual reproduction produce genetic variation, making evolution possible

27. Explain how a mutation may lead to genetic variation.


Your Name: _________________________ !


28. Label the diagram below, and explain the significance of the possible allele combinations in offspring.

13.9 – The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving

29. Summarize Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium.

30. Using your book fill in the following diagrams looking at two generations of boobies.


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31. Label the following formulas (what is p, q, etc.):

P + q = 1

P2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

32. What does the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium tell us about changing allele frequencies in a population?

33. List the five main conditions for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg • • • • •

13.10 – The Hardy-Weinberg equation is useful in public health science

34. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the inherited inability to break down the amino acid phenylalanine. PKU occurs in 1 out of 10,000 babies born in the US and is the result of a recessive allele. If untreated PKU results in severe mental retardation, treatment involves regulating the amount of phenylalanine consumed. Before reading this section in the book attempt to determine what % of the U.S. population are carriers of the PKU allele.

Known: q2=1/10,000

Mechanisms of Microevolution

13.11 – Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population

35. Explain how natural selection can alter the allele frequencies in a population.

36. Make a Venn diagram comparing the bottleneck and founder effects.


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37. Label the following diagram illustrating the bottleneck effect.

38. What is gene flow? How has greater access to transportation impacted gene flow among humans?

13.12 – Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution

39. The phrase survival of the fittest can be misleading. Explain biologically what makes an organism ‘fit.’

13.13 – Natural selection can alter variation in a population in three ways

40. Label the following diagram showing the three different ways natural selection and alter variation.


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13.14 - Sexual selection may lead to phenotypic differences between males and females

41. Define and provide an example of the following: • Sexual dimorphism –

• Sexual selection –

42. Compare and contrast intrasexual and intersexual selection.

13.15 – The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a serious public health concern

43. During the 1950’s some doctors predicted the end of human infectious disease. In terms of the evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria explain why that prediction did not come true.

13.16 – Diploidy and balancing selection preserve genetic variation

44. How is being a diploid an advantage in terms of maintaining genetic variation?

45. Explain the difference between balancing selection and frequency-dependent selection.

46. How does the data presented in the figure below illustrate frequency-dependent selection?

13.17 – Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms

47. Why are adaptations compromises?

AP Biology Concepts and Connections Chapter 13 How...

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